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Manual for Streets

Manual for Streets

Published by Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, London E14 4JD. www.thomastelford.comDistributors for Thomas Telford books areUSA: ASCE Press, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4400, USAJapan: Maruzen Co. Ltd, Book Department, 3–10 Nihonbashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103Australia: DA Books and Journals, 648 Whitehorse Road, Mitcham 3132, VictoriaFirst published 2007Published for the Department for Transport under licence from the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO, 2007Copyright in the typographical arrangement and design rests with the Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO.This publication (excluding logos) may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium for non-commercial research, private study or forcirculation within an organisation. This is subject to it being reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context. The copyright of the materialmust be acknowledged and the title and publisher specified.This publication is value added material and as such is not subject to the Public Sector Information Click-Use Licence System.For any other use of this material apply for a Value Added Click-Use Licence at www.opsi.gov.uk or write to the Licensing Division,Office of Public Sector Information, St Clements House, 2–16 Colegate, Norwich NR3 1BQ. Fax: 01603 723000 or e-mail: licensing@opsi.x.gsi.gov.uk.A catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN: 978-0-7277-3501-0This book is published on the understanding that the authors are solely responsible for the statements made and opinions expressed in it and that itspublication does not necessarily imply that such statements and/or opinions are or reflect the views or opinions of the publishers. While every efforthas been made to ensure that the statements made and the opinions expressed in this publication provide a safe and accurate guide, no liabilityor responsibility can be accepted in this respect by the authors or publishers.Printed and bound in Great Britain by Maurice Payne Colourprint Limited using material containing at least 75% recycled fibre.Ordnance Survey mappingAll mapping is reproduced from Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller ofHer Majesty’s Stationery Office Crown copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings.Department for Transport 100039241, 2007.Cover image Countryside Properties. Scheme designed by MDA

ContentsForewordPreface67Section AContextandprocess1Introduction102Streets in context3The design process - from policy to implementationSection BDesignprinciples4Layout and connectivity5Quality placesSection CDetaileddesignissues6Street users’ needs7Street geometry8Parking9Traffic signs and markings14405062789811410 Street furniture and street lighting11 Materials, adoption and maintenanceIndex13812012622

