Service Management: An Integrated Approach To Supply Chain .
SERVICEMANAGEMENT
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SERVICEMANAGEMENTAN INTEGRATED APPROACH TOSUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENTAND OPERATIONSCengiz HakseverBarry Render
Vice President, Publisher: Tim MooreAssociate Publisher and Director of Marketing: Amy NeidlingerExecutive Editor: Jeanne GlasserEditorial Assistant: Pamela BolandOperations Specialist: Jodi KemperMarketing Manager: Megan GraueCover Designer: Alan ClementsManaging Editor: Kristy HartProject Editor: Betsy GratnerCopy Editor: Apostrophe Editing ServicesProofreader: Debbie WilliamsIndexer: Erika MillenSenior Compositor: Gloria SchurickManufacturing Buyer: Dan Uhrig 2013 by Cengiz Haksever and Barry RenderPublished by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as FT PressUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458FT Press offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or specialsales. For more information, please contact U.S. Corporate and Government Sales, 1-800-382-3419,corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com. For sales outside the U.S., please contact International Sales atinternational@pearsoned.com.Company and product names mentioned herein are the trademarks or registered trademarks of theirrespective owners.All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, withoutpermission in writing from the publisher.Printed in the United States of AmericaFirst Printing June 2013 with corrections September 2013ISBN-10: 0-13-308877-4ISBN-13: 978-0-13-308877-9Pearson Education LTD.Pearson Education Australia PTY, Limited.Pearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd.Pearson Education Asia, Ltd.Pearson Education Canada, Ltd.Pearson Educación de Mexico, S.A. de C.V.Pearson Education—JapanPearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataHaksever, Cengiz.Service management : an integrated approach to supply chain management and operations / CengizHaksever, Barry Render. — 1 Edition.pages cmISBN-13: 978-0-13-308877-9 (hardcover : alk. paper)ISBN-10: 0-13-308877-41. Service industries—Management. 2. Business logistics. I. Render, Barry. II. Title.HD9980.5.H345 2013658—dc232013001438
This book is dedicated toFulya—CHand toDonna, Charlie, and Jesse—BR
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CONTENTSPreface xxiPart I: Understanding Services1THE IMPORTANT ROLE SERVICES PLAYIN AN ECONOMY 11.1 Introduction 11.2 What Are Services? 31.3 The Service Sector of the U.S. Economy 41.4 Theories Explaining the Growth of Services 91.5 Overview of the Book 131.6 Summary 14Endnotes 142THE NATURE OF SERVICES ANDSERVICE ENCOUNTERS 172.1 Introduction 172.2 General Concept of a Productive System 172.3 Characteristics of Services 202.4 The Service Organization as a System 232.5 Service Encounters 272.6 Summary 37Endnotes 38Contentsvii
3CUSTOMERS: THE FOCUS OFSERVICE MANAGEMENT 393.1 Introduction 393.2 Customers and Their Needs 413.3 Consumer Behavior and aConsumer Decision Model 423.4 Unique Aspects of Service Purchases 473.5 A Cultural Profile of American Customers 503.6 A Look into the Future 513.7 Summary 53Endnotes 534GLOBALIZATION OFSERVICES 554.1 Introduction 554.2 International Trade in Services 564.3 Why Service Companies Go Global 594.4 Global Environment for Service Businesses 634.5 Forms of Globalization 644.6 Summary 67Endnotes 68viiiSERVICE MANAGEMENT
5SERVICE STRATEGY ANDCOMPETITIVENESS 715.1 Introduction 715.2 Value 725.3 Strategy 785.4 Formulating a CompetitiveService Strategy 845.5 Summary 89Endnotes 906ETHICAL CHALLENGES INSERVICE MANAGEMENT 936.1 Introduction 936.2 What Is Ethics? 946.3 Is There an Ethics Problemin Private and Public Sectors? 956.4 Challenges for ServiceEmployees and Managers 1006.5 Philosophical Theories of Ethics 1016.6 Guidelines for Ethical Business Behavior1046.7 Summary 106Endnotes 107Contentsix
