Advise The President: HARRY S. TRUMAN - Archives
Advise the President:HARRY S. TRUMANWhat Should the United Statesdo A bout the E merging T hreatPosed by the Soviet Union?
HARRY S. TRUMANAdvise the President:HARRY S. TRUMANPlace: The Oval Office, the White HouseTime: March 1947What Should theUnited States doAbout the EmergingThreat Posed bythe Soviet Union?President Harry S. Truman is sitting at his desk inthe Oval Office, thinking about a meeting that willbegin in a few minutes. He has asked his seniorforeign and defense policy advisers to review withhim options for United States policy toward theSoviet Union. He has been President for almosttwo years, and he has become increasingly worriedthat Soviet actions threaten his vision of a peacefulpostwar world in which freedom and democracy willspread throughout the liberated areas of Europe andAsia. He believes that important decisions must bemade now about what to do to preserve freedom,democracy, and the American way of life.Truman has been meeting with many people todiscuss ideas for United States policy toward theSoviet Union, including members of Congress fromboth parties, administration officials, communityleaders, various experts and advocates, andsome trusted friends—all people who, in Truman’sestimation, are able to offer ideas worthy ofconsideration. He has grouped their ideas into threeoptions, which he looks forward to discussing withhis senior foreign and defense policy advisers—withyou!—in the meeting that is ready to begin.STEP INTO THE OVAL OFFICE.THE PRESIDENT IS EXPECTING YOU.2Advise the President
HARRY S. TRUMANBackgroundWhat has happened sinceHarry S. Truman became President?Europe emerged from World War II fundamentallytransformed. Many of its cities were destroyed,and much of its territory was scarred by the marksof battles fought and bombs dropped. Many ofits prewar borders were in dispute, and largenumbers of its people were effectively homeless.The British and other European empires wereeither greatly weakened or dismembered bywar’s end, and the international system overwhich Europe had presided for a very long time,was breaking down. The United States and theSoviet Union were the only two powers remainingafter the war that were capable of filling the voidleft by Europe’s decline. The Soviet Union, theUnited States’ wartime ally, suffered about 15million casualties and over 6 million deaths inthe fight against Germany on the brutal Easternfront. President Truman, like President FranklinD. Roosevelt before him, wants United Statesrelations with the Soviet Union to remain closeand cooperative. If these two powers are not ableto cooperate in creating a regime of peace andinternational law to replace the old world orderdestroyed in the war, the world’s future could beas troubled and violent as its immediate past.Uneasy RelationsAmerica’s relations with the Soviet Union have notbeen amicable since Truman became president.On his first full day in office, April 13, 1945—President Roosevelt had been dead only about 24hours—one of Truman’s advisers entered the OvalOffice to tell him about the agreements made byRoosevelt, Joseph Stalin, and Winston Churchillat a conference in the Soviet city of Yalta the priorFebruary. One of the most important agreementsconcerned Poland. Truman understood thatthe Soviet Union had agreed at Yalta that a trulyrepresentative government would be put in placein Poland through free and fair elections. Instead,the Soviets imposed a communist government onPoland, one that was subservient to Moscow.The White HouseWashington 1 945, February 4–11:Yalta Conference. Allies agree to reorganize theprovisional government of Poland on a broaderdemocratic basis. 1 945, April 12:Franklin D. Roosevelt dies.Truman becomes President. 1 945, April 23:Truman meets with Soviet foreign minister,complains that the Soviet Union has not keptthe agreements it made at the Yalta Conferenceregarding Poland. 1945, May 8:Germany surrenders. 1945, July 17–August 2:Potsdam Conference. Resolutions of importantquestions regarding liberated areas of Europe,including Poland, are postponed. 1945, August 14:Japan surrenders. 1 945, October:First meeting of the Council of Foreign Ministersends acrimoniously. No agreements are reached. 1945–1946:The Soviet Union keeps troops in Iran pastthe agreed date for withdrawal and supportsseparatist movements in northern Iran. 1 946, February 9:Stalin gives a speech emphasizing the contrastbetween capitalism and communism, and sayingthe Soviet economy will focus on heavy industryand armaments production. 1946, July–August:The Soviet Union pressures Turkey to agree toa joint defense of the Dardanelles. The U.S.supports Turkey’s rejection of the Soviet request. 1946-1947:Greek communist forces fight against theGreek government.Advise the President3
