A Guide To Growing A School Herb Garden
A Guide toGrowing a SchoolHerb GardenLSU AgCenter Pub. 3424 - A Guide to Growing a School Herb Garden1
Table of ContentsWhat Are Herbs?. 3What Is the Difference Between Herbs and Spices?. 3Why Plant Herbs?. 3Before You Start. 4Herbs, Herbs and More Herbs. 5Annual Herbs Best Suited for Spring and Summer. 5Annual Herbs Best Suited for Fall and Winter. 5Perennial Herbs. 6How Many Herb Plants Does Our School Garden Need?. 6Spring- and Summer-Planted Herbs. 7Lavender. 7Mint. 8Sage. 9Basil. 10Thyme. 11Rosemary. 12Bay Laurel. 13Lemon Verbena. 14Catnip. 15Fall- and Winter-Planted Herbs. 16Parsley. 16Dill. 18Borage. 20Cilantro/Coriander. 21Chives. 22Garlic. 23Oregano. 24Chamomile. 25Glossary of Terms. 26Gardening Terminology. 26Culinary Terminology. 272LSU AgCenter Pub. 3424 - A Guide to Growing a School Herb Garden
What Are Herbs?An herb is any plant with leaves, seeds or flowers used forflavoring, food, medicine or perfume.What Is the Difference Between Herbsand Spices?elFennTypically, herbs are plants with leafy parts that are used toflavor food and drinks. Basil, parsley, thyme and oregano arecommon examples of herbs. The flavor and aroma of herbsvaries greatly. Herbs also are used for many other purposessuch as medicines, aromatics and aesthetics. Herbs are awonderful addition to the garden because they fill multipleroles.Herbs are the green fleshy parts of plants. Spices areeverything else, like seeds, barks and stems. Many people usecilantro (herb) in dishes like tacos and salsas, but they also mayuse coriander (spice), which is the seeds of the cilantro plant, toseason other dishes. Fennel bulbs and greens (herbs) are usedto season many food items, while fennel seed (spice) is a mainflavor in Italian sausage. Even though herbs and spices may befrom the same plant, they are different parts of the plant.Why Plant Herbs?Herbs are a wonderful addition to the school garden. Manystudents already are growing fruit and vegetable plants. Whynot add this category of edibles to spice things up?One of the main reasons schools institute gardens is toencourage students to become healthier by engaging inphysical activity and eating more nutritious foods. Herbs aren’tusually thought of for their vitamin content but they can addto the flavor of a dish without adding unnecessarysalt, fat or calories. If we can teach students to growtheir own food, why not teach them how to seasonfood in a healthful and nutritious manner by simplyadding a few extra items to the garden.We hope you use this publication not only for thegrowing tips provided but also to engage students ina few fun activities associated with growing herbs.LSU AgCenter Pub. 3424 - A Guide to Growing a School Herb Garden3
Before You Start! Is your garden space ready to be planted? Like other edibles,herbs require a few basic items to thrive in the school garden.Before you purchase plants or start seedlings, make sure youhave considered: Is your soil prepared for seeding herbs directly into thegarden? Work soil at least 6 inches deep and smooth the soil’ssurface with a rake or hoe to prepare the ground. Have you incorporated fertilizer? Adding compost or completefertilizers (equal parts N-P-K) will help provide the requiredminerals and nutrients that herbs need to grow. Herbs donot need excessive fertilizer for proper growth. Sometimesexcessive fertilizer can reduce flavor. Follow instructions on thefertilizer bag that you purchase and use the lowest suggestedrate. Submitting a soil sample prior to planting herbs also willguide you on the amount of fertilizer that needs to be addedto the soil. The LSU AgCenter has a soil lab. Visit http://www.lsuagcenter.com/en/our offices/departments/SPESS/ServiceLabs/soil testing lab/ for information on how tocorrectly sample soil, prices for analysis of your sample andobtaining your results. Is your garden receiving adequate sunlight? At least six hoursof direct sunlight are need for most herbs to flourish. Do you have a watering plan? Purchasing a soaker hose ora few watering cans is money well spent in a school garden.Remember that most plants need at least 1 inch of waterper week to thrive. (Have students monitor water levels fromoverhead irrigation and rain events by using a rain gauge.) Do you have enough space for more plants, or are new gardenbeds necessary? Remember that any container or raised bedmust hold soil at least 8 inches deep to adequately supporta plant’s root system. Also, most herbs will not tolerate “wetfeet.” They do best when planted in areas that drain quickly orin raised beds or containers.en RGFaErRdTILIZE4LSU AgCenter Pub. 3424 - A Guide to Growing a School Herb Garden
