Advanced Wall Framing
T e c h n o l o g y F a c t S h e e tADVANCED WALL FRAMINGADVANCED WALL FRAMINGFor more information, contact: "10'-0 gridinch2'- 10" 24 18" overhang4'16"16" 16" 8'16" Plywoodcutting pattern Use structural sheathing at corners andintermediate points with foam sheathingSpecific requirements for these and othermethods depend on wind and seismic zone, aswell as the number of stories in the structure.The structural implications of sheathing makeit a critical wall system component. Claddinginstallation guidelines and warranties may alsoaffect the choice of sheathing. Finally, newerbuilding codes are incorporating increasinglymore stringent wall bracing requirements.These should be carefully studied before selecting sheathing.at all other locations. LET-IN BRACING Southface Energy Institute404-872-3549www.southface.orgU.S. Department of Energy’sOak Ridge National LaboratoryBuildings Technology Center423-574-5178www.ornl.gov/ORNL/BTC Metal T-bracing nailed to studssaves on the labor cost of 1x4let-in bracing U.S. Department of Energy’sNational Renewable EnergyLaboratory303-275-3000www.nrel.gov/buildings thermal Saw kerf for T-braceK-brace when windowor door is near corner 2x4 or 2x6 stud The International ResidentialCode for One- and Two-FamilyDwellings can be obtained fromthe International Code Council703-931-4533www.intlcode.orgFraming DOE 770 MS.p651 1x4 let-in brace notchedinto wall studsBuild efficiently, use less material, and save energy!Buildings forthe 21st CenturyBuildings that are moreenergy efficient, comfortable,and affordable that’s thegoal of DOE’s Office of BuildingTechnology, State andCommunity Programs (BTS).To accelerate the developmentand wide application of energyefficiency measures, BTS: Conducts R&D on technologiesand concepts for energy effi ciency, working closely withthe building industry and withmanufacturers of materials,equipment, and appliances Lay out and cut framing and sheet goods totake advantage of the full dimension of thematerial. This also reduces job site waste.NOTICE: Neither the UnitedStates government nor anyagency thereof, nor any of theiremployees, makes any warranty,express or implied, or assumesany legal liability or responsibilityfor the accuracy, completeness,or usefulness of any information,apparatus, product, or processdisclosed. The views and opinions of authors expressed hereindo not necessarily state or reflectthose of the United States government or any agency thereof.ADVANCED FRAMINGAdvanced framing refers to a variety of framingtechniques designed to reduce the amount oflumber used and waste generated in the con struction of a wood-framed house.These techniques include Designing homeson 2-foot mod ules to makethe best use of common sheet goodsizes and reduce waste and labor. Spacing wall studs up to 24 incheson-center. Spacing floor joists and roof rafters up to24 inches on-center. Using two-stud corner framing and inex pensive drywall clips or scrap lumber fordrywall backing instead of studs. Promotes energy/moneysaving opportunities to bothbuilders and buyers of homesand commercial buildingsEliminating headers in non-load-bearingwalls. Works with state and localregulatory groups to improvebuilding codes, appliance stan dards, and guidelines for effi cient energy useUsing in-line framing in which floor, wall,and roof framing members are verticallyin line with one another and loads aretransferred directly downward. Using single lumber headers and topplates when appropriate. Other items - For maximum efficiency, detailed plans shouldshow each piece of wood, cross bracing, and so on in thehouse and locations for all other items such as wiring, ducts,and pipes. Detailed plans will help eliminate conflicts overspace, expedite installation, and eliminate the need to alter ormove studs, joists, or other framing members later.ADVANCED WALLFRAMINGUse full foam sheathing over other approved wall bracing (e.g., metal strapping, let-in wood 1x’s). 