HARRY S. TRUMANOther Eastern and Southeastern Europeancountries have also suffered from beinggeographically close to the Soviet Union.Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, andAlbania all established communist governmentsthat answered to Moscow. Czechoslovakiahad been able to maintain a tenuous hold ondemocracy, but its future, in early 1947, is highlydoubtful. Greece is torn by a civil war betweenits internationally recognized government andcommunist insurgents. Iran and Turkey have bothbeen threatened by Soviet actions or demandsthat would undermine their sovereignty andterritorial integrity.Failed NegotiationsNegotiations with the Soviets about postwarproblems have seldom gone well. During threeweeks of meetings in Potsdam, Germany, in Julyand August 1945, Truman, Stalin, and Churchill—andClement Attlee, who succeeded Churchill as Britishprime minister late in the conference—were unableto resolve the serious problems gradually dividingeast from west in Europe, or to reach satisfactoryagreements regarding the future of Germany.These problems were passed on to a newlycreated body, the Council of Foreign Ministers.The Council’s first meeting—in Londonin September and October 1945—was disastrous, asthe Soviet foreign minister seemed determined toprevent any agreements from being reached. Thenext three meetings—in Moscow, Paris, and NewYork—were more productive, but demonstrated theinability of the foreign ministers to solve the seriousdisagreement among the wartime allies with respectto Eastern Europe and occupied Germany.Partner, or Threat?President Truman wants to establish a peacefulpostwar world order, and he would like the SovietUnion to be a partner in this work. But Sovietactions since the end of the war in Europe havebeen contrary to what Truman wants for thepostwar world. How is the United States to dealwith such a difficult partner? Is it even possibleany longer to regard the Soviet Union, onlyrecently a close ally, as a partner? Has the SovietUnion become a threat to the security of theUnited States? If so, what is the United States todo about this threat?Top secretUrgent“I like Stalin. Heis straightforward.Knows what he wantsand will compromisewhen he can’t get it.”– Harry S. Truman, from a letter to hiswife, Bess Truman, July 29, 1945Copyright Okefenokee Glee & Perloo, Inc.Used by permission.4Advise the President
HARRY S. TRUMANThis map, drawn most likely in mid to late 1946, shows the geopolitical confusion left in the wake of six yearsof war—Germany partially dismembered and the remainder occupied; Poland shifted about 100 miles west,incorporating parts of defeated Germany and losing eastern areas to the Soviet Union; and territorial disputes,transfers, and seizures from Italy to Finland to Romania and Greece. A weak and vulnerable Europe faced anuncertain future, one likely to be shaped by the two great powers on its eastern and western flanks.Advise the President5
HARRY S. TRUMANWhat Joseph Stalin Believes and WantsWhat Harry Truman Believes and Wants Communist ideology is universally true and willeventually spread throughout the world. America’s founding documents–the Declaration ofIndependence, the Constitution, the Bill of Rights–express aspirations for freedom and democracythat are shared by everyone, everywhere. The Soviet Union is endangered by encirclementby hostile capitalist countries, but it must surviveif the international communist revolution is tosucceed. The more territory a country has, the safer it is. The territory of the Soviet Union should beextended westward to include areas that wereonce part of imperial Russia. The countries along the Soviet Union’s Europeanborder should be communist states largelysubservient to Moscow.6 All people possess the right to determine theirown beliefs, institutions, and form of government. The Soviet Union must keep the agreementsit has made to allow democratic institutions tobe established in the countries of Central andEastern Europe. All people yearn for peace, and the maintenanceof world peace is the most important objective ofAmerican policy. Germany should be either neutral and weak, or acommunist state subservient to Moscow. The United Nations cannot become an effectivepeacekeeping organization without thecooperative involvement of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union should build up its heavyindustry and military forces so it can be thedominant power on the Eurasian continent. The Soviet Union understands only internationalrelationships that are based on the realities offorce and counterforce. The Soviet Union should maintain goodrelations with the United States in order to gaininternational recognition of its expanded westernborder and of its sphere of influence in Easternand Central Europe. Traditional American values and beliefs must bepreserved, including limited government, civiliancontrol of military institutions, and economicfreedom.Advise the President
