WHEAT (Triticum Aestivum L.) RESPONSE TO EXOGENOUS .
WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) RESPONSE TOEXOGENOUS SELENIUM SUPPLY UNDERDROUGHT STRESSByFahim Nawaz2003-ag-1820M.Sc. (Hons.) AgricultureA thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the degree ofDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHYINAGRONOMYFACULTY OF AGRICULTUREUNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTUREFAISALABAD2014
ToThe Controller of ExaminationsUniversity of Agriculture,Faisalabad.We the supervisory committee, certify that the contents and form of thesissubmitted by Mr. Fahim Nawaz, Regd. Number 2003-ag-1820, have been foundsatisfactory and recommend that it be processed for evaluation by the ExternalExaminer(s) for the award of the degree.SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE1. CHAIRMAN:DR. RASHID AHMAD2. CO-SUPERVISOR:DR. M. YASIN ASHRAF3. MEMBER:DR. EJAZ AHMED WARAICH4. MEMBER:DR. MUHAMMAD SHAHBAZ
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAll worships and praises are due to The Lord of Creation alone, the mostbeneficent, merciful, gracious and compassionate; for answering my prayers and givingme the strength to have cherished fruit of my modest effort in the form of thismanuscript, thank you so much Dear Lord.I offer my humblest thanks and countless salutations to Holy ProphetMuhammad (PBUH), the beacon of enlightment, the fountain of knowledge, themessenger of peace, biggest benefactor of the mankind ever had and forever torch ofguidance for humanity.This thesis covers contribution of a lot of people. I owe this thesis to them.Therefore, I want to express my sincere gratefulness to these dear people. I wish to thank,first and foremost, my parents, brothers and sisters for supporting me spirituallythroughout my life and who have always stood by me and dealt with all of my absencefrom many family occasions with a smile. This thesis would have remained a dream hadit not been their love, prayers and encouragement. I owe my deepest gratitude to mysupervisor Prof. Dr. Rashid Ahmad for his valuable guidance, ideas and support duringthe course of study. I would like to express my gratitude to him for his understanding andtrust in me from the first day to the last.I have no words to express my appreciation to Dr. M. Yasin Ashraf for hismoral, motivation, and constant cheerfulness. I would always remain indebted to him forhis support, encouragement and his ever-lasting politeness. I feel myself so lucky forgaining such an opportunity of working with him at the beginning of my research career.His patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge helped me in all the timeof research and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better Cosupervisor and mentor for my PhD study.I also feel great appreciation to the other committee members, Dr. Ejaz AhmadWaraich and Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz for serving on my committee and devoting theirprecious time in evaluating this work by their proofreading and constructive comments.
My special thanks go to lab and field staff of Stress Physiology Lab, Departmentof Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (Pakistan) and am also gratefulto Dr. Saleem, Ghulam Farid, Mahmood-ul-Hassan and Muhammad Shaukat, NIAB,Faisalabad, for their continuous support, enthusiasm and immediate help in difficulttimes. I also want to express my heartfelt gratefulness to my friends; Hafiz Mutti-urRehman, Sabi-ul-Hassan, Gulzar Akhtar, Muhammad Kashif Hanif, Muhammad Farooq,Sajjad Ali, Amjad Masood, Amir Iqbal, Zaheer Ahmad, Mohsin Shafiq, Gulzar Akhtar,Rana Nauman Shabbir, Muhammad Adnan Bukhari, Rai Altaf Hussain, MuhammadZeeshan Ahmad, Masood Iqbal Awan, Hassan Sardar, Muhammad Raheel Shafiq, SuhailMehmood Karimi and Muhammad Kaleem for their invaluable friendship. Last but notthe least; I would like to thank Muhammad Khan, Waqar Baqa and Sheikh Ali formaking my stay more pleasurable in Faisalabad and always enlightening me with theirknowledge and experience.The role of Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan is highlyappreciated and acknowledged for not only providing financial support for this study butalso giving me an opportunity to work with Prof. Andrea Polle, Department of MolecularEcophysiology, Georg August Universitat, Gottingen (Germany) as a visiting scholar forsix months under International Research Support Initiative Program (IRSIP).(Fahim Nawaz)
Dedicated to my parents, brothersand sisters
