THE BEpfOKD INTKODUCTION T0 ; L1TEKATUKE

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FIFTH EDITIOfsj,. '/'J .':.THE B E p f O K D INTKODUCTION T 0;L1TEKATUKEKeadlng TklTiking WritingMicKaet MeyerUniversity of ConnecticutBEDFORD /ST. MARTIN'SBoston &New York

ContentsResourcesfor Writing about LiteratureInside front coverPrefacefor Instructors viiIntroduction: Reading Imaginative LiteratureThe Nature of LiteratureiEMILY DICKINSON, A narrow Fellow in the Grass 2The Value of Literature 3The Changing Literary Canon5FICTION1. Reading Fiction 9Reading Fiction Responsively 9KATE CHOPIN, The Story of an Hour 10A Sample Paper: Differences in Responses to Kate Chopin's"The Story of an Hour" 14Explorations and Formulas 18A Composite of a Romance Tip Sheet 20PHOTO: Romance Novel Cover 23A Comparison of Two Stories 24KAREN VAN DER ZEE, From A Secret Sorrow 25GAIL GODWIN, A Sorrowful Woman 33PERSPECTIVE: TANIA MODLESKI, The Popularity of Romance Novels 38PERSPECTIVE: THOMAS JEFFERSON, On the Dangers of Reading Fiction 392. Writing about Fiction 40From Reading to Writing 40Questions for Responsive Reading and Writingxix41

XXContentsA Sample Student Paper in Progress 43First Response 43Brainstorming 45Revising: First and Second Drafts 45Final Draft: Fulfillment or Failure? Marriage in A Secret Sorrow and"A Sorrowful Woman" 543. Plot 60EDGAR RICE BURROUGHS, From Tarzan of t h e Apes 62PERSPECTIVE: GORE VIDAL, The Popularity of the Tarzan Books 68MARK HALLIDAY, Young Man on Sixth Avenue 70WILLIAM FAULKNER, A Rose for Emily 72PERSPECTIVE: WILLIAM FAULKNER, On "A Rose for Emily"ANDRE DUBUS, Killings 8179PERSPECTIVE: THOMAS E. KENNEDY, On Morality and Revenge in "Killings" 94PERSPECTIVE: A. L. BADER, Nothing Happens in Modern Short Stories 9 4. Character 97CHARLES DICKENS, From H a r d Times 98BHARATI MUKHERJEE, The Tenant 102HERMAN MELVILLE, Bartleby, the Scrivener 113PERSPECTIVE: NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, On Herman Melville's Philosophic Stance 138PERSPECTIVE: DAN McCALL, On the Lawyer's Character in "Bartleby, the Scrivener" 139LEON ROOKE, Sweethearts 1415. Setting 143ERNEST HEMINGWAY, Soldier's Home 14sPERSPECTIVE: E. E. CUMMINGS, my sweet old etcetera 151PERSPECTIVE: ERNEST HEMINGWAY, On What Every Writer Needs 152FAY WELDON, IND AFF, or Out of Love in Sarajevo 153PERSPECTIVE: FAY WELDON, On the Importance of Place in "IND AFF" 159RUTH PRAWERJHABVALA, The Englishwoman 160DAVID UPDIKE, Summer 1696. Point of View 174Third-Person Narrator 175First-Person Narrator 177TONI CADE BAMBARA, The Lesson 179ANTON CHEKHOV, The Lady with the Pet Dog 185PERSPECTIVE: TWO Additional Translations of the Final Paragraphs of Anton Chekhov's"The Lady with the Pet Dog" 197

ContentsANTON CHEKHOV, From "The Lady and the Dog" (Translatedby Constance Garnett) 197ANTON CHEKHOV, From "A Lady with a Dog" (Translated by Ronald Hingley) 198PERSPECTIVE: ANTON CHEKHOV, On Morality in Fiction 199JOYCE CAROL OATES, The Lady with the Pet Dog sooPERSPECTIVE: MATTHEW C. BRENNAN, Point of View and Plotting in Chekhov'sand Oates's "The Lady with the Pet Dog" 2137. Symbolism 215SANDRA CISNEROS, Barbie-Q 218COLETTE [SIDONIE-GABRIELLE COLETTE], The Hand 220RALPH ELLISON, Battle Royal 223PERSPECTIVE: MORDECAI MARCUS, What Is an Initiation Story? 234FAE MYENNE NG, A Red Sweater 2358. Theme 243MARGARET ATWOOD, There Was Once 247STEPHEN CRANE, The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky 2 oKATHERINE MANSFIELD, Miss Brill 258PERSPECTIVE: EUDORA WELTY, On the Plots of "The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky"and "Miss Brill" 262DAGOBERTO GILB, Love in L.A. 26s9. Style, Tone, and Irony 268Style 268Tone 270Irony 271RAYMOND CARVER, Popular Mechanics272PERSPECTIVE: JOHN BARTH, On Minimalist Fiction 274T. CORAGHESSAN BOYLE, Carnal Knowledge 276SUSAN MINOT, Lust 290GEORGE BOWERING, A Short Story 29810. A Study of Three Authors: Nathaniel Hawthorne,Flannery O'Connor, and Alice Munro 306Nathaniel HawthornePHOTO: Nathaniel HawthorneChronology306307310NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, Young Goodman Brown 310NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, The Minister's Black Veil 320xxi

xxiiContentsNATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, The Birthmark 329NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, Rappaccini's DaughterPerspectives o n Hawthorne341360Hawthorne on Solitude 360Hawthorne on the Power of the Writer's Imagination 362Hawthorne on His Short Stories 363HERMAN MELVILLE, On-Nathaniel Hawthorne's Tragic Vision 364Two Complementary Critical Readings365JUDITH FETTERLEY, A Feminist Reading of "The Birthmark" 36 JAMES QUINN and ROSS BALDESSARINI, A Psychological Readingof "The Birthmark" 366Flannery O'Connor369PHOTO: Flannery O'ConnorChronology369372FLANNERY O'CONNOR,FLANNERY O'CONNOR,FLANNERY O'CONNOR,FLANNERY O'CONNOR,The Turkey 373A Good Man Is Hard to Find 381Good Country People 392Revelation 407Perspectives o n O'Connor421O'Connor on Faith 421O'Connor on the Materials of Fiction 422O'Connor on the Use of Exaggeration and Distortion 423O'Connor on Theme and Symbol 423JOSEPHINE HENDIN, On O'Connor's Refusal to "Do Pretty" 42 CLAIRE KAHANE, The Function of Violence in O'Connor's Fiction 42sEDWARD KESSLER, On O'Connor's Use of HistoryTwo Complementary Critical Readings426427A. R. COULTHARD, On the Visionary Ending of "Revelation" 427MARSHALL BRUCE GENTRY, On the Revised Ending of "Revelation"Alice Munro430PHOTO: Alice MunroChronology429430433ALICE MUNRO, An Ounce of Cure 434ALICE MUNRO, How I Met My Husband 442ALICE MUNRO, Prue 454ALICE MUNRO, Miles City, Montana 458Perspectives o n Munro472GRAEME GIBSON, An Interview with Munro on Writing 472BENJAMIN DeMOTT, On Munro's Female Protagonists 474CATHERINE SHELDRICK ROSS, On the Reader's Experience in Reading Munro'sStories 474

ContentsW. R. MARTIN, On Prue's Suppressed Passions 47 GEORGE WOODCOCK, On Symbolism in Munro's Fiction 476ROBERT HAMPSON, On the Reader's Expectations in "How I Met My Husband"Two Complementary Critical Readings477478Munro on Narration in "An Ounce of Cure" 478LORRAINE McMULLEN, On Munro's Ironic Humor in "An Ounce of Cure" 47911. Critical Case Study: William Faulkner's"Barn Burning" 480PHOTO: William Faulkner 481WILLIAM FAULKNER, Barn BurningPerspectives o n Faulkner481494JANE HILES, Blood Ties in "Barn Burning" 494BENJAMIN DeMOTT, Abner Snopes as a Victim of Class 496GAYLE EDWARD WILSON, Conflict in "Barn Burning" 497JAMES FERGUSON, Narrative Strategy in "Barn Burning" 500Questions for Writing: Incorporating the Critics501An Excerpt from a Sample Paper: The Fires of Class Conflict in "BarnBurning" 50412. Cultural Case Study: James Joyce's "Eveline" 507PHOTO: James Joyce in Paris 09Chronology511JAMES JOYCE, Eveline 512Documents516PHOTO: Poole Street, Dublin 516Resources of Ireland (From the Alliance Temperance Almanack for 1910)A Letter Home from an Irish Emigrant in Australia 520A Plot Synopsis of The Bohemian Girl 2113. A Collection of Stories 523CHARLES JOHNSON, Exchange Value 523FRANZ KAFKA, A Hunger Artist 528JAMAICA KINCAID, Girl 534STEPHEN KING, Suffer the Little Children 535D. H. LAWRENCE, The Horse Dealer's Daughter 543TIM O'BRIEN, How to Tell a True War Story 555EDGAR ALLAN POE, The Purloined Letter 564JOHN UPDIKE, A & P 576 17xxiii

