MATHEMATICS SYLLABUS - CXC Education

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CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCILCaribbean Secondary Education CertificateCSEC MATHEMATICSSYLLABUSEffective for examinations from May/June 2010CXC 05/G/SYLL 08

Published in Jamaica 2010, Caribbean Examinations CouncilAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without priorpermission of the author or publisher.Correspondence related to the syllabus should be addressed to:The Pro-RegistrarCaribbean Examinations CouncilCaenwood Centre37 Arnold Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica, W.I.Telephone: (876) 630-5200Facsimile Number: (876) 967-4972E-mail address: cxcwzo@cxc.orgWebsite: www.cxc.orgCopyright 2008, by Caribbean Examinations CouncilThe Garrison, St Michael BB11158, BarbadosCXC 05/OSYLL 00

ContentsRATIONALE. . 1AIMS. . 1ORGANISATION OF THE SYLLABUS. . 2FORMAT OF THE EXAMINATIONS . 2CERTIFICATION AND PROFILE DIMENSIONS . 4REGULATIONS FOR PRIVATE CANDIDATES . 5REGULATIONS FOR RE-SIT CANDIDATES . 5SYMBOLS USED ON THE EXAMINATION PAPERS . 5FORMULAE AND TABLES PROVIDED IN THE EXAMINATION . 9USE OF ELECTRONIC CALCULATORS . 10SECTION 1 - COMPUTATION. . 11SECTION 2 - NUMBER THEORY. . 13SECTION 3 - CONSUMER ARITHMETIC. 15SECTION 4 - SETS . 17SECTION 5 - MEASUREMENT. 18SECTION 6 - STATISTICS . 20SECTION 7 - ALGEBRA . 22SECTION 8 - RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS . 24SECTION 9 - GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY . 28SECTION 10 - VECTORS AND MATRICES . 32RECOMMENDED TEXTS . 34GLOSSARY . 35CXC 05/G/SYLL 082

This document CXC 05/G/SYLL 08 replaces the syllabus CXC 05/O/SYLL 01issued in 2001.Please note that the syllabus has been revised and amendments are indicated byitalics and vertical lines.First Published in 1977Revised in 1981Revised in 1985Revised in 1992Revised in 2001Revised in 2008CXC 05/G/SYLL 082

Mathematics Syllabus RATIONALEThe guiding principles of the Mathematics syllabus direct that Mathematics as taught in Caribbean schoolsshould be relevant to the existing and anticipated needs of Caribbean society, related to the abilities and interests ofCaribbean students and aligned with the philosophy of the educational system. These principles focus attention onthe use of Mathematics as a problem solving tool, as well as on some of the fundamental concepts whichhelp to unify Mathematics as a body of knowledge. The syllabus explains general and unifying conceptsthat facilitate the study of Mathematics as a coherent subject rather than as a set of unrelated topics.Every citizen needs basic computational skills (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) and theability to use these mentally to solve everyday problems. All citizens should recognise the importance ofaccuracy in computation as the foundation for deductions and decisions based on the results. In addition,the citizen should have, where possible, a choice of mathematical techniques to be applied in a variety ofsituations. A ‘range of mathematical techniques’ is therefore, specified in recognition of the need toaccommodate different levels of ability. Citizens need to use Mathematics in many forms of decisionmaking: shopping, paying bills, budgeting and for the achievement of personal goals, critically evaluatingadvertisements, taxation, investing, commercial activities, banking, working with and using currenttechnologies, measurements and understanding data in the media. Improving efficiency and skills in thesematters will be beneficial to the community as well as to the individual.The syllabus seeks to provide for the needs of specific mathematical techniques in the future careers ofstudents, for example, in agriculture and in commercial and technical fields. By the end of the normalsecondary school course, students should appreciate that the various branches of Mathematics are notrigidly segregated and that the approach to the solution of any problem is not necessarily unique.This syllabus will contribute to the development of the Ideal Caribbean Person as articulated by the CARICOM Headsof Government in the following areas: “demonstrate multiple literacies, independent and critical thinking and innovativeapplication of science and technology to problem solving. Such a person should also demonstrate a positive work attitudeand value and display creative imagination and entrepreneurship”. In keeping with the UNESCO Pillars of Learning,on completion of this course the study, students will learn to do, learn to be and learn to transform themselves andsociety. AIMSThis syllabus aims to:1.help students appreciate the use of mathematics as a form of communication;2.help students acquire a range of mathematical techniques and skills and to foster and maintain theawareness of the importance of accuracy;3.make Mathematics relevant to the interests and experiences of students by helping them to recogniseMathematics in their environment;4.cultivate the ability to apply mathematical knowledge to the solution of problems which areCXC 05/G/SYLL 081

