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LPIC-1Linux Professional InstituteCertificationStudy GuideThird Editionffirs.indd i11/12/12 12:25 PM

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LPIC-1Linux Professional InstituteCertificationStudy GuideThird EditionRoderick W. SmithJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.ffirs.indd iii11/12/12 12:25 PM

Senior Acquisitions Editor: Jeff KellumDevelopment Editor: Alexa MurphyTechnical Editors: Ross Brunson and Kevin Glendenning, FOSSter.comProduction Editor: Eric CharbonneauCopy Editor: Kim WimpsettEditorial Manager: Pete GaughanProduction Manager: Tim TateVice President and Executive Group Publisher: Richard SwadleyVice President and Publisher: Neil EddeMedia Project Manager 1: Laura Moss-HollisterMedia Associate Producer: Doug KuhnMedia Quality Assurance: Josh FrankBook Designer: Judy FungProofreader: Candace CunninghamIndexer: Ted LauxProject Coordinator, Cover: Katherine CrockerCover Designer: Ryan SneedCopyright 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, IndianaPublished simultaneously in CanadaISBN: 978-1-118-49563-6ISBN: 978-1-118-52648-4 (ebk.)ISBN: 978-1-118-57047-0 (ebk.)ISBN: 978-1-118-57055-5 (ebk.)No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form orby any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permittedunder Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the CopyrightClearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600.Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley &Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online atwww.wiley.com/go/permissions.Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representations or warrantieswith respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may becreated or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may notbe suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged inrendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the servicesof a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable fordamages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Web site is referred to in this work as a citationand/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorsesthe information the organization or Web site may provide or recommendations it may make. Further,readers should be aware that Internet Web sites listed in this work may have changed or disappearedbetween when this work was written and when it is read.For general information on our other products and services or to obtain technical support, please contactour Customer Care Department within the U.S. at (877) 762-2974, outside the U.S. at (317) 572-3993 orfax (317) 572-4002.Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some materialincluded with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand.If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, youmay download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wileyproducts, visit www.wiley.com.Library of Congress Control Number: 2012951869TRADEMARKS: Wiley, the Wiley logo, and the Sybex logo are trademarks or registered trademarks ofJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates, in the United States and other countries, and may not be usedwithout written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley &Sons, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1ffirs.indd iv11/12/12 12:25 PM

Dear Reader,Thank you for choosing LPIC-1: Linux Professional Institute Certification Study Guide,Third Edition. This book is part of a family of premium-quality Sybex books, all of whichare written by outstanding authors who combine practical experience with a gift forteaching.Sybex was founded in 1976. More than 30 years later, we’re still committed to producingconsistently exceptional books. With each of our titles, we’re working hard to set a newstandard for the industry. From the paper we print on to the authors we work with, ourgoal is to bring you the best books available.I hope you see all that reflected in these pages. I’d be very interested to hear yourcomments and get your feedback on how we’re doing. Feel free to let me know what youthink about this or any other Sybex book by sending me an email at nedde@wiley.com. If youthink you’ve found a technical error in this book, please visit http://sybex.custhelp.com.Customer feedback is critical to our efforts at Sybex.Best regards,Neil EddeVice President and PublisherSybex, an Imprint of Wileyffirs.indd v11/12/12 12:25 PM

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AcknowledgmentsAlthough this book bears my name as author, many other people contributed to itscreation. Without their help, this book wouldn’t exist, or at best would exist in a lesserform. Jeff Kellum was the acquisitions editor and so helped get the book started. AlexaMurphy, the developmental editor, and Eric Charbonneau, the production editor, oversawthe book as it progressed through all its stages. Ross Brunson and Kevin Glendenningwere the technical editors who checked the text for technical errors and omissions — butany mistakes that remain are my own. Kim Wimpsett, the copy editor, helped keep thetext grammatical and understandable. The proofreader, Candace Cunningham, checkedthe text for typos. I’d also like to thank Neil Salkind and others at Studio B, who helpedconnect me with Wiley to write this book.ffirs.indd vii11/12/12 12:25 PM

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About the AuthorRoderick W. Smith is a Linux consultant and author. He has written more than 20 bookson Linux, FreeBSD, and computer networking, including Linux Essentials, the LPIC-2Study Guide, and Linux Administrator Street Smarts (all from Sybex). He can be reachedat rodsmith@rodsbooks.com.ffirs.indd ix11/12/12 12:25 PM

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Contents at a GlanceIntroductionxxiiiExam Objectivesxxix- Exam 101 Objectivesxxix- Exam 102 ObjectivesxxxvAssessment TestxliAnswers to the Assessment TestPart IExam 1011Chapter 1Exploring Linux Command-Line Tools3Chapter 2Managing SoftwareChapter 3Configuring Hardware105Chapter 4Managing Files175Chapter 5Booting Linux and Editing Files223Part IIExam 102Chapter 6Configuring the X Window System,Localization, and Printing267Chapter 7Administering the System329Chapter 8Configuring Basic Networking381Chapter 9Writing Scripts, Configuring Email, and Using Databases425Chapter 10Securing Your System473Appendix AAnswers to Review Questions517Appendix BAbout the Additional Study Tools553Indexffirs.indd xixlviii4526555711/12/12 12:25 PM