2" ventstripNAHB Research Center800-898-2842www.nahbrc.orgUse of non-structural insulating rigid foam wallsheathing is another option. It improves energy efficiency and reduces wood use butrequires that the wall assembly be adequatelybraced. Codes outline various bracing options,such as the following Window and Door Layout - Align at least one side of each window and door in line with an existing stud and attach the otherside with a metal hanger. Windows with rough openings of 22½inches can fit between studs that are spaced 24 inches oncenter. When this size window is used in conjunction with inline framing, headers are not necessary because no studs needto be cut.Written and prepared for theU.S. Department of Energy by:Plywoodsoffit In-Line Framing - Align floor, wall, and roof framing membersdirectly above or below one another so that loads are transferred directly downward. With in-line framing, double topplates can be eliminated because the load is distributed evenlythrough the top plate. Using this method, studs that are 24 inchon-center are placed directly below roof trusses spaced 24inches on-center.Or refer to the Builder’s GuideEnergy Efficient BuildingAssociation, Inc.651-268-7585www.eeba.org 16'- 2"19'- 2" and waste, as many products come in multiples of 2 feet. Forexample, with proper planning, the entire cutoff from a centercut sheet of plywood can be used elsewhere, eliminating theneed for an additional cut and reducing scrap. When planningthe roof, remember to allow space for a ridge vent if one is used.Or visit the BTS Web site atwww.eren.doe.gov/buildings9'- 7" ADVANCED FRAMING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONSTwo-Foot Module - Design building length, width, and roofpitch in 2-foot increments to make the best use of commonsheet good sizes. This technique will reduce material use, labor,Energy Efficiency andRenewable EnergyClearinghouse (EREC)1-800-DOE-3732www.eren.doe.gov2 strips of plywood4 feet wide and1 strip 2 feet wideTWO-FOOT MODULE DESIGN Because wall height is changed when single top plates are used,sheathing and drywall needs are affected. Studs that are 94¼inches long (often used for interior walls) do not need to be cutfor use with single top plates, but they are not always available.Ninety-six-inch lumber needs to be cut to length or requireshaving a strip of drywall added at the bottom of the wall. Pre-cut925/8-inch studs will require “ripping” approximately 1 inchfrom the sheathing and drywall. If 94¼-inch studs are not available, use 925/8-inch studs rather than 96-inch lumber becausethey require less labor and generate less waste.SHEATHINGNailbase wooden structural panel sheathing—OSB and plywood— dominate the market.Properly installed wood structural wall panels notonly provide resistance to racking (lateral loading from wind, seismic, etc.), but also improve the“ kickable” character of many structures. Provides support and grantsto states and communitiesfor deployment of energyefficient technologies andpracticesAdvanced framing techniques, sometimescalled Optimum Value Engineering (OVE), havebeen researched extensively and proven effec tive. However, some techniques may not beallowed under certain circumstances (i.e., highwind or seismic potential) or in some localities.Be certain to consult local building officialsearly in the design phase to verify or obtainacceptance of these techniques.BENEFITS FROM ADVANCEDFRAMINGBoth builders and home owners can benefitfrom advanced framing. Advanced framingtechniques create a structurally sound homethat has lower material and labor costs than aconventionally framed house. Additional con struction cost savings result from the genera tion of less waste that needs to be disposed of,which also helps the environment.Advanced framing improves energy efficiencyby replacing lumber with insulation material.The whole-wall R-value is improved by reduc ing thermal bridging through the framing andmaximizing the wall area that is insulated.Advanced framing techniques can be imple mented individually or as a complete package,depending on the builder. Fully implementingadvanced framing techniques can result inmaterials cost savings of about 500 or 1000(for a 1,200- and 2,400-square-foot house,respectively), labor cost savings of between 3and 5 percent, and annual heating and coolingcost savings of up to 5 percent.Printed with a renewable-source ink on paper containing at least50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste.OFFICE OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY, STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAMSENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYOctober 2000 DOE/GO-102000-077010/30/00, 9:36 AM