Part II: Building the Service System7TECHNOLOGY AND ITS IMPACT ON SERVICES ANDTHEIR MANAGEMENT 1097.1 Introduction 1097.2 Process Technology and Information Technology 1107.3 Technology in Services 1107.4 Why Service Companies Invest in Technology 1117.5 Technology as a Competitive Edge 1137.6 Application Areas of Technology in Services 1157.7 Information Systems 1197.8 Enterprise Systems 1217.9 Technology and the Future of Services 1247.10 Summary 125Endnotes 1268DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SERVICES ANDSERVICE DELIVERY SYSTEMS 1298.1 Introduction 1298.2 Why the Design Is So Important 1298.3 Designing Quality and Value 1338.4 Principles of Service Design 1418.5 Design Process 1488.6 Summary 156Endnotes 157xSERVICE MANAGEMENT
9SUPPLY CHAINS IN SERVICES ANDTHEIR MANAGEMENT 1619.1 Introduction 1619.2 Developments Leading to the Emergence ofSupply Chain Management 1629.3 What Is a Supply Chain? 1639.4 Supply Chains in Services and Their Characteristics 1709.5 Some Other Characteristics of Service Supply Chains 1759.6 Challenges for Service Supply Chain Managers1769.7 Summary 178Endnotes 17910LOCATING FACILITIES AND DESIGNINGTHEIR LAYOUT 18110.1 Introduction 18110.2 Location Selection 18210.3 Quantitative Methods for Location Selection 18710.4 Site Selection 19110.5 Objectives of Facility Layout 19710.6 Inputs to the Layout Problem 19810.7 Layout Strategies 19810.8 Office Layout 20610.9 Retail Store Layout 20710.10 Warehousing and Storage Layouts 20910.11 Summary 211Endnotes 212Contentsxi
Part III: Operating the Service System11MANAGING DEMAND AND SUPPLYIN SERVICES 21511.1 Introduction 21511.2 Why Matching Demand and SupplyIs Such a Challenge in Services 21711.3 Managing Demand 21811.4 Managing Supply 22511.5 Summary 229Endnotes 23011 SUPPLEMENTQUEUING AND SIMULATION 231S11.1 Introduction 231S11.2 Basic Queuing System Configurations 232S11.3 Measuring the Queue’s Performance 234S11.4 A Single-Channel Queuing Model 234S11.5 A Multichannel Queuing Model 237S11.6 More Complex Queuing Models and theUse of Simulation 240S11.7 Simulation as a Scheduling Tool 240S11.8 The Role of Computers in Simulation 242S11.9 Summary 245Endnotes 245xiiSERVICE MANAGEMENT
12SERVICE QUALITY AND CONTINUOUSIMPROVEMENT 24712.1 Introduction 24712.2 Why Quality Is So Important 24712.3 Quality Defined 24812.4 Dimensions of Service Quality 25012.5 The Gaps Model of Service Quality 25212.6 Achieving Quality 25412.7 Other Approaches to Achieving Service Quality 25812.8 Reinforcing Quality Service 26112.9 Summary 266Endnotes 26712 SUPPLEMENTTOOLS AND TECHNIQUES OF TOTAL QUALITYMANAGEMENT 269S12.1 Introduction 269S12.2 Plan-Do-Study-Act Cycle 269S12.3 Tools of TQM 270S12.4 Process Control Charts 277S12.5 Summary 289Contentsxiii
13SERVICE PRODUCTIVITY AND MEASUREMENTOF PERFORMANCE 29113.1 Introduction 29113.2 A Brief Background on Productivity29113.3 Why Productivity Is Important 29313.4 Review of the Slowdown of U.S. ProductivityGrowth in the Recent Past 29513.5 Raising Productivity 29613.6 Service Productivity 29713.7 Data Envelopment Analysis forMeasurement of Service Efficiency 30413.8 Summary 316Endnotes 31714MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE NONPROFITSERVICE ORGANIZATIONS 32114.1 Introduction 32114.2 Public and Private NonprofitOrganizations Defined 32214.3 Significance of Public and PrivateNonprofit Organizations 32514.4 The Nature of Public SectorOrganizations 32614.5 The Nature of Private Nonprofit Organizations 33014.6 Summary 336Endnotes 338xivSERVICE MANAGEMENT
Part IV: Tools and Techniques for ManagingService Operations15FORECASTING DEMAND FORSERVICES 34115.1 Introduction 34115.2 The Demand Forecast as the Basis for Operations Planning 34215.3 What Types of Service Outputs Are Forecast? 34415.4 Factors That Affect the Choice of Forecasting Method 34415.5 Time Series Forecasting Models 34615.6 Causal (Associative) Forecasting; Regression Analysis 35815.7 General Approaches to Forecasting 35915.8 Summary 363Endnotes 36416VEHICLE ROUTING ANDSCHEDULING 36516.1 Introduction 36516.2 Objectives of Routing and Scheduling Problems 36616.3 Characteristics of Routing and Scheduling Problems36616.4 Routing Service Vehicles 37016.5 Scheduling Service Vehicles 38016.6 Other Routing and Scheduling Problems 38316.7 Summary 384Endnotes 384Contentsxv