AcknowledgementsProject teamManual for Streets was produced by a team led by consultantsWSP, with Llewelyn Davies Yeang (LDY), Phil Jones Associates(PJA) and TRL Limited on behalf of the Department for Transport,and Communities and Local Government.The core team comprised (all lists in alphabetical order): Annabel Bradbury (TRL) Andrew Cameron (WSP) Ben Castell (LDY) Phil Jones (PJA) Tim Pharoah (LDY), Stuart Reid (TRL) Alan Young – Project Manager, (WSP)With additional research and assistance by:Sam Carman (WSP), Tom Ewings (TRL), Una McGaughrin (LDY)Peter O’Brien (LDY), Ross Paradise (TRL), Christianne Strubbe(Hampshire County Council), Iain York (TRL)Graphic design by Llewelyn Davies Yeang (Ros Shakibi,Ting LamTang and Thanh Tung Uong, with artworkby Alexandra Steed) and overseen byEla Ginalska (Department for Transport)Steering groupThe Project Steering Group included:Bob Bennett (Planning Officers Society), Edward Chorlton(Devon County Council), Vince Christie (Local GovernmentAssociation), Wayne Duerden (Department for Transport)Louise Duggan (Commission for Architecture and the BuiltEnvironment), Ray Farrow (Home Builders’ Federation)George Hazel (Urban Design Alliance), Ed Hobson (Commission forArchitecture and the Built Environment), Gereint Killa(Department for Transport), Grahame Lawson (Disabled PersonsTransport Advisory Committee), Spencer Palmer (Department forTransport), John Smart (Institution of Highways and Transportation),Larry Townsend (Communities and Local Government),Polly Turton (Commission for Architecture and the BuiltEnvironment), David Williams (Department for Transport),Mario Wolf (Communities and Local Government),Philip Wright (Health & Safety Executive)Sounding boardFurther advice was received from an invited Sounding Boardconsisting of:Tony Aston (Guide Dogs for the Blind Association), David Balcombe(Essex County Council), Peter Barker (Guide Dogs for the BlindAssociation), Richard Button (Colchester Borough Council)Jo Cleary (Friends of the Lake District), Meredith Evans (Borough ofTelford & Wrekin Council), Tom Franklin (Living Streets),Jenny Frew (English Heritage), Stephen Hardy (Dorset CountyCouncil), Richard Hebditch (Living Streets), Ian Howes (ColchesterBorough Council), Andrew Linfoot (Halcrow), Peter Lipman(Sustrans), Ciaran McKeon (Dublin Transport Office), Elizabeth Moon,(Essex County Council), Nelia Parmaklieva (Colchester BoroughCouncil), Mark Sackett (RPS), Paul Sheard (LeicestershireCounty Council), Alex Sully (Cycling England), Carol Thomas(Guide Dogs for the Blind Association), Andy Yeomanson(Leicestershire County Council), Emily Walsh (Solihull MetropolitanBorough Council), Leon Yates (London Borough of Lewisham) Additional consultation and adviceAdditional consultation took place with the following:Mark Ainsworth (George Wimpey), John Barrell (Jacobs Consultancy),Terry Brown (GMW Architects), Hywel Butts (Welsh AssemblyGovernment), David Coatham (Institution of Lighting Engineers),Mike Darwin (Leeds City Council), Adrian Lord (Arup /Cycling England), Kevin Pearson (Avon Fire & Rescue Service),Michael Powis (Nottinghamshire Police), Gary Kemp (DisabledPersons Transport Advisory Committee), Malcolm Lister(London Borough of Hounslow)In addition to those already listed, substantial commentson drafts of the manual were received from:Duncan Barratt (West Sussex County Council), Neil Benison(Warwickshire County Council), Daniel Black (Sustrans),Rob Carmen (Medway Council), Greg Devine(Surrey County Council), John Emslie (MVA Consultancy),Heather Evans (Cyclists’ Touring Club), David Groves (CornwallCounty Council), Steve Mead (Derbyshire County Council),Christine Robinson (Essex County Council), Mick Sankus(Medway Council), Mike Schneider (North Somerset BoroughCouncil), Graham Paul Smith (Oxford Brookes University),Fiona Webb (Mid Bedfordshire District Council), Bob White(Kent County Council)Case studiesA number of case studies were investigated in the compilationif the Manual. These are listed below, along with theindividuals who provided assistance: Beaulieu Park, Chelmsford:Sarah Hill-Sanders, Chelmsford Borough CouncilChris Robinson, Essex County Council Charlton Down, Dorset:Stephen Hardy, Dorset County CouncilIan Madgwick, Dorset County Council Crown Street, Glasgow:Elaine Murray, Glasgow City CouncilMic Ralph, Glasgow City CouncilStephen Rigg, CZWG Architects Darwin Park, Lichfield:Steve Clarke, Staffordshire County CouncilIan Thompson, Lichfield District Council Hulme, Manchester:Kevin Gillham, Manchester City CouncilBrian Kerridge, Manchester City Council Limehouse Fields, Tower Hamlets:Angelina Eke, Tower Hamlets Borough CouncilJohn Hilder, Tower Hamlets Borough Council New Hall, Harlow:Alex Cochrane, Roger Evans AssociatesKeith Lawson, Essex County CouncilMriganka Saxena, Roger Evans Associates Pirelli site, Eastleigh:Dave Francis, Eastleigh Borough CouncilEric Reed, Eastleigh Borough Council Queen Elizabeth Park, Guildford:David Barton, Guildford Borough CouncilDavid Taylor, Surrey County Council Staithes South Bank, Gateshead:Alastair Andrew, Gateshead CouncilAndy Szandrowski, Gateshead CouncilManual for Streets

Status and applicationManual for Streets (MfS) supersedes DesignBulletin 32 and its companion guide Places,Streets and Movement, which are nowwithdrawn in England and Wales. It complementsPlanning Policy Statement 3: Housing andPlanning Policy Wales. MfS comprises technicalguidance and does not set out any new policy orlegal requirements.MfS focuses on lightly-trafficked residentialstreets, but many of its key principles may beapplicable to other types of street, for examplehigh streets and lightly-trafficked lanes in ruralareas. It is the responsibility of users of MfSto ensure that its application to the design ofstreets not specifically covered is appropriate.Manual for StreetsMfS does not apply to the trunk road network.The design requirements for trunk roads areset out in the Design Manual for Roads andBridges (DMRB).MfS only applies formally in England and Wales.The policy, legal and technical frameworksare generally the same in England and Wales,but where differences exist these are made clear.