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ContentsIntroductionxxiiiExam Objectivesxxix- Exam 101 Objectivesxxix- Exam 102 ObjectivesxxxvAssessment TestxliAnswers to the Assessment TestPart IChapterExam 1011Exploring Linux Command-Line ToolsUnderstanding Command-Line BasicsExploring Your Linux Shell OptionsUsing a ShellExploring Shell ConfigurationUsing Environment VariablesGetting HelpUsing Streams, Redirection, and PipesExploring Types of StreamsRedirecting Input and OutputPiping Data Between ProgramsGenerating Command LinesProcessing Text Using FiltersFile-Combining CommandsFile-Transforming CommandsFile-Formatting CommandsFile-Viewing CommandsFile-Summarizing CommandsUsing Regular ExpressionsUnderstanding Regular ExpressionsUsing grepUsing sedSummaryExam EssentialsReview Questionsftoc.indd 537383911/12/12 12:26 PM

xivChapterChapterContents23Managing Software45Package ConceptsUsing RPMRPM Distributions and ConventionsThe rpm Command SetExtracting Data from RPMsUsing YumRPM and Yum Configuration FilesRPM Compared to Other Package FormatsUsing Debian PackagesDebian Distributions and ConventionsThe dpkg Command SetUsing apt-cacheUsing apt-getUsing dselect, aptitude, and SynapticReconfiguring PackagesDebian Packages Compared to Other Package FormatsConfiguring Debian Package ToolsConverting Between Package FormatsPackage Dependencies and ConflictsReal and Imagined Package Dependency ProblemsWorkarounds for Package Dependency ProblemsStartup Script ProblemsManaging Shared LibrariesLibrary PrinciplesLocating Library FilesLibrary Management CommandsManaging ProcessesUnderstanding the Kernel: The First ProcessExamining Process ListsUnderstanding Foreground and BackgroundProcessesManaging Process PrioritiesKilling ProcessesSummaryExam EssentialsReview 67879798183858586Configuring HardwareConfiguring the Firmware and Core HardwareUnderstanding the Role of the FirmwareIRQsI/O AddressesDMA Addressesftoc.indd xiv92939496969810510610611011311411/12/12 12:26 PM

ContentsChapterftoc.indd xv4xvBoot Disks and Geometry SettingsColdplug and Hotplug DevicesConfiguring Expansion CardsConfiguring PCI CardsLearning about Kernel ModulesLoading Kernel ModulesRemoving Kernel ModulesConfiguring USB DevicesUSB BasicsLinux USB DriversUSB Manager ApplicationsConfiguring Hard DisksConfiguring PATA DisksConfiguring SATA DisksConfiguring SCSI DisksConfiguring External DisksDesigning a Hard Disk LayoutWhy Partition?Understanding Partitioning SystemsAn Alternative to Partitions: LVMMount PointsCommon Partitions and Filesystem LayoutsCreating Partitions and FilesystemsPartitioning a DiskPreparing a Partition for UseMaintaining Filesystem HealthTuning FilesystemsMaintaining a JournalChecking FilesystemsMonitoring Disk UseMounting and Unmounting FilesystemsTemporarily Mounting or Unmounting FilesystemsPermanently Mounting FilesystemsSummaryExam EssentialsReview 58159164166167169Managing Files175Using File Management CommandsFile Naming and Wildcard Expansion RulesFile CommandsFile Archiving CommandsManaging LinksDirectory Commands17617617818319019111/12/12 12:26 PM

xviContentsManaging File OwnershipAssessing File OwnershipChanging a File’s OwnerChanging a File’s GroupControlling Access to FilesUnderstanding PermissionsChanging a File’s ModeSetting the Default Mode and GroupChanging File AttributesManaging Disk QuotasEnabling Quota SupportSetting Quotas for UsersLocating FilesThe FHSTools for Locating FilesSummaryExam EssentialsReview QuestionsChapter5Booting Linux and Editing FilesInstalling Boot LoadersBoot Loader PrinciplesUsing GRUB Legacy as the Boot LoaderUsing GRUB 2 as the Boot LoaderUsing Alternative Boot LoadersUnderstanding the Boot ProcessExtracting Information about the Boot ProcessLocating and Interpreting Boot MessagesThe Boot ProcessDealing with Runlevels and the Initialization ProcessRunlevel FunctionsIdentifying the Services in a RunlevelManaging Runlevel ServicesChecking Your RunlevelChanging Runlevels on a Running SystemUsing Alternative Boot SystemsConfiguring UpstartUsing systemdEditing Files with ViUnderstanding Vi ModesExploring Basic Text-Editing ProceduresSaving ChangesSummaryExam EssentialsReview Questionsftoc.indd 4524624924925125225225325625625725911/12/12 12:26 PM