HARRY S. TRUMANThe White HouseWashingtonTHE OPTIONSPresident Truman wants his advisers to consider the three options he has identified.All three options have strengths, but also pose uncertainties and dangers. Trumanmust choose the option that will give the United States its best chance of achievinga world order in which freedom, democracy, and the American way of life can bepreserved without an outbreak of general war. He asks you to help him make theright choice.Option One:Reach Out to the Soviet Union – The Soviet Union fears being surrounded by hostilecapitalist states. The United States should recognize this fear and the resultinginsecurity chronically felt by Soviet leaders. We should also deemphasize militarymight in dealings with the Soviet Union. We should show a willingness to negotiatedifferences and make clear our sincere commitment to working with the Soviet Unionin creating a peaceful world. If we do these things, the Soviet Union can be our ally inpeacetime as it was during the war.Option Two:Resist Soviet Expansionism – The Soviet Union is bent on expansion across the world.The United States should frustrate these expansionist ambitions. We should employsuperior counterforce wherever the Soviet Union tries to advance into a new area andmaintain reserve military forces capable of fighting the Soviet Union in the event ofgeneral war. We should enter into mutual security agreements with our allies and helpthem to be strong economically and militarily. If we continually frustrate the SovietUnion’s expansionist ambitions, we may be able to change its behavior and even, intime, its character as a nation.Option Three:Keep America Strong at Home – The security of the United States is based onits geographical isolation from Europe and Asia, its traditional political and socialinstitutions, and its strong economy. We should base our national defense onmaintaining these strengths at home. The United States can preserve traditionalliberties and economic vitality by limiting the growth of government power, adoptingconservative fiscal and monetary policies to keep expenditures and debt low, limitingthe size of the military, and avoiding involvement in international affairs to the degreethat national security allows. Strength at home is our surest defense against Sovietactivities far from our borders.Advise the President7
HARRY S. TRUMANOption One: Reach Out to the Soviet UnionAccording to this option, the Soviet Union wantspeace in the postwar world as much as theUnited States does. It suffered terrible lossesduring World War II—worse but not different inkind from losses suffered when its homeland wasinvaded from the West during World War I andthe Napoleonic Wars. It now wants to achievesecurity from a new invasion and to recover fromthe wounds of war.The United States should recognize that theSoviet Union’s seemingly obsessive desirefor security in its immense homeland isunderstandable and legitimate, given its historicalexperiences. This means that the United Statesshould agree to the creation of a Soviet sphereof influence along its western border. This wouldbe similar to America’s sphere of influence inthe Caribbean and the North Atlantic regions.Such areas are an unfortunate necessity in whatwill hopefully turn out to be a transitional periodleading to world peace based on international law.The United States must also recognize that Sovietideology holds that capitalist nations want toencircle the Soviet Union and do it harm, and thatsome of the actions of the United States and itsallies in recent months have sharpened this fear.The United States should make clear that it hasno intention of harming the Soviet Union, and thatthe two nations can live peacefully together and,in time, become friends.Most importantly, the United States should avoid theassumption that peace can be built on a foundationof military might. The build-up of armaments cancreate conflicts between peoples that escalateunpredictably and expose the world to the risk ofa new general war. U.S. foreign aid should notbuild up the military forces of its allies, but shouldbe used to create prosperity throughout the world.The United States should even offer economic andtechnical assistance to the Soviet Union, partly toalleviate Soviet fears regarding the United States andpartly to strengthen the Soviet economy. Prosperityis the most effective deterrent to communism. Evenwhere communism is well established, prosperity willbring about an amelioration of its harshest featuresand perhaps, in time, result in its disappearance.When not directly opposed by American actions,Joseph Stalin has seemed willing to negotiatesolutions to difficult problems in a practical way.The United States should recognize this apparentwillingness to work toward peace and takeactions that would turn the Soviet Union from awartime ally into a partner. When the mutual fearsand suspicions of the United States and the SovietUnion have been overcome, the two nationswill be able to join together to make the UnitedNations an effective peacemaking organization,capable of giving the world a regime of peace andorder based on international law. In the age ofatomic weapons, close cooperation between theUnited States and the Soviet Union in building anenduring peace is essential if we are to avoid acatastrophically destructive war.Russia has historically beenvulnerable to attack from thewest. Napoleon (left) invadedin 1812 and Hitler (right) in 1941.General Paul von Hindenburg(center), Chief of the GermanGeneral Staff, oversaw the attackof German troops on Russiaduring World War I.8Advise the President
