AS/A LEVEL CHEMISTRY

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Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. Pearson 2018PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONALAS/A LEVELCHEMISTRYLab BookM01-iASAL CHEM LAB 44716 001-076.indd 108/06/2018 11:44

Published by Pearson Education Limited, 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL.www.pearsonglobalschools.comUncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. Pearson 2018Copies of official specifications for all Pearson Edexcel qualifications may befound on the website: https://qualifications.pearson.comText Pearson Education Limited 2018Designed by Tech-Set Ltd, Gateshead, UKEdited by Katharine Godfrey Smith, Helen Payne and Stephanie WhiteTypeset by Tech-Set Ltd, Gateshead, UKOriginal illustrations Pearson Education Limited 2018Cover design Pearson Education Limited 2018The rights of Carl Howe and Nigel Saunders to be identified as authors of thiswork have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designsand Patents Act 1988.The Publishers would like to thank Mark Woods for his contributions to the text.First published 201821 20 19 1810 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 978 1 292 24471 6Copyright noticeAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form orby any means (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronicmeans and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of thispublication) without the written permission of the copyright owner, except inaccordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,Barnard’s Inn, 86 Fetter Lane, London EC4A 1EN (www.cla.co.uk). Applicationsfor the copyright owner’s written permission should be addressed to thepublisher.Printed in Slovakia by NeografiaAcknowledgementsAll artwork Pearson Education Limited 2018A note from the publishers:While the Publishers have made every attempt to ensure that advice on thequalification and its assessment is accurate, the official specification andassociated assessment guidance materials are the only authoritative source ofinformation and should always be referred to for definitive guidance. Pearsonexaminers have not contributed to any sections in this resource relevant toexamination papers for which they have responsibility. Examiners will not usethis resource as a source of material for any assessment set by Pearson.Neither Pearson, Edexcel nor the authors take responsibility for the safetyof any activity. Before doing any practical activity you are legally required tocarry out your own risk assessment. In particular, any local rules issued byyour employer must be obeyed, regardless of what is recommended in thisresource. Where students are required to write their own risk assessments theymust always be checked by the teacher and revised, as necessary, to cover anyissues the students may have overlooked. The teacher should always have thefinal control as to how the practical is conducted.M01-iASAL CHEM LAB 44716 001-076.indd 208/06/2018 11:44

CONTENTSUncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. Pearson 2018INTRODUCTION 2CORE PRACTICALS OVERVIEW 3PAPER 3 PRACTICAL SKILLS 4PAPER 6 PRACTICAL SKILLS 51MEASUREMENT OF THE MOLAR VOLUME OF A GAS 62DETERMINATION OF THE ENTHALPY CHANGE OF A REACTION USING HESS’S LAW 93FINDING THE CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID 134PREPARATION OF A STANDARD SOLUTION FROM A SOLID ACID AND ITS USE TO FINDTHE CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE 165INVESTIGATION OF THE RATES OF HYDROLYSIS OF SOME HALOGENOALKANES 196CHLORINATION OF 2-METHYLPROPAN-2-OL WITH CONCENTRATED HYDROCHLORICACID 227OXIDATION OF PROPAN-1-OL TO PRODUCE PROPANAL AND PROPANOIC ACID 258ANALYSIS OF SOME INORGANIC AND ORGANIC UNKNOWNS 1 319AFOLLOWING THE RATE OF THE IODINE–PROPANONE REACTION BY A TITRIMETRICMETHOD 349BINVESTIGATING A ‘CLOCK REACTION’ (HARCOURT–ESSON, IODINE CLOCK) 3710FINDING THE ACTIVATION ENERGY OF A REACTION 4211FINDING THE Ka VALUE FOR A WEAK ACID 4612INVESTIGATING SOME ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS 4913AREDOX TITRATIONS WITH IRON(II) IONS AND POTASSIUM MANGANATE(VII) 5213BREDOX TITRATIONS WITH SODIUM THIOSULFATE AND IODINE 5514PREPARATION OF A TRANSITION METAL COMPLEX 5815ANALYSIS OF SOME INORGANIC AND ORGANIC UNKNOWNS 2 6116PREPARATION OF ASPIRIN 67ANSWERS 70MATHS SKILLS 731M01-iASAL CHEM LAB 44716 001-076.indd 108/06/2018 11:44

Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. Pearson 2018INTRODUCTIONPractical work is central to the study of chemistry. The International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level (IAS/IAL)specification includes 16 core practical activities that link theoretical knowledge and understanding to practicalscenarios. By completing the core practical activities, you will learn to: follow and interpret experimental instructions, covering a range of laboratory exercises throughout the course,with minimal help from your teacher manipulate apparatus, use chemicals, carry out all common laboratory procedures and use data logging (whereappropriate) work sensibly and safely in the laboratory, paying due regard to health and safety requirements gain accurate and consistent results in quantitative exercises, and make the most of the expected observations inqualitative exercises.By the end of this course, you should be able to use a variety of apparatus and techniques to: design and carry out both the core practical activities and your own investigations collect data that can be analysed use data to draw valid conclusions.Your knowledge and understanding of practical skills and activities will be assessed in all examination papers. Papers 1 and 2 (IAS), and 4 and 5 (IAL) will include questions based on practical activities, including novel scenarios. Papers 3 (IAS) and 6 (IAL) will test your ability to plan practical work, including risk management and selection ofapparatus.Assessment for the Practical Skills Papers 3 and 6 will focus on four main areas: independent thinking use and application of scientific methods and practices numeracy and the application of mathematical concepts use of apparatus and equipment.The ways in which you can demonstrate these practical skills are outlined in the tables on pages 4 and 5. You maywish to tick off each element as you gain confidence.You will find answers and maths skills required for the practicals in the back of the book.2M01-iASAL CHEM LAB 44716 001-076.indd 208/06/2018 11:44

Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. Pearson 2018CORE PRACTICALS OVERVIEWUNIT 1 (IAS): FORMULAE, EQUATIONS AND AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE1 Measurement of the molar volume of a gasUNIT 2 (IAS): ENERGETICS2 Determination of the enthalpy change of a reaction using Hess’s LawUNIT 2 (IAS): REDOX CHEMISTRY AND GROUPS 1, 2 AND 73 Finding the concentration of a solution of hydrochloric acid4 Preparation of a standard solution from a solid acid and its use to find the concentrationof a solution of sodium hydroxideUNIT 2 (IAS): ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: ALCOHOLS, HALOGENOALKANES AND SPECTRA5 Investigation of the rates of hydrolysis of some halogenoalkanes6 Chlorination of 2-methylpropan-2-ol with concentrated hydrochloric acid7 Oxidation of propan-1-ol to produce propanal and propanoic acid8 Analysis of some inorganic and organic unknowns 1UNIT 4 (IAL): KINETICS9a Following the rate of the iodine–propanone reaction by a titrimetric method9b Investigating a ‘clock reaction’ (Harcourt–Esson, iodine clock)10 Finding the activation energy of a reactionUNIT 4 (IAL): ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIA11 Finding the Ka value for a weak acidUNIT 5 (IAL): REDOX EQUILIBRIA12 Investigating some electrochemical cells13a Redox titrations with iron(II) ions and potassium manganate(VII)13b Redox titrations with sodium thiosulfate and iodineUNIT 5 (IAL): TRANSITION METALS AND THEIR CHEMISTRY14 Preparation of a transition metal complexUNIT 5 (IAL): ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS: AMINES, AMIDES, AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS15 Analysis of some inorganic and organic unknowns 2UNIT 5 (IAL): ORGANIC SYNTHESIS16 Preparation of aspirin3M01-iASAL CHEM LAB 44716 001-076.indd 308/06/2018 11:44

Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. Pearson 2018PAPER 3 PRACTICAL SKILLSPractical skillsIndependent thinking in a practical contextSolve problems set in a practical contextCore Practical45123678123456781234567812345678Apply scientific knowledge to practical contextsUse and application of scientific methods andpracticesIdentify and state how to control variables toimprove experimental validityPresent data in appropriate waysEvaluate results and draw conclusionsAppreciate measurement uncertainties and errorsComment on the method for an experimentNumeracy and the application of mathematicalconcepts in a practical contextPlot and interpret graphsProcess and analyse data using appropriatemathematical skillsUse appropriate numbers of significant figuresbased on the experimental dataConsider the accuracy and precision of dataUse of apparatus and equipmentRecognise a range of laboratory apparatus andselect appropriate apparatus for a particularscenarioUnderstand how to use a range of apparatus andtechniques appropriate to the knowledge andunderstanding included in the specificationConsider the range and resolution of apparatusIdentify health and safety issues and discuss howthese may be dealt with4M01-iASAL CHEM LAB 44716 001-076.indd 408/06/2018 11:44

Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. Pearson 2018PAPER 6 PRACTICAL SKILLSPractical skillsIndependent thinking in a practical contextSolve problems set in a practical context9a9b10Core Practical1112 13a b10111213a13b141516141516Apply scientific knowledge to practical contextsUse and application of scientific methods andpracticesIdentify and state how to control variables toimprove experimental validityPresent data in appropriate waysEvaluate results and draw conclusionsAppreciate measurement uncertainties and errorsComment on the method for an experimentNumeracy and the application of mathematicalconcepts in a practical contextPlot and interpret graphsProcess and analyse data using appropriatemathematical skillsUse appropriate numbers of significant figuresbased on the experimental dataConsider the accuracy and precision of dataUse of apparatus and equipmentRecognise a range of laboratory apparatus andselect appropriate apparatus for a particularscenarioUnderstand how to use a range of apparatus andtechniques appropriate to the knowledge andunderstanding included in the specificationConsider the range and resolution of apparatusIdentify health and safety issues and discuss howthese may be dealt with5M01-iASAL CHEM LAB 44716 001-076.indd 508/06/2018 11:44

CORE PRACTICAL 1:MEASUREMENT OF THE MOLAR VOLUME OF A GASSPECIFICATIONREFERENCE1.11Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. Pearson 2018Procedure1 Set up the apparatus to capture and measure gas evolved from a reactionin the boiling tube.2 Place 30 cm3 of 1 mol dm 3 ethanoic acid in the boiling tube.3 Place approximately 0.05 g of calcium carbonate in a test tube. Weigh thetest tube and its contents accurately.4 Remove the bung from the boiling tube and tip the calcium carbonate intothe boiling tube. Quickly replace the bung in the boiling tube.5 Once the reaction is over, measure the volume of gas produced.6 Reweigh the test tube that contained the calcium carbonate.7 Repeat the experiment six more times, increasing the mass of calciumcarbonate by about 0.05 g each time. Do not exceed 0.40 g of calciumcarbonate.Learning tips Ensure that points plotted on a graph take up more than half the availablespace on each scale. Axes must occupy at least half of the space on thegraph paper. Keep scales simple: one large square as 5 or 10 or 20 is ideal. A scale whereone large square represents 3 or 7 units (or similar) is very difficult to ploton, and this often leads to errors. Always consider whether the graph line should go through the origin. Straight lines should be drawn with the aid of a ruler long enough to coverthe full length of the line.Objectives To find the volume of one moleof carbon dioxide gasEquipment boiling tube stand and clamp bung fitted with delivery tubeto fit boiling tube water bath for gas collection 100 cm3 measuring cylinder 50 cm3 measuring cylinder test tube mass balance (2 d.p.) 1 mol dm 3 ethanoic acid powdered calcium carbonate!Safety Wear eye protection. Remove the bung if thedelivery tube gets blocked,clear the blockage and repeatthe procedure from the start. Avoid skin contact with theethanoic acid, especially if theskin is broken or sensitive.Results (Use this space to record your results.)6M01-iASAL CHEM LAB 44716 001-076.indd 608/06/2018 11:44

CORE PRACTICAL 1:MEASUREMENT OF THE MOLAR VOLUME OF A GASSPECIFICATIONREFERENCE1.11Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. Pearson 2018Analysis of results1 Plot a graph of mass of calcium carbonate (on the x-axis) against volume of carbon dioxidecollected (on the y-axis). Draw a straight line of best fit – this line must pass through theorigin.2 Use your graph to find the volume of carbon dioxide that would be made from 0.25 g ofcalcium carbonate.3 In this reaction, one mole of calcium carbonate makes one mole of carbon dioxide. Calculatethe number of moles of calcium carbonate in 0.25 g and hence calculate the volume of onemole of carbon dioxide gas in dm3.7M01-iASAL CHEM LAB 44716 001-076.indd 708/06/2018 11:44

CORE PRACTICAL 1:MEASUREMENT OF THE MOLAR VOLUME OF A GASSPECIFICATIONREFERENCE1.11Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. Pearson 2018Questions1 Write a chemical equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, and calcium carbonate.2 Why is it more accurate to find the mass of the calcium carbonate used by weighing the test tube containing thecalcium carbonate and then reweighing the test tube after the calcium carbonate has been tipped out, rather thanby weighing the empty test tube at the start?3 Identify the major source of error caused by the procedure used here.4 What change to the procedure/apparatus could you make to eradicate this error?5 Carry out two calculations to show that the ethanoic acid was in excess in all experimental runs.8M01-iASAL CHEM LAB 44716 001-076.indd 808/06/2018 11:44