ContentsXXIVrA N ALBUM OF WORLD LITERATUREISABEL ALLENDE (Chile), The Judge's Wife J&BESSIE HEAD (Botswana), The Prisoner Who Wore Glasses 587NAGUIB MAHFOUZ (Egypt), The Answer Is No 591YUKIO MISH1MA (Japan), Patriotism 593BI SHUMIN (China), Broken Transformers 609AN ALBUM OF CONTEMPORARY STORIESALISON BAKER, Better Be Ready 'Bout Half Past Eight 617RICHARD FORD, Bascombe, in Realty 632GISH JEN, In the American Society 643JOYCE CAROL OATES, The Night Nurse 653TOBIAS WOLFF, Powder 66 POETKY66914. Reading Poetry 671Reading Poetry Responsively671MARGE PIERCY, The Secretary Chant 671ROBERT HAYDEN, Those Winter Sundays 672JOHN UPDIKE, Dog's Death 673The Pleasure of Words674WILLIAM HATHAWAY, Oh, Oh 675ROBERT FRANCIS, Catch 676A Sample Analysis: Tossing Metaphors Together in "Catch" 678WOLE SOYINKA, Telephone Conversation- 681ELIZABETH BISHOP, The Fish 682PHILIP LARKIN, A Study of Reading HabitsROBERT MORGAN, Mountain Graveyard684686E. E. CUMMINGS, l(a 687ANONYMOUS, Western Wind688REGINA BARRECA, Nighttime Fires 688Suggestions for Approaching PoetryPoetry in Popular Forms 691689HELEN FARRIES, Magic of Love 692JOHN FREDERICK NIMS, Love Poem 693BRUCE SPRINGSTEEN, Streets of Philadelphia 694QUEEN LATIFAH, The Evil That Men Do 695PERSPECTIVE: ROBERT FRANCIS, On "Hard" Poetry.697

ContentsPoems for Further Study 698MICHAEL ONDAATJE, To a Sad Daughter 698ALICE WALKER, a woman is not a potted plant 700WYATT PRUNTY, Elderly Lady Crossing on Green 701ALBERTO RIOS, Seniors 702MARY JO SALTER, Welcome to Hiroshima 703JOHN DONNE, The Sun Rising 70sLI HO, A Beautiful Girl Combs Her Hair 706ROBERT HASS, Happiness 707MILLER WILLIAMS, Excuse Me 70815. Writing about Poetry 710From Reading to Writing 710Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing 711ELIZABETH BISHOP, Manners 713A Sample Analysis: Memory in Elizabeth Bishop's "Manners" 71416. Word Choice, Word Order, and Tone 717Diction 717Denotations and Connotations 719RANDALL JARRELL, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner 720E. E. CUMMINGS, she being Brand 721Word OrderTone 723723DEREK WALCOTT, The Virgins 723RUTH FAINLIGHT, Flower Feet 724KATHARYN HOWD MACHAN, Hazel Tells LaVerne 72sMARTIN ESPADA, Latin Night at the Pawnshop 726MAXINE KUMIN, Woodchucks 727Diction and Tone in Four Love Poems 728ROBERT HERRICK, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time 728,ANDREW MARVELL, To His Coy Mistress 729PERSPECTIVE: BERNARD DUYFHUIZEN, "To His Coy Mistress": On How a Female MightRespond 731RICHARD WILBUR, A Late Aubade 732DIANE ACKERMAN, A Fine, a Private Place 734Poems for Further Study 737MARGARET ATWOOD, Bored 737THOMAS HARDY, The Convergence of the Twain 738DAVID R. SLAVTTT, Titanic 739SHARON OLDS, Sex without Love 740XXV

xxviContentsJOHN KEATS, Ode on a Grecian Urn 741GWENDOLYN BROOKS, We Real Cool 743MARILYN BOWERING, Wishing Africa 743D. H. LAWRENCE, The English Are So Nice! 74sLOUIS SIMPSON, In the Suburbs 746A Note on Reading Translations746Two Translations o f Neruda's "Juventud"747PABLO NERUDA, Juventud 747PABLO NERUDA, Youth (Translated by Robert Bly) 748PABLO NERUDA, Youth (Translated by Jack Schmitt) 748Four Translations o f a Poem by Sappho748SAPPHO, Immortal Aphrodite of the broidered throne (Translatedby Henry T. Wharcon) 749SAPPHO, Beautiful-throned, immortal Aphrodite (Translated byT. W. Higginson) 749SAPPHO, Invocation to Aphrodite (Translated by Richard Lattimore) 750SAPPHO, Artfully adorned Aphrodite, deathless (Translated by Jim Powell) 73117. Images 752Poetry's Appeal to the Senses 752WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS, Poem 753BONNIE JACOBSON, On Being Served Apples 753WALT WHITMAN, Cavalry Crossing a Ford 754DAVID SOLWAY, Windsurfing 755THEODORE ROETHKE, Root Cellar 756MATTHEW ARNOLD, Dover Beach 757JIMMY SANTIAGO BACA, Green Chile 758Poems for Further Study760SEAMUS HEANEY, The Pitchfork 760H. D. [HILDA DOOLITTLE], Heat 761TIMOTHY STEELE, An Aubade 761WILLIAM BLAKE, London 762WILFRED OWEN, Dulce et Decorum Est 763MARGARET HOLLEY, Peepers 764ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING, Grief 765JAMES DICKEY, Deer Among Cattle 766RAINER MARIA RILKE, The Panther 767JANE KENYON, The Blue Bowl 768SALLY CROFT, Home-Baked Bread 768CAROLYN KIZER, Food for Love 769JOHN KEATS, To Autumn 771EZRA POUND, In a Station of the Metro 772CATHY SONG, The White Porch 772PERSPECTIVE: T. E. HULME, On the Differences between Poetry and Prose 774