HARRY S. TRUMANWhat We Could DoOption One argues that the United States shouldrecognize the Soviet Union’s security needs andtake steps to allay its fears of encirclement byhostile capitalist states. We should work to earnthe Soviet Union’s trust, and then cooperate withthe Soviets in building a peaceful world.For the PresidentThe United States should: Allow the Soviet Union to have a sphere ofinfluence along its European border in which itcan be assured that countries will be friendlyto it.But . . . the United States will be abandoningtens of millions of people to a totalitarianismimposed by the Soviet Union. Maintain an open dialog with the Soviet Union.But . . . the United States could be seen asgoing along with Soviet actions when it doesn’tagree with them and doesn’t want to beassociated with them in the eyes of the world. Avoid rhetoric which inflames Soviet fears ofcapitalist encirclement.But . . . if the United States doesn’t publiclyoppose aggressive and subversive actions bythe Soviet Union, it may lose the support of theAmerican people and the trust of its allies. Focus foreign aid on economic development,not on building up the military forces of its allies.But . . . those allies may not be able to defendthemselves against communist aggression andsubversion, and may have to make deals withthe Soviet Union that the United States won’tlike.“The real peace treaty we needis between the United States andRussia. . . . We should recognize thatwe have no more business in thepolitical affairs of Eastern Europethan Russia has in the political affairsof Latin America, Western Europe andthe United States. . . . Russian ideasof social-economic justice are goingto govern much of the rest. The twoideas will endeavor to prove whichcan deliver the most satisfaction tothe common man. . . . But by mutualagreement, this competition shouldbe put on a friendly basis and theRussians should stop connivingagainst us in certain areas ofthe world just as we should stopscheming against them in other partsof the world. Let the results of the twosystems speak for themselves.”From a speech by Henry A. Wallace,Secretary of Commerce, New York City,September 12, 1946 Join with the Soviet Union and other nationsto make the United Nations an effectivepeacekeeping organization.But . . . the United States may surrender toomuch of its ability to control world events toa new and untested organization—the UnitedNations—which may not be able to maintainpeace in the world.Advise the President9
HARRY S. TRUMANOption Two: Resist Soviet ExpansionismThe United States and its allies must be persistentin opposing every Soviet attempt to expandby committing superior counterforce—military,economic, diplomatic, and any other that iseffective—at every point on the map where theSoviet Union tries to move into a new area. TheSoviet Union has demonstrated in the months sincethe end of World War II that it will expand its controlof and influence over countries and territorieswherever it is not effectively opposed.The Soviet Union believes that its society is the onlyone based on truth, and that it is encircled by hostilecapitalist nations that want to prevent its communistsystem from spreading through the entire world.These capitalist nations, Soviet leaders believe, mustbe either transformed into communist societies orgreatly weakened or even destroyed. Until oneof these eventualities occurs, the Soviets will feara repetition of the instability and warfare that havecomprised so much of Russian history.Soviet leaders, according to this option, willnot listen to reasoned arguments presented bythe United States and its allies that in any waychallenge their plans to expand Soviet controland influence. They will act rationally, though,when making calculations based on force. If theyare opposed by superior forces, they will order aretreat. Partly because they believe communismwill inevitably triumph in the end, they will becautious and risk-averse when confronted by adetermined counterforce.If the United States is internally strong, spirituallyvital, and firmly committed to its ideals and itsinstitutions, it can show the world that the SovietUnion is sterile and without worthy purpose. TheUnited States believes that Soviet ideology is selfdeluding; its ruling class is small, largely detachedfrom the Soviet people, and constantly endangeredby problems involving the transfer of power; itseconomic development is extremely uneven andunbalanced; and its people suffer under a burden ofchronic fear and totalitarian control. As t
Truman has been meeting with many people to discuss ideas for United States policy toward the Soviet Union, including members of Congress from both parties, administration officials, community leaders, various experts and advocates, and some trusted friends—all people who, in Truman’s estimation, are able to offer ideas worthy of consideration.
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