ADVANCED WALL FRAMINGADVANCED FRAMING TECHNIQUESStud Spacing - In many cases, it is acceptable by code to in crease stud spacing from 16 inches to 24 inches on-center. The1995 International Code Council’s One- and Two-Family Dwell ing Codeallows studs up to 10 feet long to be spaced up to 24use of scrap foam sheathing and reduce waste. For assistancein designing headers, consult local structural engineers, codeofficials, lumber suppliers, or organizations such as the WesternWood Products Association (www.wwpa.org).DRYWALL RETURNUse of drywall returnsfor windows in wallswith 2x6 stud framingeliminates the need forextension jambs inwindowsinches on-center. In walls supporting only a roof and ceiling,2x4 studs can be spaced up to 24 inches on-center, except forUtility grade (No. 3) studs. For walls supporting one floor, suchas non-bearing gable endwalls on the first floor of a 2-storyhouse, 2x4s can be spaced up to 24 inches on-center whenUtility grade studs are not used. Studs in walls supporting afloor and roof above can be 2x6 spaced up to 24 inches oncenter rather than 2x4 spaced up to 16 inches on-center.Drywallreturn atwindows inwalls with2x6 studsJacks (shoulder studs/cripples) - Jacks can be eliminatedwhen structural headers are not used or when metal hangerssupport structural headers. However, elimination of jacks reduces the available nailing area for siding and trim if nailablesheathing (e.g., plywood, OSB) is not used, and may leave aslittle as 1½ inches of nailable width next to a window. If needed,construct a modified window opening by installing a 2x2 woodnailer behind the sheathing for siding attachment.STACK FRAMINGDETAILSINSIDE “ TWO-STUD” CORNERS Single Top Plates - When used in conjunction with in-lineframing designs, single top plates are usually acceptable from astructural standpoint, and are accepted by model buildingcodes such as International Code Council (ICC) and BuildingOfficials Code Administrators (BOCA). These codes require that3x6 inch, 20-gauge galvanized steel plates be used to tie theT-WALL ALTERNATIVESThe use of ladder blocking or a full-length 1x6 or 2x6 blocking allows for increased insulation in the outer wallBacker support forgypsum boardSingletop plate Intermediate Blocking - Horizontal blocks between studs aregenerally not required for structural strength or fire/draft stopping in platform framing, at least with standard 8-foot high walls.Therefore, intermediate blocking can be eliminated with platformframing because it is not required by the major building codes.top plate at joints, corners, and wall intersections and that theybe nailed using three 8d nails at each side.Position clipsupport forgypsum boardso that it doesnot interfere withtrim nailingRoof framing/trussesline up with wall andfloor framingRoof pitch/eavewidth designedon the 2-footmoduleFoam sheathing headers allows better insulation and saves wood. In somecases, single-ply (single 2x6, for example) headers can be used,allowing even better insulation around windows. Headers arenot required in non-bearing walls, including most interior wallsand gable endwalls with only non-bearing trusses directlyabove. The table and accompanying text below outlines someheader requirements from the 1995 International CodeCouncil’s One- and Two-Family Dwelling Code. dlateInsuaderehNo headers innon-bearingwall2x2 nailerfor siding24-inchstudspacingNot SupportingWalls Or Roofs 2x2 nailer added tooutside and flush tothe exterior ofwindow opening toprovide nailingsurface for sidingand window trim SupportingTwo Stories Above SupportingOne Story Above SupportingRoof Only400b2x6640b2x8860102x101086122x121210816 2x4 HeaderSizea Also applies to nominal 4-inch single headers. Based on No. 2 lumber with 10-foot tributary loads. Not to be used where concentrated loads aresupported by headers.b Load-bearing headers are not required in interior or exterior nonbearing walls. Single flat 2-inch-by-4-inch members may be used as headers ininterior or exterior nonbearing walls for openings up to 8 feet in width if the vertical distance to the parallel nailing surface above is not more than 24inches. For such nonbearing headers, no cripples or blocking are required above the header.Framing DOE 770 MS.p652Singletopplate Maximum Spans For Two-Inch Double Headers (in feet) a(Derived from Table 602.6 of the 1995 International Code Council’s One- and Two-Family Dwelling Code) Headers - Structural headers are often oversized or installedwhere unnecessary, largely for convenience. Proper sizing of It is possible to insulate headers by using foam sheathing as aspacer in place of plywood or oriented strand board (OSB),either between or on one side (preferably the exterior side) ofdoubled headers. This technique is an excellent way to make 2x4 studs spaced 16 inches on-center. The economics of 2x6wall construction is especially favorable in areas with significantwinters and in homes in which windows and doors occupy 10percent or less of the total wall area. Walls with much morewindow and door area may require as much framing lumber asconventially-framed walls because each additional opening canadd extra studs. In addition, the added 2-inch wall thicknessrequires the use of extension jambs at windows unless drywallreturns