DECLARATIONI hereby declare that the contents of the thesis “Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)response to exogenous selenium supply under drought stress” are the product of myown research and no part has been occupied from any published sources (except thereferences, standard mathematical or genetic model/ equations/formula/ protocol etc).I further declare that this work has not been submitted for the award of any otherdiploma/degree. The university may take action if the information provided is foundinaccurate at any stage. In case of any default, the scholar will be proceeded againstas per HEC plagiarism policy.FAHIM NAWAZ2003-ag-1820M.Sc. (Hons)Agronomy
CONTENTSCHAPTER pter-IIIntroductionReview of Literature2.12.22.32.42.5WheatDrought Stress and Wheat GrowthSeleniumSelenium and Plant GrowthSelenium and Drought StressChapter-IIIMaterials and .8.4.23.8.4.33.8.5Experimental Site and ConditionsWheat SeedLaboratory ExperimentsWire/ greenhouse ExperimentsCalculations of Physiological IndicesLysimeter ExperimentField ExperimentData CollectionPhysiological ParametersLeaf Water Potential (Ψw)Leaf Osmotic Potential (Ψs)Turgor Potential (Ψp)Relative Water Contents (RWC)Gas Exchange CharacteristicsPigmentsBiochemical parametersTotal Soluble Proteins (TSP)Total Free Amino acids (TFA)Total Soluble Sugars (TSS)Proline DeterminationAntioxidant EnzymesCatalase (CAT)Peroxidase (POX)Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX)Nutrient AnalysesEstimation of PEstimation of KEstimation of Se, Fe, Zn, Mg and CaYield and Yield ComponentsPAGE 53636373838393939404040414141
CHAPTER 8.5.73.8.5.83.8.5.93.9Total Number of Tillers m-2Total Number of Productive Tillers m-2Spike LengthNumber of Spikelets Spike-1Number of Grains Spike-1Thousand-grains weightBiological Yield (BY)Grain Yield (GY)Harvest Index (%)Statistical Screening of Wheat Genotypes/Lines for DroughtTolerancePromptness Index (PI)Germination Stress Tolerance Index (GSI)Emergence Index (EI)Mean Emergence Time (MET)Screening of Wheat Genotypes/Lines for DroughtTolerancePlant Height Stress Tolerance Index (PHSI)Root Length Stress Tolerance Index (RLSI)Dry Matter Stress Tolerance Index (DMSI)Optimizing Selenium Level and Duration forSeed PrimingPlant Height Stress Tolerance Index (PHSI)Root Length Stress Tolerance Index (RLSI)Shoots Fresh Weights Stress Tolerance Index (SFSI)Roots Fresh Weights Stress Tolerance Index (RFSI)Dry Matter Stress Tolerance Index (DMSI)Optimizing Selenium Level for FertigationPlant Height Stress Tolerance Index (PHSI)Root Length Stress Tolerance Index (RLSI)Shoots Fresh Weights Stress Tolerance Index (SFSI)Roots Fresh Weights Stress Tolerance Index (RFSI)Dry Matter Stress Tolerance Index (DMSI)Optimizing Selenium Level for FoliarApplicationPlant Height Stress Tolerance Index (PHSI)Root Length Stress Tolerance Index (RLSI)Shoots Fresh Weights Stress Tolerance Index (SFSI)Roots Fresh Weights Stress Tolerance Index (RFSI)Dry Matter Stress Tolerance Index (DMSI)PAGE 262656565686868727272757575
CHAPTER .84.7.9Optimization of Method and Time of SeleniumApplicationLeaf Water Potential (ψw)Leaf Osmotic potential (ψs)Turgor potential (ψp)Relative water contents (RWC)Leaf chlorophyll contentsLeaf carotenoid contents (Car)Net CO2 Assimilation Rate (Pn)Transpiration Rate (E)Stomatal Conductance (gs)Total Soluble Sugars (TSS)Total Soluble Proteins (TSP)Total Free Amino acids (TFA)Leaf Proline ContentsPeroxidase Activity (POX)Catalase Activity (CAT)Ascorbate Peroxidase Activity (APX)Concentration of Nutrients in ShootConcentration of Nutrients in GrainTotal Number of Tillers m-2Total Number of Fertile Tillers m-2Spike LengthNumber of Spikelets Spike-1Number of Grains Spike-1Thousand-grains weightBiological Yield (BY)Grain Yield (GY)Harvest Index (HI)Field experimentsTotal Number of Tillers m-2Total Number of Fertile Tillers m-2Spike LengthNumber of Spikelets Spike-1Number of Grains Spike-1Thousand-grains weightBiological Yield (BY)Grain Yield (GY)Harvest Index (HI)Chapter-VDiscussion5.15.2Screening of Wheat Genotypes/LinesOptimization of Rate and Duration for Selenium4.6PAGE 2164166166168
CHAPTER #TITLE5.5(Se) Seed PrimingOptimization of Selenium (Se) Level forFertigation and Foliar SprayOptimization of Method and Time of Selenium(Se) ApplicationPhysiological ParametersWater RelationsPigmentsGas ExchangeBiochemical ParametersTotal Soluble Sugars (TSS)Total Soluble Proteins (TSP)Total Free Amino acids (TFA)Proline AccumulationAntioxidant EnzymesConcentration of NutrientsAccumulation of Selenium (Se)Accumulation of Iron (Fe)Accumulation of Zinc (Zn)Accumulation of Phosphorous (P)Accumulation of Potassium (K)Accumulation of Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium(Ca)Yield and Yield lusion and Future ProspectsLiterature CitedPAGE 86187188189190192193