Herbs, Herbs and MoreHerbs Herbs can be grown throughout the yearin Louisiana. Some do better in warmertemperatures and others in cooler temperatures.Herbs like parsley and cilantro thrive in thecooler months but will bolt or slow downsignificantly in the heat of the summer. Herbslike basil, mints and oregano will flourish duringthe hotter parts of the year.Even some of the warm-season herbs still needprotection from our hot, humid summers.Lavender and lemon verbena are examples. Theylike warm weather but when August comes, theydo better with a little shade to protect themfrom the extreme late summer heat.Many herbs are from the Mediterranean region.While that area does have warm summers, theweather there still is not as hot and humid ashere and it doesn’t match the long Louisianasummers, so you may have to take a few steps tohelp them endure the heat.FALLSUMMERSPRINGFALLSPRINGSUMMERWINTERAnnual Herbs Best Suitedfor Spring and SummerWINTERWarm-season herbs are best plantedinto the garden after the danger of frosthas passed. This typically is mid-Marchthrough early August.Of course, if you are starting the herbsfrom seed, you can get a jump on thegrowing season by sowing the seedsup to a month prior to the first plantingdate. You will need to sow the seeds intoseed trays or old, but clean, containersand keep them in a greenhouse, warmwindowsill (with plenty of light) or a hotbox.Warm-season herbs that generally growwell in Louisiana include basil, mint,lemon verbena, rosemary, sage, thyme,lavender, catnip and bay RAnnual Herbs Best Suitedfor Fall and WinterFALLSPRINGSUMMERWINTERCool-season herbs are best plantedinto the garden between the monthsof September and February. Most coolseason herbs can tolerate normal winterfreezes in Louisiana. Later in the coolseason, in March or early April, plantlarger transplants, and you could stillexpect acceptable harvests in May orearly June.Cool-season herbs that generally performwell in Louisiana include parsley, cilantro,chamomile, dill, oregano, borage, chives,garlic, celery, chicory, fennel, arugula andchervil.LSU AgCenter Pub. 3424 - A Guide to Growing a School Herb Garden5
FALLFALLSPRINGSUMMERSPRINGSPRINGFALLWINTER FALL SUMMERSPRING WINTERHow Many Herb Plants Does OurSchool Garden Need?Perennial HerbsSUMMERSome of the perennial herbs that do wellhere are mints, lemon verbena, lemonbalm, rosemary, Mexican tarragon, burnet,sorrel, society garlic, catmint, garlic, chives,oregano, catmint, anise hyssop, mountainmint, bay laurel, pineapple sage and rue.With herbs, a little goes a long way. Whileyou usually have to plant greater numbersof vegetable plants, we use relatively smallamounts of the herb plants and usually just theleaves. That means one or two plants of eachtype of herb should produce plenty in mostschool gardens.Although most perennial herbs can beplanted throughout the year, perennialherbs generally are best when planted inthe fall using transplants available at localnurseries. This allows them to becomewell established during the less stressfulcool season. An exception is that Mexicanmint marigold should be planted in Maythrough August.Transplants are a much easier and morereliable method of herb propagation for a fewreasons. The plants already are growing, soyou don’t have to worry about germination.Since only a few plants are needed, you don’thave to buy a pack of 25 seeds that may provedifficult to germinate. Even more, althoughtransplants aren’t very big, they can be enjoyedimmediately.Thyme, sage, catnip and lavender areperennial herbs that require excellentdrainage to survive the summer. Theymay be more successful when grown incontainers and placed in a location thatgets some shade in the afternoon duringthe summer. Even grown under goodconditions they tend to be short-lived andoften succumb to root and stem rots inthe hot, wet conditions of the late summerseason.The following pages provide the novice teacheror student gardener with tips and activitiesconcerning cultural and culinary practices ofboth warm- and cool-season herbs.WINTERSUMMERWINTERSeveral perennial herbs that have difficultysurviving our summers are grown here ascool-season annuals and include Frenchtarragon, feverfew and chamomile.6LSU AgCenter Pub. 3424 - A Guide to Growing a School Herb Garden