are used.When drywall clips are used, they should be installed above thelevel of the interior trim so trim nails will not interfere. The noncoped trim piece should be installed first, against the drywallthat bears on the clip, so that the final coped trim piece can benailed to the stud.Partition Connections to Exterior Walls (T-walls) - These areoften made by adding studs at each side of a partition whichserve only to provide a surface for attaching drywall. In additionto wasting wood, this type of connection creates an area that isdifficult to insulate. Alternatives include installing “ ladderblocks” , drywall clips, or a full-length 2x6 or 1x6 behind the firstpartition stud. Total cost (material and labor) for framing with 2x6 studsspaced 24 inches on-center is similar to that for framing withOutside and Inside Corners - Two-stud corners decrease lumber use and increase possible insulation levels compared withtypical practice. However, if nailable sheathing is not used,attachment of exterior trim and siding at corners may be moredifficult. For example, vinyl-siding corners require attachment ata point several inches from the corner. Therefore, if foam orother non-nailbase sheathing is used, it may be necessary toadd a wood nailer behind the sheathing. MODIFIED HEADER AND WINDOWOPENINGReduced waste and increased insulation can be achieved by supporting aninsulated header with hangers and bynailing surfaces for siding scabbedtoward the outside edge of studs.Windowaligned withstudsSinglestud atroughopeningNo cripplesunderwindowopeningTwo stud cornersHeader hangersinstead of jackstuds10/30/00, 9:36 AMInsulatedheader sizedfor actualloadPoint loadtransferredbetween studsby rim closurematerial actingas header. Ifrim closurematerial is nonstructural,support will berequired underpoint loads.Use solidblockingbetween joists.Adapted from Building Science CorporationThe first drywall sheet isinstalled against side withclip or backerSINGLE TOP PLATEConnector plateSingle top plateLadder T-wall usesless wood and allowsfor insulationcoverage behindpartition walls
ADVANCED WALL FRAMINGuse of scrap foam sheathing and reduce waste. For assistancein designing headers, consult local structural engineers, codeofficials, lumber suppliers, or organizations such as the WesternWood Products Association (www.wwpa.org).When drywall clips are used, they should be installed above thelevel of the interior trim so trim nails will not interfere. The noncoped trim piece should be installed first, against the drywallthat bears on the clip, so that the final coped trim piece can benailed to the stud.STACK FRAMINGDETAILSPartition Connections to Exterior Walls (T-walls) - These areoften made by adding studs at each side of a partition whichserve only to provide a surface for attaching drywall. In additionto wasting wood, this type of connection creates an area that isdifficult to insulate. Alternatives include installing “ladderblocks”, drywall clips, or a full-length 2x6 or 1x6 behind the firstpartition stud.INSIDE “TWO-STUD” CORNERS Roof pitch/eavewidth designedon the 2-footmoduleIntermediate Blocking - Horizontal blocks between studs aregenerally not required for structural strength or fire/draft stopping in platform framing, at least with standard 8-foot high walls.Therefore, intermediate blocking can be eliminated with platformframing because it is not required by the major building codes.Single Top Plates - When used in conjunction with in-lineframing designs, single top plates are usually acceptable from astructural standpoint, and are accepted by model buildingcodes such as International Code Council (ICC) and BuildingOfficials Code Administrators (BOCA). These codes require that3x6 inch, 20-gauge galvanized steel plates be used to tie thetop plate at joints, corners, and wall intersections and that theybe nailed using three 8d nails at each side.Position clipsupport forgypsum boardso that it doesnot interfere withtrim nailingT-WALL ALTERNATIVESThe use of ladder blocking or a full-length 1x6 or 2x6 blocking allows for increased insulation in the outer wallRoof framing/trussesline up with wall andfloor framing headers allows better insulation and saves wood. In somecases, single-ply (single 2x6, for example) headers can be used,allowing even better insulation around windows. Headers arenot required in non-bearing walls, including most interior wallsand gable endwalls with only non-bearing trusses directlyabove. The table and accompanying text below outlines someheader requirements from the 1995 International CodeCouncil’s One- and Two-Family Dwelling Code.Backer support forgypsum boardSingletop