LIST OF TABLESTABLE #3.14.14.24.34.44.54.64.74.84.9TITLEPAGE #Physiochemical characteristics of soil used for field28experimentsAnalysis of variance for promptness index (PI), emergence 44index (EI) and mean emergence time (MET) in 15 wheatgenotypes exposed to PEG-6000 induced osmotic stressRanking of wheat genotypes on the basis of performance55under drought stressAnalysis of variance for plant height stress tolerance index 57(PHSI), root length stress tolerance index (RLSI), shootsfresh weights stress tolerance index (SFSI), roots freshweights stress tolerance index (RFSI) and dry matter stresstolerance index (DMSI) in two wheat genotypes primedwith different selenium solutions for half hour (1/2 h) andone hour (1 h) under drought stress.Analysis of variance for plant height stress tolerance index 66(PHSI), root length stress tolerance index (RLSI) shootsfresh weights stress tolerance index (SFSI), roots freshweights stress tolerance index (RFSI) and dry matter stresstolerance index (DMSI) in two wheat genotypes fertigatedwith different selenium (Se) solutions under drought stress.Analysis of variance for plant height stress tolerance index 73(PHSI), root length stress tolerance index (RLSI), shootsfresh weights stress tolerance index (SFSI), roots freshweights stress tolerance index (RFSI) and dry matter stresstolerance index (DMSI) in two wheat genotypes foliarlysprayed with selenium (Se) under drought stressAnalysis of variance of water potential (-MPa), osmotic 80potential (-MPa), turgor potential (MPa) and relative watercontents (%) in two wheat genotypes exposed to exogenousselenium supply under drought stress.Analysis of variance of chlorophyll a (mg g-1), chlorophyll b 86(mg g-1), total chlorophyll (mg g-1) and total carotenoidscontents (µg g-1) in two wheat genotypes exposed toexogenous selenium (Se) supply under drought stress.Analysis of variance of net CO2 assimilation rate (µmol CO2 m932 S-1), transpiration rate (mmol H2O m-1 s-1), and stomaconductance (mmol H2O m-1 s-1) in two wheat genotypexposed to exogenous selenium (Se) supply under drougstress.Analysis of variance of leaf total soluble sugars (mg g-1 99FW), total soluble proteins (mg g-1 FW), and total freeamino acids (µ mol g-1 FW) in two wheat genotypes
TABLE xposed to exogenous selenium supply under drought stress.Analysis of variance of proline content (mmol g-1 FW),peroxidase (units min-1 g-1 FW), catalase (units min-1 g-1FW) and ascorbate Peroxidase (ABA digested g-1 FW hr-1)activity in two wheat genotypes exposed to exogenousselenium (Se) supply under drought stress.Analysis of variance of shoot selenium (Se), phosphorous(P), potassium (K) and Zinc (Zn) concentration (µg g-1 DW)in two wheat genotypes by exogenous selenium supplyunder drought stress.Analysis of variance of shoot magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe)and calcium (Ca) concentration (µg g-1 DW) in two wheatgenotypes by exogenous selenium supply under droughtstressAnalysis of variance of grain selenium (Se), iron (Fe) andZinc (Zn) concentration (µg g-1 DW) of two wheatgenotypes by exogenous selenium (Se) supply underdrought stress.Analysis of variance of grain phosphorous (P), potassium(K) and magnesium (Mg) concentration (µg g-1 DW) in twowheat genotypes by exogenous selenium (Se) supply underdrought stress.Analysis of variance of total number of tillers m-2, totalnumber of fertile tillers m-2, spike length (cm), number ofspikelets spike-1 and number of grains spike-1 in two wheatgenotypes exposed to exogenous selenium supply underdrought stress.Analysis of variance of 1000-grain weight (g), biologicalyield (t ha-1), grain yield (t ha-1) and harvest index (%) intwo wheat genotypes exposed to exogenous seleniumsupply under drought stress.Analysis of variance of total number of tillers m-2, totalnumber of fertile tillers m-2, spike length (cm), number ofspikelets spike-1 and number of grains spike-1 in two wheatgenotypes exposed to exogenous selenium supply underdrought stress in the year 2011-12.Analysis of variance of total number of tillers m-2, totalnumber of fertile tillers m-2, spike length (cm), number ofspikelets spike-1 and number of grains spike-1 in two wheatgenotypes exposed to exogenous selenium supply underdrought stress in the year 2012-13.Analysis of variance of 1000-grain weight (g), biologicalyield (t ha-1), grain yield (t ha-1) and harvest index (%) inPAGE #106115121125129133140146147159
TABLE #4.18bTITLEPAGE #two wheat genotypes exposed to exogenous seleniumsupply under drought stress in the year 2011-12.Analysis of variance of 1000-grain weight (g), biologicalyield (t ha-1), grain yield (t ha-1) and harvest index (%) in160two wheat genotypes exposed to exogenous seleniumsupply under drought stress in the year 2012-13.