ForewordStreets are the arteries of our communities –a community’s success can depend on how wellit is connected to local services and the widerworld. However, it is all too easy to forget thatstreets are not just there to get people fromA to B. In reality, streets have many otherfunctions. They form vital components ofresidential areas and greatly affect the overallquality of life for local people.Places and streets that have stood the testof time are those where traffic and otheractivities have been integrated successfully,and where buildings and spaces, and the needsof people, not just of their vehicles, shape thearea. Experience suggests that many of thestreet patterns built today will last for hundredsof years. We owe it to present and futuregenerations to create well-designed places thatwill serve the needs of the local community well.In 2003, we published detailed research1 whichdemonstrated that the combined effect of theexisting policy, legal and technical frameworkwas not helping to generate consistently goodquality streets. Without changes this frameworkwas holding back the creation of the sustainableresidential environments that communities needand deserve.As a society, we have learned to appreciatethe value of a clear and well-connected street1DfT, ODPM (July 2003)Better Streets, BetterPlaces – DeliveringSustainable ResidentialEnvironments: PPG3and Highway Adoption.London: ODPM.Gillian Merron MPTransport Minister network, well defined public and private spaces,and streets that can be used in safety by a widerange of people. We also understand the benefitsof ensuring that the different functions of streetsare integral to their design from the outset. Butwe need to do more to recognise the role thatstreets play in the life of a community, particularlythe positive opportunities that they can bringfor social interaction. To achieve this we needstrong leadership and clear vision. Importantly, weneed to tackle climate change, and helping andencouraging people to choose more sustainableways of getting around will be key.Manual for Streets explains how to respond tothese issues. Although it does not set out newpolicy or legislation, it shows how the designof residential streets can be enhanced. It alsoadvises on how street design can help createbetter places – places with local distinctivenessand identity. In addition, it establishes a commonreference point for all those involved in thedesign of residential neighbourhoods.This publication represents a strong Governmentand Welsh Assembly commitment to the creationof sustainable and inclusive public spaces. Wehope that everyone who plays a part in makingand shaping the built environment will embraceits principles to help deliver places that work forcommunities now, and in the future.Baroness Andrews OBEParliamentary UnderSecretary of StateCommunities and LocalGovernmentTamsin Dunwoody AMDeputy Minister for Enterprise,Innovation and NetworksDeputy Minister for Environment,Planning & CountrysideManual for Streets

PrefaceManual for Streets (MfS) replaces DesignBulletin 32, first published in 1977, and itscompanion guide Places, Streets and Movement.It puts well-designed residential streets at theheart of sustainable communities.the environment. MfS addresses these points,recommending revised key geometric designcriteria to allow streets to be designed as placesin their own right while still ensuring that roadsafety is maintained.For too long the focus has been on themovement function of residential streets. Theresult has often been places that are dominatedby motor vehicles to the extent that they fail tomake a positive contribution to the quality oflife. MfS demonstrates the benefits that flowfrom good design and assigns a higher priority topedestrians and cyclists, setting out an approachto residential streets that recognises their role increating places that work for all members of thecommunity. MfS refocuses on the place functionof residential streets, giving clear guidance onhow to achieve well-designed streets and spacesthat serve the community in a range of ways.MfS is clear that uncoordinated decision-makingcan result in disconnected, bland places thatfail to make a contribution to the creationof thriving communities. It recommends thatdevelopment teams are established to negotiateissues in the round and retain a focus on thecreation of locally distinct, high-quality places.Where high levels of change are anticipated,designers and other stakeholders are encouragedto work together strategically from an earlystage. MfS also recommends the use of toolssuch as masterplans and design codes.MfS updates the link between planning policyand residential street design. It challenges someestablished working practices and standards thatare failing to produce good-quality outcomes,and asks professionals to think differently abouttheir role in creating successful neighbourhoods.It places particular emphasis on the importanceof collaborative working and coordinateddecision-making, as well as on the value ofstrong leadership and a clear vision of designquality at the local level.Research carried out in the preparation ofManual for Streets indicated that many of thecriteria routinely applied in street design arebased on questionable or outdated practice.For example, it showed that, when long forwardvisibility is provided and generous carriagewaywidth is specified, driving speeds tend toincrease. This demonstrates that driver behaviouris not fixed; rather, it can be influenced byManual for StreetsNeighbourhoods where buildings, streets andspaces combine to create locally distinct placesand which make a positive contribution to thelife of local communities need to become morewidespread. MfS provides a clear frameworkfor the use of local systems and procedures;it also identifies the tools available to ensurethat growth and change are planned for andmanaged in an integrated way. The aspirationsof MfS – interdisciplinary working, strategiccoordination and balanced decision making –will only become a reality if they are developedand applied at a local level. This is alreadyhappening in some places, and the results arepromising – this document aims to make theadoption of such practice the norm.MfS does not set out new policy or introducenew additional burdens on local authorities,highway authorities or developers. Ratherit presents guidance on how to do thingsdifferently within the existing policy, technicaland legal framework.