plateFoam sheathing dlateInsuaderehNo headers innon-bearingwall2x2 nailerfor siding24-inchstudspacingNot SupportingWalls Or Roofs 2x2 nailer added tooutside and flush tothe exterior ofwindow opening toprovide nailingsurface for sidingand window trim SupportingTwo Stories Above SupportingOne Story Above SupportingRoof Only400b2x6640b2x8860102x101086122x121210816 2x4 HeaderSizea Also applies to nominal 4-inch single headers. Based on No. 2 lumber with 10-foot tributary loads. Not to be used where concentrated loads aresupported by headers.b Load-bearing headers are not required in interior or exterior nonbearing walls. Single flat 2-inch-by-4-inch members may be used as headers ininterior or exterior nonbearing walls for openings up to 8 feet in width if the vertical distance to the parallel nailing surface above is not more than 24inches. For such nonbearing headers, no cripples or blocking are required above the header.Framing DOE 770 MS.p652Singletopplate Maximum Spans For Two-Inch Double Headers (in feet) a(Derived from Table 602.6 of the 1995 International Code Council’s One- and Two-Family Dwelling Code) Headers - Structural headers are often oversized or installedwhere unnecessary, largely for convenience. Proper sizing of It is possible to insulate headers by using foam sheathing as aspacer in place of plywood or oriented strand board (OSB),either between or on one side (preferably the exterior side) ofdoubled headers. This technique is an excellent way to make 2x4 studs spaced 16 inches on-center. The economics of 2x6wall construction is especially favorable in areas with significantwinters and in homes in which windows and doors occupy 10percent or less of the total wall area. Walls with much morewindow and door area may require as much framing lumber asconventially-framed walls because each additional opening canadd extra studs. In addition, the added 2-inch wall thicknessrequires the use of extension jambs at windows unless drywallreturns are used. Total cost (material and labor) for framing with 2x6 studsspaced 24 inches on-center is similar to that for framing withDrywallreturn atwindows inwalls with2x6 studsJacks (shoulder studs/cripples) -Jacks can be eliminatedwhen structural headers are not used or when metal hangerssupport structural headers. However, elimination of jacks re duces the available nailing area for siding and trim if nailablesheathing (e.g., plywood, OSB) is not used, and may leave aslittle as 1½ inches of nailable width next to a window. If needed,construct a modified window opening by installing a 2x2 woodnailer behind the sheathing for siding attachment.Outside and Inside Corners - Two-stud corners decrease lum ber use and increase possible insulation levels compared withtypical practice. However, if nailable sheathing is not used,attachment of exterior trim and siding at corners may be moredifficult. For example, vinyl-siding corners require attachment ata point several inches from the corner. Therefore, if foam orother non-nailbase sheathing is used, it may be necessary toadd a wood nailer behind the sheathing. ing Code allows studs up to 10 feet long to be spaced up to 24inches on-center. In walls supporting only a roof and ceiling,2x4 studs can be spaced up to 24 inches on-center, except forUtility grade (No. 3) studs. For walls supporting one floor, suchas non-bearing gable endwalls on the first floor of a 2-storyhouse, 2x4s can be spaced up to 24 inches on-center whenUtility grade studs are not used. Studs in walls supporting afloor and roof above can be 2x6 spaced up to 24 inches oncenter rather than 2x4 spaced up to 16 inches on-center. DRYWALL RETURNUse of drywall returnsfor windows in wallswith 2x6 stud framingeliminates the need forextension jambs inwindows ADVANCED FRAMING TECHNIQUESStud Spacing - In many cases, it is acceptable by code to increase stud spacing from 16 inches to 24 inches on-center. The1995 International Code Council’s One- and Two-Family Dwell- MODIFIED HEADER AND WINDOWOPENINGReduced waste and increased insula tion can be achieved by supporting aninsulated header with hangers and bynailing surfaces for siding scabbedtoward the outside edge of studs.Windowaligned withstudsSinglestud atroughopeningNo cripplesunderwindowopeningTwo stud cornersHeader hangersinstead of jackstuds10/30/00, 9:36 AMInsulatedheader sizedfor actualloadPoint loadtransferredbetween studsby rim closurematerial actingas header. Ifrim closurematerial is nonstructural,support will berequired underpoint loads.Use solidblockingbetween joists.Adapted from Building Science CorporationThe first drywall sheet isinstalled against side withclip or backerSINGLE TOP PLATEConnector plateSingle top plateLadder T-wall usesless wood and allowsfor insulationcoverage behindpartition walls