meaningful to students as citizens;5.help students cultivate the ability to think logically and critically;6.help students develop positive attitudes, such as open-mindedness, self-reliance, persistence and aspirit of enquiry;7.prepare students for the use of Mathematics in further studies;8.help students develop an appreciation of the wide application of Mathematics and its influence inthe development and advancement of civilisation;9.help students become increasingly aware of the unifying structure of Mathematics. ORGANISATION OF THE SYLLABUSThe syllabus is arranged as a set of topics, and each topic is defined by its specific objectives and content. It isexpected that students would be able to master the specific objectives and related content after pursuing acourse in Mathematics over five years of secondary schooling.The design allows for a Core which contains selected mathematical skills, knowledge and abilities necessaryfor any citizen in our contemporary society as well as objectives to meet the needs of those who will be:(a)(b)(c)pursuing careers as agriculturalists, engineers, scientists, economists;proceeding to study Mathematics at an advanced level;engaged in the business and commercial world.The Examination will also comprise an Optional section which will be defined by additional specificobjectives. FORMAT OF THE EXAMINATIONSThe examination will consist of two papers: Paper 01, an objective type paper based on the Core Objectivesand Paper 02, an essay or problem solving type paper based on both the Core and Optional Objectives.Paper 01(1 hour 30 minutes)The Paper will consist of 60 multiple-choice items, sampling the Coreas follows:SectionsComputationNumber TheoryConsumer s, Functions and GraphsGeometry and TrigonometryTotalNo. of items64848696960Each item will be allocated one mark.CXC 05/G/SYLL 082

Paper 02(2 hours and 40 minutes)The Paper consists of two sections.Section I:90 marksThe section will consist of 8 compulsory structured and problem-solving typequestions based on the Core.The marks allocated to the topics are:SectionsSetsNo. of marks5Consumer Arithmetic and ions, Functions and GraphsGeometry and Trigonometry*Combination question/ investigationTotal1510201090*Combination question/investigation may be set on any combination of objectives in theCore including Number Theory.Section II: 30 marksThis section will consist of 3 structured or problem-solving questions basedmainly on the Optional Objectives of the syllabus. There will be 1 questionfrom each of the Sections Algebra and Relations, Functions and Graphs;Measurement and Geometry and Trigonometry; and Vectors and Matrices.Candidates will be required to answer any two questions. Each question willbe allocated 15 marks.The optional questions will be set as follows:ALGEBRA AND RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHSThe question in this section may be set on:AlgebraOptional Specific Objective 17 or any of the other Specific Objectives in Algebra.CXC 05/G/SYLL 083

Relations, Functions and GraphsOptional Specific Objectives 15, 22, 23, 24, 25 or any of the other Specific Objectives in Relations,Functions and Graphs.MEASUREMENT AND GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRYThe question in this section may be set on:MeasurementOptional Specific Objectives 5, 6 or any of the other Specific Objectives in Measurement.Geometry and TrigonometryOptional Specific Objective 20 or any of the other Specific Objectives in Geometry and Trigonometry.VECTORS AND MATRICESThe question in this section may be set on:Optional Specific Objectives 5, 11, 12, 13 or any of the other Specific Objectives in Vectors and Matrices. CERTIFICATION AND PROFILE DIMENSIONSThe subject will be examined for certification at the General Proficiency.In each paper, items and questions will be classified, according to the kind of cognitive demand made, asfollows:KnowledgeItems that require the recall of rules, procedures, definitions and facts, that is,items characterised by rote memory as well as simple computations, computationin measurements, constructions and drawings.ComprehensionItems that require algorithmic thinking that involves translation from onemathematical mode to another. Use of algorithms and the application of thesealgorithms to familiar problem situations.ReasoningItems that require:(i)translation of non-routine problems into mathematical symbols and thenchoosing suitable algorithms to solve the problems;(ii)combination of two or more algorithms to solve problems;(iii)use of an algorithm or part of an algorithm, in a reverse order, to solve aproblem;(iv)the making of inferences and generalisations from given data;CXC 05/G/SYLL 084