LIST OF FIGURESFIGURE #3.14.14.24.34.44.54.64.74.8a, b4.9a, b4.10a, b4.11a, b4.12a, b4.134.144.154.16TITLEMeteorological data of the experimental site for fieldexperiment for the growing season 2011-12 and 2012-13.Promptness index (PI) of 15 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)genotypes subjected to PEG-6000 induced osmotic stress (0.5 MPa).Germination stress tolerance index (GSI) of 15 wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes subjected to PEG-6000induced osmotic stress (-0.5 MPa).Emergence index (EI) of 15 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)genotypes subjected to PEG-6000 induced osmotic stress (0.5 MPa).Mean emergence time (MET) of 15 wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) genotypes subjected to PEG-6000 inducedosmotic stress (-0.5 MPa).Plant height stress tolerance index (PHSI) of 15 wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes subjected to droughtstress.Root length stress tolerance index (RLSI) of 15 wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes subjected to droughtstress.Dry matter stress tolerance index (DMSI) of 15 wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes subjected to droughtstress.Effect of Se seed priming on plant height stress toleranceindex (PHSI) in wheat.Effect of seed priming with selenium on root length stresstolerance index (RLSI) in wheat.Effect of seed priming with selenium shoots fresh weightsstress tolerance index (SFSI) in wheat.Effect of seed priming with selenium roots fresh weightsstress tolerance index (RFSI) in wheat.Effect of seed priming with selenium dry matter stresstolerance index (DMSI) in wheat.Effect of Se fertigation on plant height stress toleranceindex (PHSI) of wheat seedlings.Effect of Se fertigation on root length stress toleranceindex (RLSI) of wheat seedlings.Effect of Se fertigation on shoots fresh weights stresstolerance index (SFSI) of wheat seedlings.Effect of Se fertigation on roots fresh weights stressPAGE #2945464849515254585961636467676969
FIGURE 26a4.26b4.274.28TITLEtolerance index (RFSI) of wheat seedlings.Effect of Se fertigation on dry matter stress tolerance index(DMSI) of wheat seedlings.Effect of Se foliar application on plant height stresstolerance index (PHSI) of wheat seedlings.Effect of Se foliar application on root length stresstolerance index (RLSI) of wheat seedlings.Effect of Se foliar application on shoots fresh weightsstress tolerance index (SFSI) of wheat seedlings.Effect of Se foliar application on roots fresh weights stresstolerance index (RFSI) of wheat seedlings.Effect of Se foliar application on dry matter stresstolerance index (DMSI) of wheat seedlings.Effect of exogenous Se supply on water potential (-MPa)of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes at tilleringand anthesis stage under normal (100% FC) and droughtstress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on osmotic potential (-MPa)of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes at tilleringand anthesis stage under normal (100% FC) and droughtstress (60% FC) conditions.Interaction effect between growth stages (P), water stresslevels (W) and genotypes (G) on leaf osmotic potential (MPa).Interaction effect between growth stages (P) and seleniumtreatments (S) on leaf osmotic potential (-MPa).Effect of exogenous Se supply on turgor potential (MPa) oftwo wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes at tillering andanthesis stage under normal (100% FC) and drought stress(60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on relative water contents(%) of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes attillering and anthesis stage under normal (100% FC) anddrought stress (60% FC) conditions.Interaction effect between growth stages (P) and waterstress levels (W) on leaf relative water contents (RWC).Effect of exogenous Se supply on chlorophyll a (Chla)contents (mg g-1 FW) of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)genotypes at tillering and anthesis stage under normal(100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on Chlorophyll b (Chlb)PAGE #717474767677818183838384848787