CORE PRACTICAL 2:DETERMINATION OF THE ENTHALPY CHANGE OF A REACTION USING HESS’S LAWUncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. Pearson 2018Procedure1 Place approximately 3 g of solid potassium carbonate in a test tube.Accurately weigh the test tube and its contents.2 Use a burette to dispense 30 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid into apolystyrene cup, which is supported in a beaker.3 Measure the temperature of the acid.4 Gradually add potassium carbonate to the acid, stirring all the time andmonitoring the temperature of the acid.5 Reweigh the empty test tube.6 Repeat steps 1–5 using approximately 3.5 g of potassium hydrogencarbonateinstead of the potassium carbonate. This time, record the lowest temperaturereached.Results (Use this space to record your results.)SPECIFICATIONREFERENCE6.7Objectives To calculate the molarenthalpy change for tworeactions and use Hess’s Lawto determine the enthalpychange for the reactionsEquipment two test tubes 2 mol dm–3 dilute hydrochloricacid solid potassium carbonate solid potassiumhydrogencarbonate thermometer able to read upto 50 C or moreMass of test tube with potassium carbonate/gMass of test tube after emptying out potassium carbonate/g polystyrene cup 250 cm3 or 400 cm3 beakerMass of potassium carbonate used/g burette, clamp and standStart temperature/ C stirring rodHighest temperature/ C spatula mass balance (2 d.p.)Temperature change/ C!Safety Wear eye protection.Mass of test tube with potassium hydrogencarbonate/gMass of test tube after emptying out potassium hydrogencarbonate/g Avoid skin contact with thereactants and products.Mass of potassium hydrogencarbonate used/gStart temperature/ CLowest temperature/ CTemperature change/ C9M01-iASAL CHEM LAB 44716 001-076.indd 908/06/2018 11:44

CORE PRACTICAL 2:DETERMINATION OF THE ENTHALPY CHANGE OF A REACTION USING HESS’S LAWSPECIFICATIONREFERENCE6.7Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. Pearson 2018Learning tips You can assume that the heat capacity of the final solution is the same as the heat capacity ofwater. The volume of water produced in the reaction is so small it can be ignored. For exothermic reactions, the enthalpy change, H, is negative. Be careful to use equals signs correctly. It is very easy to end up stating that a negativenumber equals a positive number.Analysis of results1 The equations for the reactions occurring are:reaction 1: K2CO3(s) 2HCl(aq) 2KCl(aq) CO2(g) H2O(l)reaction 2: KHCO3(s) HCl(aq) KCl(aq) CO2(g) H2O(l)Calculate the energy change for each reaction in J. (The specific heat capacity of water is4.2 J g–1 C–1.)2 Calculate the enthalpy change, H, for each reaction in kJ mol–1.Assume that the hydrochloric acid is in excess.3 Use your results to calculate the enthalpy change for the thermal decomposition ofpotassium hydrogencarbonate:reaction 3: 2KHCO3(s) K2CO3(s) CO2(g) H2O(l)10M01-iASAL CHEM LAB 44716 001-076.indd 1008/06/2018 11:44

CORE PRACTICAL 2:DETERMINATION OF THE ENTHALPY CHANGE OF A REACTION USING HESS’S LAWSPECIFICATIONREFERENCE6.7Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. Pearson 2018Questions1 Why is it not possible to measure the enthalpy change for the decomposition of potassiumhydrogencarbonate directly?2 Show that the hydrochloric acid is in excess in both reactions.11M01-iASAL CHEM LAB 44716 001-076.indd 1108/06/2018 11:44

CORE PRACTICAL 2:DETERMINATION OF THE ENTHALPY CHANGE OF A REACTION USING HESS’S LAWSPECIFICATIONREFERENCE6.7Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. Pearson 20183 Draw an energy level diagram for each reaction: 1, 2 and 3.4 Explain why the reactions are conducted in a polystyrene cup rather than a glass beaker.12M01-iASAL CHEM LAB 44716 001-076.indd 1208/06/2018 11:44

CORE PRACTICAL 3:FINDING THE CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACIDUncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. Pearson 2018ProcedureSPECIFICATIONREFERENCE8.21Objectives1 Wash out the 250 cm3 volumetric flask with distilled water.2 Use the pipette to transfer 25.0 cm3 of the hydrochloric acid solution intothe volumetric flask. Use distilled water to make the solut

3 UNIT 1 (IAS): FORMULAE, EQUATIONS AND AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE 1 Measurement of the molar volume of a gas UNIT 2 (IAS): ENERGETICS 2 Determination of the enthalpy change of a reaction using Hess’s Law UNIT 2 (IAS): REDOX CHEMISTRY AND GROUPS 1, 2 AND 7 3in Finding the concentration of a solution of hydrochloric acid 4 Preparation of a standard solution from a solid acid and its use to find the .

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