17PROJECT MANAGEMENT 38717.1 Introduction 38717.2 Project Planning 38817.3 Project Scheduling 38917.4 Project Controlling 39017.5 Project Management Techniques; PERT and CPM 39117.6 PERT/Cost 40117.7 Other Service Applications of PERT 40317.8 A Critique of PERT and CPM 40517.9 Summary 407Endnotes 40718LINEAR AND GOAL PROGRAMMING APPLICATIONSFOR SERVICES 40918.1 Introduction 40918.2 Overview of Linear Programming 41018.3 Graphical Solution to a Linear Programming Problem 41118.4 Computer Solution to a Linear Programming Problem 41618.5 Formulating Linear Programming Models 41918.6 Goal Programming 42718.7 Summary 432Endnotes 433xviSERVICE MANAGEMENT
19SERVICE INVENTORYSYSTEMS 43519.1 Introduction 43519.2 Characteristics of Service Inventories 43619.3 The Input Material Decision Problem 43819.4 Service Inventory Control Systems 43819.5 Inventory Control Systems forIndependent Demand Items 43919.6 Inventory Planning 44219.7 Requirements Planning forDependent Demand 44619.8 Summary 452Endnote 453AppendixAREAS UNDER THE STANDARDNORMAL CURVE 455Index459Contentsxvii
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ABOUT THE AUTHORSCengiz Haksever is a Professor of Management Sciences at the College of BusinessAdministration of Rider University. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in IndustrialEngineering from Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey, his M.B.A. fromTexas A & M University in College Station, Texas, and his Ph.D. in Operations Researchfrom the University of Texas in Austin.His research interests include service management, supply chain management, operations research, operations management, quality and continuous improvement, and dataenvelopment analysis. Dr. Haksever’s work appeared in European Journal of OperationalResearch, Journal of the Operational Research Society, Computers & Operations Research,Computers & Industrial Engineering, Journal of Construction Engineering andManagement, International Journal of Production Economics, Journal of Small BusinessStrategy, Journal of Business Ethics, Education Economics, International Journal ofProduction Economics, International Journal of Information and Management Sciences,and Business Horizons.He has taught courses in operations management, supply chain management, serviceoperations management, management science, quality assurance, statistics, and regression in undergraduate and M.B.A. programs. He served as examiner and senior examiner for the New Jersey Governor’s Award for Performance Excellence. During the1993–1994 academic year, he was a Fulbright Senior Lecturer at Marmara University inIstanbul, Turkey. At Rider University, he was awarded the Jessie H. Harper Professorshipfor the academic year of 2000–2001. Dr. Haksever served on the Editorial AdvisoryBoard of Computers & Operations Research and was a guest editor of a special issue ofthe journal Data Envelopment Analysis.Barry Render is Professor Emeritus, the Charles Harwood Professor of OperationsManagement, Crummer Graduate School of Business, Rollins College, Winter Park,Florida. He received his B.S. in Mathematics and Physics at Roosevelt University and hisM.S. in Operations Research and Ph.D. in Quantitative Analysis at the University ofCincinnati. He previously taught at George Washington University, University of NewOrleans, Boston University, and George Mason University, where he held the MasonFoundation Professorship in Decision Sciences and was Chair of the Decision SciencesDepartment. Dr. Render has also worked in the aerospace industry for General Electric,McDonnell Douglas, and NASA.Professor Render has coauthored 10 textbooks for Prentice Hall, including ManagerialDecision Modeling with Spreadsheets, Quantitative Analysis for Management, ServiceManagement, Introduction to Management Science, and Cases and Readings inManagement Science. Quantitative Analysis for Management, now in its eleventh edition,About the Authorsxix