Spring- and Summer-Planted rCommon Name: LavenderScientific Name: Lavandula angustifoliaWINTERAnnualor Perennial: Hardy perennial (inLouisiana)Direct-Seeded or Transplanted: Transplantingis the easiest way to start a lavender plant andthe preferred method of planting into schoolgardens.Optimum Soil Temperature for Germination:70 degrees FahrenheitAppropriate Planting Depth for Seed: Plantthe roots of a lavender transplant no deeperthan they were in the original container.Average Days to Germination: 15-20Edible Portion of the Plant: FlowersAverage Mature Height: 1-3 feetAverage Mature Width: 1-3 feetFun Fact: The color lavender comesfrom the flowers of the herb.Lavender Tea Recipe:Ingredients:8 cups of water2 teaspoons fresh lavender flowers, choppedHoney (for flavoring)Wrap chopped lavender blossoms in a piece ofcheesecloth or in a tea ball. Bring the 8 cups ofwater to a boil in a 3 quart saucepan. Place theblossoms in the boiling water and turn off heat.Steep blossoms in the water for 10 minutes.Remove the blossoms. Pour over ice or servehot. Flavor with honey until desired sweetness isachieved.Lavender prefers dry, well-drained soil. Foroptimum production and to entice this plantto live as a perennial in your garden, plant onlyin pots or raised beds with very good drainage.High humidity, heat and rainfall can lead to rootrot problems, so provide good air circulationby not sowing densely populated plantings.Lavender prefers a cooler climate, so it maynot do well in full sun during a hot Louisianasummer. Plant lavender transplants in the fall.Spanish and French lavender tend to do betterthan English lavender in Louisiana.Native to the Mediterranean area, lavendercommonly is used as an ornamental andplanted as a bedding plant in lieu of foliage andflowers. Lavender also has many culinary uses.It is used in a variety of dishes, found in Herbsd’ Provence herb mix, used as a crop that beesvisit to produce a mono-floral honey and oftenadded to iced and hot teas. In addition, lavenderproduces an essential oil used in perfumes,potpourri, sachets, home fragrances andaromatherapy.LavenderExtension: Lavender also can flavorlemonade or other fruit beverages. Trycreating your own recipes!LSU AgCenter Pub. 3424 - A Guide to Growing a School Herb Garden7
SPRINGFALLSUMMERFALLSPRINGSUMMERWINTERMintCommon Name: MintScientific Name: Mentha spp.WINTERAnnualor Perennial: Hardy perennialDirect-Seeded or Transplanted: Transplantmint seedlings into the garden. This ensures youachieve the desired flavor. Many mint cultivarsare asexually propagated and therefore notgrown from seeds.Optimum Soil Temperature for Germination:70 FAppropriate Planting Depth for Seed: Plantmint seedlings no deeper than they were in theoriginal container.Edible Portion of the Plant: FoliageAverage Mature Height: 1-4 feetAverage Mature Width: 1-4 feetFun Fact: The Romans believedeating mint would increaseintelligence. The scent of mint alsowas supposed to stop a personfrom losing his or her temper. Royalambassadors carried mint sprigs intheir pockets to aid them duringnegotiations.Mint8Try Eating Mint in a Variety of WaysPairings: Eat mint leaves with foods likechocolate and fruit. Does it enhance or distractstudents from what they taste? Great optionsto try: Provide each student with one mint leafand a Hershey Kiss or one mint leaf and anapple slice, grape, chunk of watermelon or anyfruit you have growing in the school garden!If the cafeteria selection for the day includesspicy foods, have the students try cuttingmint leaves into thin strips and eating thembetween bites of the spicy foods. Mint has a“cooling” effect. It contrasts with the heat andtempers the spiciness.Mint Tea RecipeIngredients:4-5 stalks of fresh mint, with stems4 cups boiling water¼ cup sugarInstructions:Mint teas are delicious, too! To make a minttea, bring 4 cups of water to a boil. After waterhas come to a full boil, turn off heat and addmint leaves. Let it steep for 5 to 10 minutes. Thelonger it steeps, the stronger the flavor will be.Remove mint leaves. Now make a simple mintsyrup. To do this, add ¼ cup of sugar to thewarm mixture and stir until it is well dissolved.The students can drink this tea hot or pour itover ice for a cool refreshment.Extension: Mint can become an invasive plant in yourschool garden. It generally spreads by its rhizomes. Discussinvasive plants with students. Can they come up with methodsto prevent mint from getting out of hand? Think aboutcontaining the plant in a pot, cutting and removing rootsperiodically, etc. Also, discuss with students instances whenan aggressive plant like mint would be beneficial. Think abouterosion prevention, hillside plantings to reduce mowing, etc.LSU AgCenter Pub. 3424 - A Guide to Growing a School Herb Garden