FIGURE ITLEcontents (mg g-1 FW) of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)genotypes at tillering and anthesis stage under normal(100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on total Chlorophyll (Chlt a b) contents (mg g-1 FW) of two wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) genotypes at tillering and anthesis stage undernormal (100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC)conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on total Carotenoid (Car)contents (µg g-1 FW) of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)genotypes at tillering and anthesis stage under normal(100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC) conditions.Interaction effect between growth stages (P), water stresslevels (W) and genotypes (G) on leaf carotenoid contents(Car).Effect of exogenous Se supply on net CO2 assimilation rate(µ mol CO2 m-2 S-1) of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)genotypes at tillering and anthesis stage under normal(100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on transpiration rate (mmolH2O m-1 s-1) of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)genotypes at tillering and anthesis stage under normal(100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on stomatal conductance(mmol H2O m-1 s-1) of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)genotypes at tillering and anthesis stage under normal(100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC) conditions.Interaction effect between selenium treatments (S) andwater stress levels (W) on stomatal conductance (gs).Effect of exogenous Se supply on leaf total soluble sugars(mg g-1 FW) of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)genotypes at tillering and anthesis stage under normal(100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on leaf total solubleproteins (mg g-1 FW) of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)genotypes at tillering and anthesis stage under normal(100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on total free amino acids(µmol g-1 FW) of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)genotypes at tillering and anthesis stage under normal(100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on proline content (mmol g-PAGE #90929295959797100102104107
FIGURE #TITLEPAGE #14.384.394.404.414.424.434.444.454.464.47FW) of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes attillering and anthesis stage under normal (100% FC) anddrought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on peroxidase activity (unitsmin-1 g-1 FW) of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)genotypes at tillering and anthesis stage under normal(100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on catalase activity (mg g-1FW) of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes attillering and anthesis stage under normal (100% FC) anddrought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on ascorbate peroxidaseactivity (ABA digested g-1 FW h-1) of two wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) genotypes at tillering and anthesis stage undernormal (100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC)conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on shoot selenium (Se)concentration (µg gˉ¹ DW) of two wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) genotypes under normal (100% FC) anddrought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on shoot iron (Fe)concentration (µg gˉ¹ DW) of two wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) genotypes under normal (100% FC) anddrought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on shoot zinc (Zn)concentration (µg gˉ¹ DW) of two wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) genotypes under normal (100% FC) anddrought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on shoot phosphorous (P)concentration (µg gˉ¹ DW) of two wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) genotypes under normal (100% FC) anddrought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on shoot potassium (K)concentration (µg gˉ¹ DW) of two wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) genotypes under normal (100% FC) anddrought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on shoot magnesium (Mg)concentration (µg gˉ¹ DW) of two wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) genotypes under normal (100% FC) anddrought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on shoot calcium (Ca)concentration (µg gˉ¹ DW) of two wheat (Triticum109111113116116118118122122123
FIGURE aestivum L.) genotypes under normal (100% FC) anddrought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on grain selenium (Se)concentration (µg gˉ¹ DW) of two wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) genotypes under normal (100% FC) anddrought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on grain iron (Fe)concentration (µg gˉ¹ DW) of two wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) genotypes under normal (100% FC) anddrought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on grain zinc (Zn)concentration (µg gˉ¹ DW) of two wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) genotypes under normal (100% FC) anddrought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on