Contents18. Figures of Speech 775WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, From Macbeth (Act V, Scene v) 776Simile and Metaphor 776MARGARET ATWOOD,you fit into me 777EMILY DICKINSON, Presentiment— is that long Shadow—on the lawn — 777ANNE BRADSTREET, The Author to Her Book 778ROSARIO CASTELLANOS, Chess 779Other Figures 780EDMUND CONTL Pragmatist 780DYLAN THOMAS, The Hand That Signed the Paper 781JANICE TOWNLEY MOORE, To a Wasp 782J. PATRICK LEWIS, The Unkindest Cut 784Poems for Further Study 784MARGARET ATWOOD, February 784SOPHIE CABOT BLACK, August 785ERNEST SLYMAN, Lightning Bugs 786SYLVIA PLATH, Mirror 786WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, London, 1802 787JIM STEVENS, Schizophrenia 788WALT WHITMAN, A Noiseless Patient Spider 788WALT WHITMAN, The Soul, reaching, throwing out for love 789JOHN DONNE, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning 790LINDA PASTAN, Marks 791LUCILLE CLIFTON, come home from the movies 791ELAINE MAGARRELL, Tfee Joy of Cooking 792STEPHEN PERRY, Blue Spruce 793ROBIN BECKER, Shopping 794PERSPECTIVE: JOHN R. SEARLE, Figuring Out Metaphors 79s19. Symbol, Allegory, and Irony 797Symbol797ROBERT FROST, Acquainted with the Night 798Allegory799EDGAR ALLAN POE, The Haunted Palace 800Irony802EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON, Richard Cory 802KENNETH FEARING, AD 803JANICE MIRIKITANI, Recipe 803E. E. CUMMINGS, next to of course god america i 805STEPHEN CRANE, A Man Said to the Universe 80sPoems for Further Study 806JANE KENYON, Surprise 806xxvii

ContentsMOLLY PEACOCK, Desire 883MARK JARMAN, Unholy Sonnet 884Villanelle 884DYLAN THOMAS, Do not go gentle into that goad night 88sJULIA ALVAREZ, Woman's Work 886S e s t i n a 886ELIZABETH BISHOP, Sestina 887FLORENCE CASSEN MAYERS, All-American Sestina 888Epigram889SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE, What Is an Epigram ? 889A. R. AMMONS, Coward 890DAVID McCORJD, Epitaph on a Waiter 890PAUL LAURENCE DUNBAR, Theology 890Limerick890ANONYMOUS, There was a young lady named Bright 890LAURENCE PERRINE, The limerick's never averse 891Haiku 891MATSUQ BASHO, Under cherry trees 891ETHERIDGE KNIGHT, Eastern Guard Tower 892Elegy892SEAMUS HEANEY, Mid-term Break 892ANDREW HUDGINS, Elegy for My Father, Who Is Not Dead 893O d e 894PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY, Ode to the West Wind 894Picture Poem896MICHAEL McFEE, In Medias Res 897Parody 897PETER DE VRIES, To His Importunate Mistress 898X. J. KENNEDY, A Visit from St. Sigmund 899PERSPECTIVE: ROBERT MORGAN, On the Shape of a Poem 900PERSPECTIVE: ELAINE MITCHELL, Form 90123. Open Form902E. E. CUMMINGS, in Just- 902WALT WHITMAN, From "I Sing the Body Electric" 903PERSPECTIVE: WALT WHITMAN, On Rhyme and Meter 904GALWAY KINNELL, After Making Love We Hear Footsteps 905WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS, The Red Wheelbarrow 906DENISE LEVERTOV, Gathered at the River 907PERSPECTIVE: DENISE LEVERTOV, On "Gathered at the River" 909