is a leading text in that discipline in the United States and globally. Dr. Render’s morethan 100 articles on a variety of management topics have appeared in Decision Sciences,Production and Operations Management, Interfaces, Information and Management,Journal of Management Information Systems, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, IIESolutions, and Operations Management Review, among others.Dr. Render has been honored as an AACSB Fellow and was twice named a SeniorFulbright Scholar. He was Vice President of the Decision Science Institute SoutheastRegion and served as Software Review Editor for Decision Line for six years and asEditor of The New York Times Operations Management special issues for five years.From 1984 to 1993, Dr. Render was President of Management Service Associates ofVirginia, Inc., whose technology clients included the FBI, the U.S. Navy, Fairfax County,Virginia, and C&P Telephone. He is currently Consulting Editor to Financial TimesPress.Dr. Render has taught operations management courses in Rollins College’s M.B.A. andExecutive M.B.A. programs. He has received that school’s Welsh Award as leading professor and was selected by Roosevelt University as the 1996 recipient of the St. ClaireDrake Award for Outstanding Scholarship. In 2005, Dr. Render received the RollinsCollege M.B.A. Student Award for Best Overall Course and in 2009 was namedProfessor of the Year by full-time M.B.A. students.xxSERVICE MANAGEMENT
PREFACEThis book has been written to serve as a resource and reference book for professionalsin service organizations. This text has been written from a multidisciplinary perspective.Discussions of topics blend concepts, theory, and practice from fields such as operations, marketing, international management, economics, strategy, psychology, humanresources, and management science. The authors believe a multidisciplinary approach isbest for efficient and effective management of service organizations and their operations.The book can also be used as a textbook for college-level courses such as ServiceManagement or Service Operations Management with its companion textbook.Although Parts I and II present nonquantitative material, Parts III and IV present bothquantitative and nonquantitative material that can be used for efficient and effectivemanagement of service operations. Because of this, it is suitable for a service management course with or without quantitative orientation. It is also suitable for a traditionaloperations management course with special emphasis on services.Part I, “Understanding Services,” consists of Chapters 1 through 6 and focuses on understanding services. It introduces the reader to the service concept and provides background material in several important areas. Chapter 1, “The Important Role ServicesPlay in an Economy,” addresses the role of services in our society. Chapter 2, “TheNature of Services and Service Encounters,” discusses characteristics of services andexamines the importance of the service encounter. Chapter 3, “Customers: The Focus ofService Management,” focuses on customers as consumers of services and their needsand motives as they impact service purchase decisions. Chapter 4, “Globalization ofServices,” provides an international perspective on services and discusses the challengesof globalization. Chapter 5, “Service Strategy and Competitiveness,” prepares thegroundwork for the three themes of quality, customer satisfaction, and value creation,and focuses on the impact of strategy on competitiveness. Chapter 6, “EthicalChallenges in Service Management,” explores ethical issues and challenges managers, ingeneral, and service managers in particular, face.The emphasis of Part II, “Building the Service System,” is on building the system to createcustomer value and satisfaction with superior quality services. Chapter 7, “Technologyand Its Impact on Services and Their Management,” focuses on the role technologyplays in service management. Chapter 8, “Design and Development of Services andService Delivery Systems,” lays out the principles of service design and discusses theapplication of techniques that have been successfully used in manufacturing to buildquality and value into services. Chapter 9, “Supply Chains in Services and TheirManagement,” focuses on supply chains of service organizations. This section concludesPrefacexxi