(v)justification of results or statement;(vi)analyzing and synthesising.Candidates’ performance will be reported under Knowledge, Comprehension and Reasoning that areroughly defined in terms of the three types of demand.WEIGHTING OF PAPER AND PROFILE otalPAPER 0118241860PAPER 02364836120TOTAL547254180 REGULATIONS FOR PRIVATE CANDIDATESCandidates who are registered privately will be required to sit Paper 01 and Paper 02. Detailed informationon Papers 01 and 02 is given on pages 2 – 4 of this syllabus.Private candidates must be entered through institutions recognised by the Council. REGULATIONS FOR RESIT CANDIDATESResit candidates will be required to sit Paper 01 and Paper 02. Detailed information on Paper 01 and 02 isgiven on pages 2 - 4 of this syllabus.Resit candidates must be entered through a school or other approved educational institution. SYMBOLS USED ON THE EXAMINATION PAPERSThe symbols shown below will be used on examination papers. Candidates, however, may make use of anysymbol or nomenclature provided that such use is consistent and understandable in the given context.Measurement will be given in S I Units.SYMBOLDEFINITIONUuniversal set{ } or фthe null (empty) set a subset ofSetsCXC 05/G/SYLL 085

A'complement of set A{x: . . . }the set of all x such that . . .Relations and Functions and Graphsy xny varies as xngf(x)g[f(x)]g2(x)g[g(x)]01234{x : 1 x 3}01234{x : 1 x 3}Number TheoryWthe set of whole numbersℕthe set of natural (counting) numbersℤZ - positive integersZ- - negative integers the sets of integersQthe set of rational numbersRthe set of real numbers 2 35.45.432 432 432 . . . 1 9. 8729.87212121 . . .Measurement05:00 h.5:00 a.m.13:15 h.1:15 p.m.7mm 0.5 mm7mm to the nearest millimetre10 m/s or 10 ms-110 metres per secondCXC 05/G/SYLL 086

GeometryFor transformations these symbols will be used.MreflectionRθrotation through θoTGtranslationglide reflectionEenlargementMRθrotation through θ followed by reflection , , angle is congruent toABAline ABray ABBline segment ABABVectors and Matricesa or avector aABvector AB AB magnitude of vector ABIforthen a c acb is the matrix Xd bdb d is the determinant of X, written X or det X.A-1CXC 05/G/SYLL 08 a cinverse of the matrix A7

Iidentity matrixOzero matrixOther Symbols is equal to or equals is greater than or equal to is less than or equal to is approximately equal to impliesA Bif A, then BA BCXC 05/G/SYLL 08If A, then BandIf B, then AA is equivalent to B8

FORMULAE AND TABLES PROVIDED IN THE EXAMINATIONCXC 05/G/SYLL 089

USE OF ELECTRONIC CALCULATORSCandidates are expected to have an electronic calculator and are encouraged to use such a calculator inPaper 02.Guidelines for the use of electronic calculators are listed below.1.Silent, electronic hand-held calculators may be used.2.Calculators should be battery or solar powered.3.Candidates are responsible for ensuring that calculators are in working condition.4.Candidates are permitted to bring a set of spare batteries in the examination room.5.No compensation will be given to candidates because of faulty calculators.6.No help or advice is permitted on the use or repair of calculators during the examination.7.Sharing calculators is not permitted in the examination room.8.Instruction manuals, and external storage media (for example, card, tape, disk, smartcard or plug-inmodules) are not permitted in the examination room.9.Calculators with graphical display, data bank, dictionary or language translation are not allowed.10.Calculators that have the capability of communication with any agency in or outside of theexamination room are prohibited.CXC 05/G/SYLL 0810