ContentsMARILYN NELSON WANIEK, Emily Dickinson's Defunct 912JIM DANIELS, Short-order Cook 913CAROLYN FORCHE, The Colonel 914SHARON OLDS, Rite of Passage 915CAROLYNN HOY, In the Summer Kitchen 916ALLEN GINSBERG, First Party at Ken Kesey's with Hell's Angels 917ANONYMOUS, The Frog 918TATO LAVIERA, AmeRican 918THOM WARD, Vasectomy 920JOSEPH BRUCHAC, Ellis Island 921PETER MEINKE, The ABC of Aerobics 922GARY SOTO, Mexicans Begin Jogging 923Found Poem923DONALD JUSTICE, Order in the Streets 92424. A Study of Three Poets: Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost,and Langston Hughes 925Emily Dickinson 925PHOTO: Emily Dickinson 92 PHOTO: Facsimile of manuscript page, "What Soft—CherubicEMILY DICKINSON, If I can stop one Heart from breakingEMILY DICKINSON, / / / shouldn't be alive 929EMILY DICKINSON, The Thought beneath so slight a film —EMILY DICKINSON, To. make a prairie it takes a clover andChronologyCreatures—" 928929931one bee 931932EMILY DICKINSON, Success is counted sweetest 932EMILY DICKINSON, Water, is taught by thirst 933EMILY DICKINSON, Safe in their Alabaster Chambers— (1859 version) 933EMILY DICKINSON, Safe in their Alabaster Chambers—(1861 version) 934EMILY DICKINSON, Portraits are to daily faces 934EMILY DICKINSON, Some keep the Sabbath going to Church— 93sEMILY DICKINSON, I taste a liquor never brewed— 936EMILY DICKINSON, "Heaven"—is what I cannot reach! 936EMILY DICKINSON, OfBronze-andBlaze— 937EMILY DICKINSON, I like a look of Agony, 938EMILY DICKINSON, I'm Nobody! Who are'you? 938EMILY DICKINSON, Wild Nights - Wild Nights! 939EMILY DICKINSON, I cannot dance upon my Toes— 940EMILY DICKINSON, What Soft-Cherubic Creatures- 940EMILY DICKINSON, The Soul selects her own Society — 941EMILY DICKINSON, This is my letter to the World 942EMILY DICKINSON, Much Madness is divinest Sense- 942EMILY DICKINSON, I dwell in Possibility- 943xxxi

xxxnContentsEMILY DICKINSON, This was a Poet-It is That 943EMILY DICKINSON, I read my sentence—steadily— 944EMILY DICKINSON, The Grass so little has to do94sEMILY DICKINSON, After great pain, a formal feeling comes — 946EMILY DICKINSON, I heard a Fly buzz—when I died— 946EMILY DICKINSON, One need not be a Chamber—to be Haunted— 947EMILY DICKINSON, Because I could not stop for Death —948EMILY DICKINSON, A Light exists in Spring 949EMILY DICKINSON, I felt a Cleaving in my Mind— 9S0EMILY DICKINSON, The Bustle in a House 950EMILY DICKINSON, Tell all the Truth but tell it slant— 951EMILY DICKINSON, From all the Jails the Boys and Girls 951Perspectives on Dickinson'952Dickinson's Description of Herself 9S2THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON, On Meeting Dickinson for the First Time 9S3MABEL LOOMIS TODD, The Character of Amherst 9 4RICHARD WILBUR, On Dickinson's Sense of Privation 9S4SANDRA M. GILBERT and SUSAN GUBAR, On Dickinson's White Dress 9SSKARL KELLER, Robert Frost on Dickinson 956CYNTHIA GRIFFIN WOLFF, On the Many Voices in Dickinson's Poetry 958PAULA BENNETT, On "I heard a Fly buzz—when I died— " 959JOAN KIRKBY, On the Fragility of Language in Dickinson's Poetry 960GALWAY KINNELL, The Deconstruction of Emily Dickinson 961Two Complementary Critical Readings963CHARLES R. ANDERSON, Eroticism in "Wild Nights—Wild Nights!"963DAVID S. REYNOLDS, Popular Literature and "Wild Nights—Wild Nights!"Questions for Writing about an Author in Depth965A Sample In-Depth Study: Religious Faith in Four Poemsby Emily Dickinson 966EMILY DICKINSON, "Faith" is a fine invention 966EMILY DICKINSON, / know that He exists 967EMILY DICKINSON, I never saw a Moor— 967EMILY DICKINSON, Apparently with no surprise 967Robert Frost971PHOTO: Robert Frost 972PHOTO: Facsimile of manuscript page, "Neither Out Far nor In Deep" 974ROBERT FROST, The Road Not Taken 976ROBERT FROST, The Pasture 978ChronologyROBERTROBERTROBERTROBERT978FROST, Mending Wall 979FROST, Home Burial 980FROST, After Apple-Picking 983FROST, The Wood-Pile 984964