with Chapter 10, “Locating Facilities and Designing Their Layout,” which discusses twoother important topics in building and operating the system: facility location and layoutdesign.Part III, “Operating the Service System,” is concerned with issues related to operating theservice system and challenges managers of service organizations face. One of the majorchallenges, managing the demand for and supply of services, is the topic of Chapter 11,“Managing Demand and Supply in Services.” A supplement to this chapter, “Queuingand Simulation,” covers two important topics: queuing and simulation. Chapter 12,“Service Quality and Continuous Improvement,” provides the basic concepts of qualityin general and service quality in particular. Technical aspects of quality assurance arepresented in a supplement, “Tools and Techniques of Total Quality Management.” Oneof the biggest challenges service managers face is increasing the productivity of serviceemployees. This important topic and approaches to increasing productivity in serviceorganizations are discussed in Chapter 13, “Service Productivity and Measurement ofPerformance.” Also presented is a brief discussion of Data Envelopment Analysis as apowerful tool in measuring the efficiency of service organizations. Part III concludeswith Chapter 14, “Management of Public and Private Nonprofit Service Organizations,”with a discussion of an important segment of the service industry: public and nonprofitservice organizations. The nature of these organizations as well as the challenges theirmanagers face is discussed.Part IV, “Tools and Techniques for Managing Service Operations,” presents the tools andtechniques for managing service operations. Chapter 15, “Forecasting Demand forServices,” Chapter 16, “Vehicle Routing and Scheduling,” Chapter 17, “ProjectManagement,” Chapter 18, “Linear and Goal Programming Applications for Services,”and Chapter 19, “Service Inventory Systems,” are included in this section.We would like to thank our editor Jeanne Glasser Levine for envisioning this project andher encouragement for its completion. We also thank our project editor Betsy Gratnerand the professional staff of FT Press for their help with the preparation of the book forpublication. Last but not the least, we hope this text helps you achieve your professionaland educational objectives as a successful manager and decision maker in any serviceorganization.xxiiSERVICE MANAGEMENT
1THE IMPORTANT ROLESERVICES PLAY IN ANECONOMY1.1 IntroductionThere has been a surge of interest in all aspects of service management in recent times. Manybooks, articles, and research papers on services and service management have appeared in popular and academic business literature starting in the 1980s and continue to be published today.The impetus for this phenomenon can be traced back to two major developments in recent history. First, the quality movement that started in the 1980s had brought most consumers, newsmedia, and academicians to the realization that the overall quality of services in the United Stateswas not ideal, acceptable, or competitive in the international markets. Second, the fact that services no longer formed the least important (tertiary) sector of the economy became obvious.Contrary to the once widely held view among economists, services in the second half of thetwentieth century had increasingly played a significant role in the economic life in the UnitedStates and in all industrialized countries.Growing attention paid to service qua
Production Economics, International Journal of Information and Management Sciences, and Business Horizons. He has taught courses in operations management, supply chain management, service operations management, management science, quality assurance, statistics, and regres-sion in undergraduate and M.B.A. programs. He served as examiner and .
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