AContext and process

Countryside Properties1Introduction

Chapter aims Set out the aims of Manual for Streets. Promote greater collaboration betweenall those involved in the design, approvaland adoption processes. Summarise key changes from previousguidance.1.1Aims of the document1.1.1There is a need to bring about atransformation in the quality of streets. Thisrequires a fundamental culture change in theway streets are designed and adopted, includinga more collaborative approach between the designprofessions and other stakeholders. People needto think creatively about their various roles inthe process of delivering streets, breaking awayfrom standardised, prescriptive, risk-aversemethods to create high-quality places.1Office of the DeputyPrime Minister (ODPM)(2005) Planning PolicyStatement 1: DeliveringSustainable Development.London: The StationeryOffice (TSO).2 Communities and LocalGovernment (2006)Planning Policy Statement3: Housing. London: TSO.3 Welsh AssemblyGovernment (2002).Planning Policy Wales.Cardiff: National Assemblyfor Wales (NAfW).Chapter 2, Planning forSustainability.4 Commission forArchitecture and the BuiltEnvironment (CABE)(2006) The Principles ofInclusive Design (TheyInclude You). London:CABE. (Wales: Seealso Welsh AssemblyGovernment (2002).Technical Advice Note 12:Design. Cardiff: NAfW.Chapter 5, Design Issues.)1.1.2Streets make up the greater part of thepublic realm. Better-designed streets thereforecontribute significantly to the quality of the builtenvironment and play a key role in the creationof sustainable, inclusive, mixed communitiesconsistent with the policy objectives of PlanningPolicy Statement 1: Delivering SustainableDevelopment (PPS1)1, Planning Policy Statement3: Housing (PPS3)2 and Planning Policy Wales(PPW).31.1.3Manual for Streets (MfS) is expectedto be used predominantly for the design,construction, adoption and maintenance of newresidential streets, but it is also applicable toexisting residential streets subject to re-design.For new streets, MfS advocates a return to moretraditional patterns which are easier to assimilateinto existing built-up areas and which have beenproven to stand the test of time in many ways.1.1.4Streets should not be designed just toaccommodate the movement of motor vehicles.It is important that designers place a high priorityManual for StreetsCountryside Properties Explain the status of Manual for Streetsand its relationship with local designstandards and the Design Manual forRoads and Bridges.Figure 1.1 Streets should be attractive places thatmeet the needs of all users.on meeting the needs of pedestrians, cyclists andpublic transport users, so that growth in thesemodes of travel is encouraged (Fig. 1.1).1.1.5MfS aims to assist in the creation ofstreets that: help to build and strengthen thecommunities they serve; meet the needs of all users, by embodyingthe principles of inclusive design (see box); form part of a well-connected network; are attractive and have their owndistinctive identity; are cost-effective to construct andmaintain; and are safe.The principles of inclusive designInclusive design:4 places people at the heart of the design process; acknowledges diversity and difference; offers choice where a single solution cannotaccommodate all users; provides for flexibility in use; and provides buildings and environments that areconvenient and enjoyable to use for everyone.MfS discourages the building of1.1.6streets that are: primarily designed to meet the needs ofmotor traffic; bland and unattractive; unsafe and unwelcoming to pedestriansand cyclists; difficult to serve by public transport; and poorly designed and constructed (Fig. 1.2).11

1.2Andrew Cameron, WSP1.1.7For the purposes of this document, astreet is defined as a highway that has importantpublic realm functions beyond the movement oftraffic. Most critically, streets should have a senseof place, which is mainly realised through localdistinctiveness and sensitivity in design. They alsoprovide direct access to the buildings and thespaces that line them. Most highways in built-upareas can therefore be considered as streets.Who the manual is for1.2.1MfS is directed to all those with apart to play in the planning, design,

The design requirements for trunk roads are set out in the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB). MfS only applies formally in England and Wales. The policy, legal and technical frameworks are generally the same in England and Wales, but where differences exist these are made clear. Manual for Streets

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