FALLSPRINGSageFALLSUMMERSPRINGSUMMERWINTERCommon Name: SageScientific Name: Sage officinalisWINTERAnnualor Perennial: PerennialDirect-Seeded or Transplanted: Sage mostcommonly is transplanted into school gardens.Optimum Soil Temperature for Germination:70 FAppropriate Planting Depth for Seed: Ifseeding directly, plant seed no more than ¼ inchdeep.Average Days to Germination: Up to 20Edible Portion of the Plant: FoliageAverage Mature Height: 1-2 feetAverage Mature Width: 2-3 feetSimilar to lavender, sage requires well-drainedsoil for proper growth. If your garden holds alot of water, plant this herb in raised beds orcontainers.Sage is available in many varieties, with foliageranging from gray hues to variegated leaves.Native to the Mediterranean region, sagecommonly is used to season meat such asturkey, duck and pork.When sage blooms it attracts many pollinatorsto the garden.Propagating SageMaterials:Several mature sage plantsMarkersPencils or scissorsPaper or foam cupsPotting soilWatering canSage can be propagated by seed, layering androot cuttings. Propagation is the term used todescribe how a plant is multiplied. Root cuttingsare fun to take. Have students dig up one ortwo sage plants from the garden. Cut sectionsof the roots into 2 inch pieces. Each studentshould write his or her name on the side of acup. Then poke a hole or two into the bottomof the cup with a pencil or scissors. This willallow proper drainage. Fill the cup 2/3 from thebottom with soil. Lay the 2 inch root cuttinghorizontally in the cup and fill with another 1 ½inches of potting soil. Place cups outside if thetemperatures are warm. Place them inside on abright windowsill if temperatures are cooler. Asa class, record the number of days until shootsemerge from the top of the soil.Fun Fact: In the 19thcentury it was a commonpractice to rub teeth withsage to whiten them.Extension: Sage also can be propagated by layering.Simply take a long branch of sage and pin it to the groundusing soil to cover and hold it down. After a month,examine the portion of the sage branch under the soil. Itshould have developed roots. You can now cut it from themother plant to have two sage plants!LSU AgCenter Pub. 3424 - A Guide to Growing a School Herb GardenSage9
FALLSUMMERSPRINGFALLSPRINGSUMMERWINTERBasilCommon Name: BasilScientific Name: Ocimum basilicumWINTERAnnualor Perennial: Warm-season AnnualDirect-Seeded or Transplanted: Basil mostcommonly is transplanted into school gardens,but it also is relatively easy to grow from seeds.Optimum Soil Temperature for Germination:70 FAppropriate Planting Depth for Seed: Ifseeding directly, plant seed no more than ¼ inchdeep.Average Days to Germination: Three to sixEdible Portion of the Plant: FoliageAverage Mature Height: 1-3 feetAverage Mature Width: 1-3 feetFun Fact: Basil is considered asymbol of love in some cultures,such as those in parts of Italy andRomania. If a young man or womangives a sprig of basil to someone, itsignifies feelings for the person.Basil10Let’s Make Pesto!Ingredients:4 cups fresh basil leaves1/3 cup pine nuts2 garlic cloves1/4 cup freshly grated Parmesan cheese1 teaspoon coarse kosher salt1/2 cup olive oilUsing a pestle and mortar, crush the basil leavesuntil they resemble a green puree – or pulverizethem in a food processor. Add the pine nuts,garlic cloves and olive oil and blend togetherusing a food processor. The final product shouldlook like a uniform/smooth paste. Add Parmesancheese and salt and pepper to the paste, againmixing/blending until smooth. Scrape mixtureinto a bowl and cover with
LSU AgCenter Pub. 3424 - A Guide to Growing a School Herb Garden 7 Spring- and Summer-Planted Herbs Common Name: Lavender Scientific Name: Lavandula angustifolia Annual or Perennial: Hardy perennial (in Louisiana) Direct-Seeded or Transplanted: Transplanting is the easiest way to start a lavender plant and the preferred method of planting into .
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