SECTION 1 - COMPUTATIONGENERAL OBJECTIVESOn completion of this Section, students should:1.demonstrate an understanding of place value;2.demonstrate computational skills;3.be aware of the importance of accuracy in computation;4.appreciate the need for numeracy in everyday life;5.demonstrate the ability to make estimates fit for purpose.SPECIFIC OBJECTIVESCONTENTStudents should be able to:1.perform computation using anyof the four basic operations withreal numbers;Addition, multiplication, subtraction and division of wholenumbers, fractions and decimals.2.convertamongfractions,percentages and decimals;Conversion of fractions to decimals and percentages, conversionof decimal to fractions and percentages, conversion ofpercentages to decimals and fractions.3.convert from one set of units toanother;Conversion using conversion scales, converting within the metricscales, 12-hour and 24-hour clock, currency conversion.4.express a value to a givennumber of:1, 2 or 3 significant figures.1, 2 or 3 decimal places.5.(a)significant figures;(b)decimal places;write any rational number instandard form;CXC 05/G/SYLL 08Scientific notation.11

COMPUTATION (cont’d)SPECIFIC OBJECTIVESCONTENTStudents should be able to:6.calculate any fraction orpercentage of a given quantity;Calculating fractions and percentages of a whole.7.express one quantity as afraction or percentage ofanother;Comparing two quantities using fractions and percentages.8.compare two quantities usingratios;Ratio and proportion.9.divide a quantity in a givenratio;Ratio and proportion.10.solve problems (d)ratio,ratesproportions;(e)arithmetic mean.CXC 05/G/SYLL 08and12

SECTION 2 - NUMBER THEORYGENERAL OBJECTIVESOn completion of this Section, students should:1.understand and appreciate the decimal numeration system;2.appreciate the development of different numeration systems;3.demonstrate the ability to use rational approximations of real numbers;4.demonstrate the ability to use number properties to solve problems;5.develop the ability to use patterns, trends and investigative skills.SPECIFIC OBJECTIVESCONTENTStudents should be able to:1.distinguishnumbers;amongsetsofSet of numbers:natural numbers {1, 2, 3, .}, whole numbers{0, 1, 2, 3, .}, integers {.-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, .}, rationalnumbers (pq:p and q are integers, q 0), irrationalnumbers (numbers that cannot be expressed asterminating or recurring decimals, for example, numberssuch as π and 2), the real numbers (the union ofrational and irrational numbers); sequences of numbersthat have a recognisable pattern; factors and multiples;square numbers; even numbers; odd numbers; prime numbers;composite numbers.2.order a set of real numbers;3.generate a term of a sequencegiven a rule;Sequences of numbers that have a recognisable pattern.4.derive an appropriate rule given theterms of a sequence;Sequences of numbers that have a recognisable pattern.5.identify a given set of numbersas a subset of another set;Inclusion relations, for example, N W Z Q R.6.list the set of factors or a set ofmultiples of a given positiveinteger;CXC 05/G/SYLL 0813

NUMBER THEORY (cont’d)SPECIFIC OBJECTIVESCONTENTStudents should be able to:7.compute the H.C.F. or L.C.M.of two or more positiveintegers;8.state the value of a digit in anumeral in base n, where n 10;Place value and face value of numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and10 in base.9.use properties of numbers andoperations in computationaltasks;Additive and multipicative identities and inverses, concept ofclosure, properties of operations such as commutativity,distributivity and associativity, order of operations in problemswith mixed operations.10.solve problems involving conceptsin number theory.CXC 05/G/SYLL 0814

SECTION 3 - CONSUMER ARITHMETICGENERAL OBJECTIVESOn completion of this Section, students should:1.develop the ability to perform the calculations required in normal business transactions, and incomputing their own budgets;2.appreciate the need for both accuracy and speed in calculations;3.appreciate the advantages and disadvantages of different ways of investing money;4.appreciate that business arithmetic is indispensable in everyday life;5.demonstrate the ability to use concepts in consumer arithmetic to de

Mathematics Syllabus RATIONALE The guiding principles of the Mathematics syllabus direct that Mathematics as taught in Caribbean schools should be relevant to the existing and anticipated needs of Caribbean society, related to the abilities and interests of Caribbean students and aligned with the philosophy of the educational system.

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