grain phosphorous (P)concentration (µg gˉ¹ DW) of two wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) genotypes under normal (100% FC) anddrought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on grain potassium (K)concentration (µg gˉ¹ DW) of two wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) genotypes under normal (100% FC) anddrought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on grain magnesium (Mg)concentration (µg gˉ¹ DW) of two wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) genotypes under normal (100% FC) anddrought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on total number of tillers m2of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes undernormal (100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC)conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on number of fertile tillersm-2 of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes undernormal (100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC)conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on spike length (cm) of twowheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under normal(100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on number of spikeletsspike-1 of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypesunder normal (100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC)conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on number of grains spike-1PAGE #126126128128131131134134136136138
FIGURE #4.594.604.614.624.634.644.654.664.674.68TITLEof two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes undernormal (100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC)conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on 1000-grain weight (g) oftwo wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under normal(100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on biological yield (t ha-1)of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes undernormal (100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC)conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on grain yield (t ha-1) of twowheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under normal(100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on harvest index (%) of twowheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under normal(100% FC) and drought stress (60% FC) conditions.Effect of exogenous Se supply on total number of tillers/m²of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes undernormal water supply, stress at tillering stage and stress atanthesis stage during two consecutive years i.e. 2011-12and 2012-13.Effect of exogenous Se supply on total number of fertiletillers/m² of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypesunder normal water supply, stress at tillering stage andstress at anthesis stage during two consecutive years i.e.2011-12 and 2012-13.Effect of exogenous Se supply on spike length (cm) of twowheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under normalwater supply, stress at tillering stage and stress at anthesisstage during two consecutive years i.e. 2011-12 and 201213.Effect of exogenous Se supply on no. of spikelets spikeˉ¹of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes undernormal water supply, stress at tillering stage and stress atanthesis stage during two consecutive years i.e. 2011-12and 2012-13.Effect of exogenous Se supply on number of grains spikeˉ¹of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes undernormal water supply, stress at tillering stage and stress atanthesis stage during two consecutive years i.e. 2011-12and 2012-13.Effect of exogenous Se supply on 1000-grain weight ofPAGE #141141143143148150151153155157
FIGURE #4.694.704.71TITLEPAGE #two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under normalwater supply, stress at tillering stage and stress at anthesisstage during two consecutive years i.e. 2011-12 and 201213.Effect of exogenous Se supply on biological yield (t ha-1)of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes undernormal water supply, stress at tillering stage and stress at 161anthesis stage during two consecutive years i.e. 2011-12and 2012-13.Effect of exogenous Se supply on grain yield (t ha-1) of twowheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under normalwater supply, stress at tillering stage and stress at anthesis 163stage during two consecutive years i.e. 2011-12 and 201213.Effect of exogenous Se supply on harvest index (%) of twowheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under normalwater supply, stress at tillering stage and stress at anthesis 165stage during two consecutive years i.e. 2011-12 and 201213.