ContentsROBERT FROST, Birches 986ROBERT FROST, "Out, Out— " 987ROBERT FROST, Fire and Ice 988ROBERT FROST, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningROBERT FROST, Nothing Gold Can Stay 989ROBERT FROST, Once by the Pacific 990989 'ROBERT FROST, Two Tramps in Mud Time 991ROBERT FROST, Design 993ROBERT FROST, Neither Out Far nor In Deep 993ROBERT FROST, Come In 994ROBERT FROST, The Silken Tent 99sROBERT FROST, The Most of It 99sPerspectives on Frost 996"In White": Frost's Early Version of "Design" 996Frost on the Living Part of a Poem 997AMY LOWELL, On Frost's Realistic Technique 998Frost on the Figure a Poem Makes 998Frost on the Way to Read a Poem 1000LIONEL TRILLING, On Frost as a Terrifying Poet 1001HERBERT R. COURSEN JR., A Parodic Interpretation of "Stopping by Woods on a SnowyEvening" 1003DONALD J. GREINER, On What Comes "After Apple-Picking" 1004BLANCHE FARLEY, The Lover Not Taken 1005DEREK WALCOTT, The Road Taken 1006TVo Complementary Critical Readings 1007RICHARD POIRIER, On Emotional Suffocation in "Home Burial" 1007KATHERINE KEARNS, On the Symbolic Setting of "Home Burial" 1008Langston Hughes1009PHOTO: Langston Hughes 1009LANGSTON HUGHES, The Negro Speaks of Rivers 1010PHOTO: Facsimile of manuscript page, "Old Walt" 1012LANGSTON HUGHES, I, Too 1014Chronology 1015LANGSTON HUGHES, Negro 1016LANGSTON HUGHES, Danse Africaine ONLANGSTONLANGSTONLANGSTONHUGHES, Jazzonia 1017HUGHES, Dream Variations 1018HUGHES, Johannesburg Mines 1019HUGHES, The Weary Blues 1019HUGHES, Cross 1020HUGHES, Formula 1021HUGHES, Lenox Avenue: Midnight 1022HUGHES, Red Silk Stockings 1022HUGHES, Rent-Party Shout: For a Lady Dancer 1023xxxiii

xxxivContentsLANGSTON HUGHES, The English 1024LANGSTON HUGHES, Note on Commercial Theatre 1024LANGSTON HUGHES, Ballad of the Landlord 1025LANGSTON HUGHES, Midnight Raffle 1026LANGSTON HUGHES, Theme for English B 1027LANGSTON HUGHES, Juke Box Love Song 1028LANGSTON HUGHES, Dream Boogie 1029LANGSTON HUGHES, Harlem 1030LANGSTON HUGHES, Un-American Investigators 1030LANGSTON HUGHES, Old Walt 1031LANGSTON HUGHES, doorknobs 1032LANGSTON HUGHES, Dinner Guest: Me 1033LANGSTON HUGHES, Frederick Douglass: 1817-1895 1034Perspectives on Hughes 1034Hughes on Racial Shame and Pride 1034Hughes on Harlem Rent Parties 103sDONALD B. GIBSON, The Essential Optimism of Hughes and Whitman 1036JAMES A. EMANUEL, Hughes's Attitudes toward Religion 1037RICHARD K. BARKSDALE, On Censoring "Ballad of the Landlord" 1038STEVEN C. TRACY, A Reading of "The Weary Blues" 1039DAVID CHINITZ, The Romanticization of Africa in the 1920s 1040Two Complementary Critical Readings 1041COUNTEE CULLEN, On Racial Poetry 1041ONWUCHEKWA JEMIE, On Universal Poetry 104225. Critical Case Study: T. S. Eliot's "The Love Songof J. Alfred Prufrock" 1044PHOTO: T. S. Eliot 104sT. S. ELIOT, The Love Song ofj. Alfred Prufrock 104sPerspectives on Eliot 1049ELISABETH SCHNEIDER, Hints of Eliot in Prufrock 1049BARBARA EVERETT, The Problem of Tone in PrufrockiosoMICHAEL L. BAUMANN, The "Overwhelming Question" for Prufrock 1051FREDERIK L. RUSCH, Society and Character in "The Love Song ofj. AlfredPrufrock"I0S3ROBERT SWARD, A Personal Analysis of "The Love Song ofj. Alfred Prufrock"loss26. Cultural Case Study: Julia Alvarez's "Queens, 1963" 1060PHOTO: Julia Alvarez 1061Chronology 1063JULIA ALVAREZ, Queens, 1963 1063

ContentsDocuments1066MARNY REQUA, From an Interview with Julia Alvarez 1066PHOTO: An Advertisement for Tudor Row Houses 1067Queens: "The 'Fair' Borough" 1068NORMAN LEAR, "Talkin' about Prejudice" in Queens (from Meet the Bunkers,) 1069PHOTO: A Civil Rights Demonstration 107227. A Collection of Poems 1073MAYA ANGELOU, Africa 1073ANONYMOUS, Bonny Barbara Allan 1074ANONYMOUS, Lord Randal 1075ANONYMOUS, Scottsboro 1076W. H. AUDEN, The Unknown Citizen 1076MARGARET AVISON, Tennis 1077AMIRI BARAKA, SOS 1077WILLIAM BLAKE, The Garden of Love 1078WILLIAM BLAKE, Ah Sun-flower 1078ROBERT BLY, Snowfall in the Afternoon 1078ROBERT BLY, Waking from Sleep 1079ROO BORSON, Talk 1079ANNE BRADSTREET, Before the Birth of One of Her Children 1080ANNE BRADSTREET, To My Dear and Loving Husband 1080GWENDOLYN BROOKS, The Mother 1081ROBERT BROWNING, Meeting at Night 1082ROBERT BROWNING, Parting at Morning 1082GEORGE GORDON, LORD BYRON, She Walks in Beauty 1082LUCILLE CLIFTON, for deLawd 1083SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE, Kubla Khan: or, a Vision in a Dream1083 .WILLIAM COWPER, Epitaph on a Hare 108sVICTOR HERNANDEZ CRUZ, Anonymous 1086COUNTEE CULLEN, Yet Do I Marvel 1086E. E. CUMMINGS, Buffalo Bill 's 1087E. E. CUMMINGS, since feeling is first 1087MARY di MICHELE, As in the Beginning 1087GREGORY DJANIKIAN, When I First Saw Snow 1088JOHN DONNE, The Apparition . 1089JOHN DONNE, Batter My Heart 1089JOHN DONNE, Death Be Not Proud 1090JOHN DONNE, The Flea 1090DAVID DONNELL, The Canadian Prairies View of Literature 1091GEORGE ELIOT [MARY ANN EVANS], In a London Drawingroom 1092LOUISE GLUCK, The School Children 1092DONALD HALL, My Son, My Executioner 1093THOMAS HARDY, Hap 1093THOMAS HARDY, The Ruined Maid 1093