ADVANCED WALL FRAMINGADVANCED FRAMING TECHNIQUESStud Spacing - In many cases, it is acceptable by code to increase stud spacing from 16 inches to 24 inches on-center. The1995 International Code Council’s One- and Two-Family Dwell-use of scrap foam sheathing and reduce waste. For assistancein designing headers, consult local structural engineers, codeofficials, lumber suppliers, or organizations such as the WesternWood Products Association (www.wwpa.org).DRYWALL RETURNUse of drywall returnsfor windows in wallswith 2x6 stud framingeliminates the need forextension jambs inwindowsing Code allows studs up to 10 feet long to be spaced up to 24inches on-center. In walls supporting only a roof and ceiling,2x4 studs can be spaced up to 24 inches on-center, except forUtility grade (No. 3) studs. For walls supporting one floor, suchas non-bearing gable endwalls on the first floor of a 2-storyhouse, 2x4s can be spaced up to 24 inches on-center whenUtility grade studs are not used. Studs in walls supporting afloor and roof above can be 2x6 spaced up to 24 inches oncenter rather than 2x4 spaced up to 16 inches on-center.Drywallreturn atwindows inwalls with2x6 studsJacks (shoulder studs/cripples) - Jacks can be eliminatedwhen structural headers are not used or when metal hangerssupport structural headers. However, elimination of jacks reduces the available nailing area for siding and trim if nailablesheathing (e.g., plywood, OSB) is not used, and may leave aslittle as 1½ inches of nailable width next to a window. If needed,construct a modified window opening by installing a 2x2 woodnailer behind the sheathing for siding attachment.STACK FRAMINGDETAILSINSIDE “ TWO-STUD” CORNERS Single Top Plates - When used in conjunction with in-lineframing designs, single top plates are usually acceptable from astructural standpoint, and are accepted by model buildingcodes such as International Code Council (ICC) and BuildingOfficials Code Administrators (BOCA). These codes require that3x6 inch, 20-gauge galvanized steel plates be used to tie theT-WALL ALTERNATIVESThe use of ladder blocking or a full-length 1x6 or 2x6 block ing allows for increased insulation in the outer wallBacker support forgypsum boardSingletop plate Intermediate Blocking - Horizontal blocks between studs aregenerally not required for structural strength or fire/draft stop ping in platform framing, at least with standard 8-foot high walls.Therefore, intermediate blocking can be eliminated with platformframing because it is not required by the major building codes.top plate at joints, corners, and wall intersections and that theybe nailed using three 8d nails at each side.Position clipsupport forgypsum boardso that it doesnot interfere withtrim nailingRoof framing/trussesline up with wall andfloor framingRoof pitch/eavewidth designedon the 2-footmoduleFoam sheathing headers allows better insulation and saves wood. In somecases, single-ply (single 2x6, for example) headers can be used,allowing even better insulation around windows. Headers arenot required in non-bearing walls, including most interior wallsand gable endwalls with only non-bearing trusses directlyabove. The table and accompanying text below outlines someheader requirements from the 1995 International CodeCouncil’s One- and Two-Family Dwelling Code. dlateInsuaderehNo headers innon-bearingwall2x2 nailerfor siding24-inchstudspacingNot SupportingWalls Or Roofs 2x2 nailer added tooutside and flush tothe exterior ofwindow opening toprovide nailingsurface for sidingand window trim SupportingTwo Stories Above SupportingOne Story Above SupportingRoof Only400b2x6640b2x8860102x101086122x121210816 2x4 HeaderSizea Also applies to nominal 4-inch single headers. Based on No. 2 lumber with 10-foot tributary loads. Not to be used where concentrated loads aresupported by headers.b Load-bearing headers are not required in interior or exterior nonbearing walls. Single flat 2-inch-by-4-inch members may be used as headers ininterior or exterior nonbearing walls for openings up to 8 feet in width if the vertical distance to the parallel nailing surface above is not more than 24inches. For such nonbearing headers, no cripples or blocking are required above the header.Framing DOE 770 MS.p652Singletopplate Maximum Spans For Two-Inch Double Headers (in feet) a(Derived from Table 602.6 of the 1995 International Code Council’s One- and Two-Family Dwelling Code) Headers - Structural headers are often oversized or installedwhere unnecessary, largely for convenience. Proper