ABSTRACTPremise of the research-Selenium (Se) has become an element of interest to manybiologists because of its physiological and toxicological importance. The identification ofeffective Se dose and application method is crucial for better understanding of Se role incrop plants under drought stress. The present study, therefore, was planned to evaluatethe response of water-stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to exogenous Se supply. Thestudy was carried out at the Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture,Faisalabad-Pakistan and Stress Physiology Laboratory, Salinity and EnvironmentalDivision, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad-Pakistan.Methodology-A series of laboratory, wire / greenhouse, lysimeter and field experimentswere conducted for this study. In laboratory experiments, fifteen local wheat genotypeswere screened out for their response to PEG-6000 induced water stress of -0.5 MPa atgermination and seedling stage. Wire / greenhouse experiments were conducted usingone drought tolerant (Kohistan-97) and one sensitive (Pasban-90) genotype, selectedfrom laboratory experiments, to determine appropriate rates for three methods viz. seedpriming (75 µM), fertigation (7.35 µM) and foliar spray (7.06 µM) of Se helpful inimproving drought tolerance in wheat plants subjected to water stress at seedling stage.The optimum rates determined in screen house experiments of each method of Seapplication were tested for appropriate method and application time (vegetative orreproductive growth stage) in lysimeter and field experiments. Pivotal results-Droughtstress significantly reduced growth, water relations, gas exchange and yield attributes ofboth wheat genotypes. However, exogenous Se supply was observed to be helpful inimproving the dr
DR. RASHID AHMAD 2. CO-SUPERVISOR : _ . Sabi-ul-Hassan, Gulzar Akhtar, Muhammad Kashif Hanif, Muhammad Farooq, Sajjad Ali, Amjad Masood, Amir Iqbal, Zaheer Ahmad, Mohsin Shafiq, Gulzar Akhtar, Rana Nauman Shabbir, Muhammad Adnan Bukhari, Rai Altaf Hussain, Muhammad Zeeshan Ahmad, Mas
(Wheat) Sprout Extract Dermal irritation and sensitization data at maximum leave-on use concentrations for Triticum Aestivum (Wheat) Germ Extract, Triticum Vulgare (Wheat) Germ Extract, Triticum Vulgare (Wheat) Sprout Extract, and Wheat Germ Glycerides . Since the September Panel meeting, none of the requested data has been received .
Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan *Corresponding author's email: perveens1@yahoo.com Abstract A pot experiment was performed to assess the effect of thiourea (TU) as pre-sowing seed treatment to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought stressed conditions. Seeds of wheat variety named Galaxy-2013 were .
Wheat middlings are a wheat milling by-product that consist of fine particles of wheat . bran, wheat shorts, wheat germ, and wheat flour; midds contain no more than 9.5% crude fiber (CF). With the sudden increase in the price of corn and soybean meal, wheat midds have become a more common ingredient in swine diets. Wheat midds
Wheat grass is a sprout from common wheat, Triticum aestivum, harvested before it flowers. It is an edible food/functional food that is consumed as fresh juice, dried into powder or made into tablets (Sunil D Kulkarni et al., 2006; Rajagopalan and Shakya, 2014). Wheat
Bkft. Cereal, Hot, Whole Grain Cream of Wheat Whole Grain Wheat (wheat farina, wheat bran & germ), defatted wheat germ, disodium phosphate, calcium carbonate, ferric phosphate, niacin, thiamin mononitrate, riboflavin, folic acid Wheat, Gluten Bkft. Cinnamon French Toast IW (Sunny Fresh/Cargill) Whole Wheat Bread [Whole Wheat
disease in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Great Plains of North America. Use of resis-tance is an effective and environmentally sound method to control the disease. In this study, six wheat genotypes were compared for their responses to WSMV infection under growth chamber conditions. The three resistant geno-
similar wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yields„ When wheat was grown on beds the 58 and 87 kg/ha seeding rates resulted in higher grain yields than were obtained from the 29 kg/ha rate. Low rates of seeding resulted in more wheat seeds per head than did the higher rate of seeding. Seeding rates had no significant effect on seed weight or grain
Triticum Vulgare (Wheat) Flour Lipids. Wheat derived water-soluble skin care active. Natural VEGETABLE DNA Wheat (Triticum vulgare) sprout extract (&) water Natural skin protector and moisturiser Na