xxxviContentsJOY HARJO, Fishing 1094MICHAEL S. HARPER, Grandfather 109sANTHONY HECHT, The Dover Bitch 1096GEORGE HERBERT, The Collar 1097LINDA HOGAN, Song for My Name 1098M. CARL HOLMAN, Mr. Z 1098GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS, Pied Beauty 1099GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS, The Windhover 1100A. E. HOUSMAN, Is my team ploughing 1100A. E. HOUSMAN, To an Athlete Dying Young 1101BEN JONSON, On My First Son 1102BEN JONSON, To Celia 1102JOHN KEATS, When I have fears that I may cease to be 1103JOHN KEATS, La Belle Dame sans Merci 1103ETHERIDGE KNIGHT, A Watts Mother Mourns While Boiling Beans 1104PHILIP LARKIN, This Be the Verse 110sLI-YOUNG LEE, Eating Together nosPHILIP LEVINE, The Simple Truth nosHENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW, Snow-Flakes 1106AUDRE LORDE, Hanging Fire 1107ARCHIBALD MACLEISH, Ars Poetica 1107CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 1108HERMAN MELVILLE, The Maldive Shark 1109JOHN MILTON, On the Late Massacre in Piedmont 1109JOHN MILTON, When I consider how my light is spent 1110N. SCOTT MOMADAY, The Bear IIIOMARIANNE MOORE, PoetrynilWILFRED OWEN, Arms and The Boy 1112MARGE PIERCY, Barbie Doll 1112SYLVIA PLATH, Daddy 1113SYLVIA PLATH, Metaphors HISEDGAR ALLAN POE, AloneinsADRIENNE RICH, Living in SininsCHRISTINA GEORGINA ROSSETTI, Some Ladies Dress in Muslin Full and White 1116WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Not marble, nor the gilded monuments 1116WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, That time of year thou mayst in me behold 1117WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, When forty winters shall besiege thy brow 1117WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes 1118PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY, Ozymandias 1118SIR PHILIP SIDNEY, Loving in Truth, and Fain in Verse My Love to Show 1119GARY SOTO, Black Hair 1119WALLACE STEVENS, The Emperor of Ice-Cream 1120ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON, Ulysses 1120ROBERT WALLACE, The Double-Play 1122EDMUND WALLER, Go, Lovely Rose 1123WALT WHITMAN, One Hour to Madness and Joy 1123WALT WHITMAN, One's-Selfl Sing 1124

ContentsWALT WHITMAN, When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer 1124RICHARD WILBUR, Love Calls Us to the Things of This World 1124MILLER WILLIAMS, Thinking About Bill, Dead of AIDS 1125WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS, Spring and All 1126WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS, This Is Just to Say ' 1127WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 1127WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal 1128WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, The Solitary Reaper 1128JAMES WRIGHT, A Blessing 1129MITSUYE YAMADA, A Bedtime Story 1129WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS, Adam's Curse 1130WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop 1131WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS, Leda and the Swan 1132WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS, Sailing to Byzantium 1132WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS, The Second Coming 1133DAVID ZIEROTH, Time over Earth 1134rAN ALBUM OF WORLD LITERATUREANNA AKHMATOVA (Russia), Dedication 113sCLARIBEL ALEGRIA (El Salvador), / Am Mirror 1136KATERINA A N G H E L A K I - R O O K E (Greece), Jealousy 1138FAIZ AHMED FAIZ (Pakistan), If You Look at the City from Here 1139XU GANG (China), Red Azalea on the Cliff 1140PABLO NERUDA (Chile), Sweetness, Always 1141OCTAVIO PAZ (Mexico), The Street 1143INDIRA SANT (India), Household Fires 1144WOLE SOYINKA (Nigeria), Future Plans 114sWISLAWA SZYMBORSKA (Poland), End and Beginning 1146TOMAS TRANSTROMER (Sweden), April and Silence 1148-AN ALBUM OF CONTEMPORARY POEMSELIZABETH ALEXANDER, Harlem Birthday Party 1148CORNELIUS EADY, The Supremes 1150MARTIN ESPADA, Coca-Cola and Coco Frio 1151DEBORAH GARRISON, She Was Waiting to Be Told u 2,.DONALD HALL, Letter with No Address IIS3MARK HALLIDAY, Graded Paper 1156ROBERT HASS, A Story About the Body IIS7JUDY PAGE HEITZMAN, The Schoolroom on the Second Floor of the Knitting Mill 1158JANE HIRSHFIELD, The Lives of the Heart 1159LINDA HOGAN, Hunger 1160YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA, Facing It 1162JOAN MURRAY, Play-By-Play 1163RONALD WALLACE, Dogs 1164XXXVll