sizing of It is possible to insulate headers by using foam sheathing as aspacer in place of plywood or oriented strand board (OSB),either between or on one side (preferably the exterior side) ofdoubled headers. This technique is an excellent way to make 2x4 studs spaced 16 inches on-center. The economics of 2x6wall construction is especially favorable in areas with significantwinters and in homes in which windows and doors occupy 10percent or less of the total wall area. Walls with much morewindow and door area may require as much framing lumber asconventially-framed walls because each additional opening canadd extra studs. In addition, the added 2-inch wall thicknessrequires the use of extension jambs at windows unless drywallreturns are used.When drywall clips are used, they should be installed above thelevel of the interior trim so trim nails will not interfere. The noncoped trim piece should be installed first, against the drywallthat bears on the clip, so that the final coped trim piece can benailed to the stud.Partition Connections to Exterior Walls (T-walls) - These areoften made by adding studs at each side of a partition whichserve only to provide a surface for attaching drywall. In additionto wasting wood, this type of connection creates an area that isdifficult to insulate. Alternatives include installing “ ladderblocks” , drywall clips, or a full-length 2x6 or 1x6 behind the firstpartition stud. Total cost (material and labor) for framing with 2x6 studsspaced 24 inches on-center is similar to that for framing withOutside and Inside Corners - Two-stud corners decrease lumber use and increase possible insulation levels compared withtypical practice. However, if nailable sheathing is not used,attachment of exterior trim and siding at corners may be moredifficult. For example, vinyl-siding corners require attachment ata point several inches from the corner. Therefore, if foam orother non-nailbase sheathing is used, it may be necessary toadd a wood nailer behind the sheathing. MO
FRAMING Build efficiently, use less material, and save energy! Advanced framing refers to a variety of framing techniques designed to reduce the amount of lumber used and waste generated in the con struction of a wood-framed house. ADVANCED FRAMING These techniques include Designing homes on 2-foot mod ules to make
Fundmentals of building construction (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley & Sons. Framing Methods, Exterior Wall Construction FRAMING METHODS The most common framing systems used with wood are: Balloon Platform Post and beam . Framing Methods, Exterior Wall Construction BALLOON FRAMING (EASTERN) Is not widely used except for gable
construction ( 62 ), Second-story framing ( 64 ), Window and door framing ( 64 ). 37 Chapter 3 FRAMING AND CLOSING IN . Framing and Closing In The sections contained in this chapter address the tasks
The major work that first distilled the idea of framing was Erving Goffman’s 1974 book Frame Analysis: An Essay On The Organization Of Experience. Goffman’s definition of a frame is: Framing Framing 2 “I assume that definitions of a situation are built up in accordance with principals of
3.1 Background on Framing Analyses While agenda-setting broadly refers to what topics a text covers, framing refers to which attributes of those topics are highlighted. Several aspects of framing make the concept difficult to analyze. First, just defining framing has been “notoriously slippery”(Boydstunetal.,2013).Framescanoccur
3.2 Separate roof and wall framing plans Layout plans must convey information in a clear and concise manner as they need to be read and understood by a number of different people. When roof framing layouts and wall framing layouts are combined, too much information is shown on the one plan making the layout confusing and difficult to read.
ClarkDietrich cold-formed steel framing offers the unbeatable combination of durability, strength and stability. Ideal for use in commercial buildings, houses and schools, steel framing offers the following benefits: Corrosion Resistance Steel framing members built into wall cavities, attic spaces or crawl spaces will last over 300 years when
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For first award of AS level in Summer 2017 For first award of A level in Summer 2018 Subject Code: 3210 CCEA GCE Specification in Business Studies Version 3: 13 November 2018. Version 3: 8 November 2018 . Contents . 1 Introduction 3 . 1.1 Aims 4 1.2 Key features 4 1.3 Prior attainment 4 1.4 Classification codes and subject combinations 4 . 2 Specification at a Glance 5 3 Subject Content 6 . 3 .