xxxviiiContentsDKAMA28. Reading Drama 1169Reading Drama Responsively 1169SUSAN GLASPELL, Trifles 1172PERSPECTIVE: SUSAN GLASPELL, From the Short Story Version of Trifles 1182Elements of Drama 1185DAVID P7ES, Sure Thing 1189Drama in Popular Forms 1196LARRY DAVID, From "The Pitch," a Seinfeld Episode 1199PERSPECTIVE: GEOFFREY O'BRIEN, On Seinfeld as Sitcom Moneymaker 120729. Writing about Drama 1210From Reading to Writing 1210Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing 1211A Sample Paper: The Feminist Evidence in Trifles 121330. A Study o f Sophocles 1217PORTRAIT: Sophocles 1217Chronology 1218Theatrical Conventions of Greek Drama 1218PHOTO: Drawing of a classical Greek theater 1220Tragedy1221SOPHOCLES, Oedipus the King (Translated by Robert Fagles) 1224SOPHOCLES, Antigone (Translated by Robert Fagles) 1267Perspectives on Sophocles 1303ARISTOTLE, On Tragic Character 1303SIGMUND FREUD, On the Oedipus Complex 130sSOPHOCLES, Another Translation of a ScenefromOedipus the King 1306MURIEL RUKEYSER, On Oedipus the King 1309JEAN ANOUILH, A ScenefromAntigone 1310MAURICE SAGOFF, A Humorous Distillation of Antigone 1312BERNARD KNOX, On Oedipus and Human Freedom 1313Two Complementary Critical Readings 1314R. G. A. BUXTON, The Major Critical Issue in Antigone 1314CYNTHIA P. GARDINER, The Function of the Chorus in Antigone 131s31. A Study of William Shakespeare 1316PORTRAIT: William Shakespeare 1316Chronology 1317

ContentsShakespeare's Theater 1318PHOTO: Drawing of the Globe Theatre 1321The Range of Shakespeare's Drama: History, Comedy,and Tragedy 1322A Note on Reading Shakespeare 1325WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, A Midsummer Night's Dream 1327WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark 1383WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, The Tempest 1483Perspectives o n Shakespeare1543Objections to the Elizabethan Theater by the Mayor of London 1S43LISA JARDINE, On Boy Actors in Female Roles IS44SAMUEL JOHNSON, On Shakespeare's Characters IS4SSIGMUND FREUD, On Repression in Hamlet 1546JAN KOTT, On Producing Hamlet 1547COPPELIA KAHN, On Cuckoldry in Hamlet 1548RUSSELL JACKSON, A Film Diary of the Shooting of Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet 7550LOUIS ADRIAN MONTROSE, On Amazonian Mythology in A M i d s u m m e r Night'sDream ISS2JAMES KINCAID, On the Value of Comedy in the Face of Tragedy ISS3Two Complementary Critical Readings1555G. WILSON KNIGHT, Prospero's Civilizing Influence isssALDEN T. VAUGHAN, Caliban as a Sociopolitical Symbol 155632. Modern Drama 1559Realism 1559Naturalism 1561Theatrical Conventions of Modern Drama 1562HENRIK IBSEN, A Doll House (Translated by Rolf Fjelde) 1564PERSPECTIVE: HENRIK IBSEN, Notes for A Doll House 1613ANTON CHEKHOV, The Proposal: A Jest in One Act (Translated byElisaveta Fen) 161sPERSPECTIVE: ANTON CHEKHOV, On What Artists Do Best 162 33. Critical Case Study: Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House 1627PHOTO: Henrik Ibsen 1627Perspectives1628A Nineteenth-Century Husband's Letter to His Wife 1628BARRY WITHAM and JOHN LUTTERBIE, A Marxist Approach to A Doll House 1630CAROL STRONGIN TUFTS, A Psychoanalytic Reading of Nora 1632JOAN TEMPLETON, Is A Doll Ho

SUSAN MINOT, Lust 290 GEORGE BOWERING, A Short Story 298 10. A Study of Three Authors: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Flannery O'Connor, and Alice Munro 306 Nathaniel Hawthorne 306 PHOTO: Nathaniel Hawthorne 307 Chronology 310 NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, Young Goodman Brown 310 NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, The Minister's Black Veil 320

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