In The United Kingdom
Civil society monitoring reporton implementationof the national Roma integration strategyin the United KingdomAssessing progressin key policy areasof the strategyPrepared by:National Federation of Gypsy Liaison GroupsFriends Families and TravellersRoma Community CareRoma Support GroupNovember 2018Justiceand Consumers
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONDirectorate-General for Justice and ConsumersDirectorate D — Equality and Union CitizenshipUnit D1 Non Discrimination and Roma CoordinationEuropean CommissionB-1049 Brussels
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONCivil society monitoring reporton implementationof the national Roma integration strategyin the United KingdomAssessing progress in key policy areas of the strategyDirectorate-General for Justice and Consumers2019
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The report has been prepared by the National Federation of Gypsy Liaison Groups, FriendsFamilies and Travellers, Roma Community Care and Roma Support Group.Lead organisations for the individual chapters are as follows: Employment: Roma Community Care, Housing and Essential Public Services: National Federation of Gypsy Liaison Groupsand Roma Support Group, Impact of Health Care Policies on Roma: Friends, Families and Travellers, Education: Roma Support Group and Friends, Families and Travellers.The report has been prepared as part of the Roma Civil Monitor pilot project, ‘Capacitybuilding for Roma civil society and strengthening its involvement in the monitoring ofNational Roma Integration Strategies’. The pilot project is carried out for the EuropeanCommission, DG Justice and Consumers. It is coordinated by the Center for Policy Studiesof the Central European University (CEU CPS), in partnership with the European RomaGrassroots Organisations Network (ERGO Network), the European Roma Rights Centre(ERRC), the Fundación Secretariado Gitano (FSG) and the Roma Education Fund (REF) andimplemented with around 90 NGOs and experts from up to 27 member states.Although the Roma Civil Monitor pilot project, as part of which the report was prepared, iscoordinated by CEU, the report represents the findings of the author and it does notnecessarily reflect the views of CEU. CEU cannot be held responsible for any use whichmay be made of the information contained therein.3
CONTENTSLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . 6EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 7INTRODUCTION . 11EMPLOYMENT . 13Improving access to labour market and effectiveness of employment services. 13Fight against discrimination in employment and antigypsyism at workplace . 14Addressing barriers and disincentives of employment . 16HOUSING AND ESSENTIAL PUBLIC SERVICES. 18Roma 18Addressing Roma’s needs in spatial planning and access to basic amenities . 19Improving Romas’ access to secure and affordable housing . 22Effectiveness of housing benefits and social assistance to access and maintain housing. 22Fight against discrimination, residential segregation and other forms of antigypsyismin housing . 24Improving housing conditions and regeneration of deprived neighbourhoods . 25Gypsy and Traveller community . 28Addressing Gypsies’ and Travellers’ needs in spatial planning and access to basicamenities . 29Improving Gypsies’ and Travellers’ access to secure and affordable housing . 30Effectiveness of housing benefits and social assistance to maintain housing . 32Fight against residential segregation, discrimination and other forms of antigypsyismin housing . 33Improving housing conditions and regeneration of deprived neighbourhoods . 34IMPACT OF HEALTH CARE POLICIES ON ROMA . 35Ensuring equal access to public health care services . 36Fight against discrimination and antigypsyism in health care. 42EDUCATION . 46Improving access to quality preschool education and care . 46Improving quality of education until the end of compulsory schooling . 47Support of secondary and higher education particularly for professions with high labourmarket demand . 54Fight against discrimination, segregation and other forms of antigypsyism in education. 58RECOMMENDATIONS . 61ANNEX 1: SURVEY . 64ANNEX 2: NEGOTIATED STOPPING AGREEMENT EXAMPLE . 65ANNEX 3: PUPIL EXCLUSIONS – FIXED TERM AND PERMANENT . 68BIBLIOGRAPHY . 695
LIST OF HSENBlack and Minority EthnicClinical Commissioning GroupDepartment for Communities and Local GovernmentDepartment for EducationDepartment for Work and PensionsEuropean Economic AreaEducation, Health and Care PlanElective Home EducationFriends, Families and TravellersGypsy, Roma and TravellerGeneral Certificate of Secondary EducationHer Majesty’s Revenue and CustomsHousing in multiple occupationJoint Strategic Needs AssessmentsMinistry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (formerly DCLG)Measles, Mumps and RubellaNational Association of Teachers of TravellersNational Federation of Gypsy Liaison GroupsNot for ProfitNon-governmental organisationNational Health ServicePrime Minister’s QuestionsPrivate Rented SectorRoma Community CareRoma Support GroupRoyal Society of Public HealthSpecial Educational Needs6
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYWhilst there has been some improvement in terms of acknowledgement by wider societythat Gypsies, Travellers and Roma (GRT) are amongst the most excluded anddiscriminated against groups in United Kingdom society today, the UK Government hastaken no substantive steps to address those inequalities. Indeed, we believe that thesituation of these communities has worsened across the four key policy areas(employment, housing, healthcare and education) rather than improved in recent years.A key factor behind this is the UK Government’s continued refusal to develop a NationalRoma Integration Strategy (NRIS). There is no overarching national strategy to promoteRoma integration in the UK – the only clear “Roma” integration strategy to date has comefrom the Welsh government. Reliance elsewhere in the UK on existing mainstream lawsand policies has demonstrably failed adequately to address the inequalities faced byGypsies, Travellers and Roma in the United Kingdom.EmploymentMigrant Roma are overwhelmingly working in employment that is low paid, zero hourscontracts, agency based often in factory-based environments. The consequences for largenumbers of the Roma community are inconsistent working hours and therefore income;insecure contracts lead to vulnerability to abuse (work through NGOs has found Roma inthese working environments can work extra unpaid hours, are too scared to makecomplaints and even cases of sexual harassment); Roma might be a desirable workforceat busy times but in lulls they are also the first to be dropped off. Furthermore, Roma mayoften find themselves working in the “grey” economy where they continue to bevulnerable, even invisible workers where it is difficult to assert employment rights. Due tosocio-political and historic factors Roma can even be susceptible to modern day slaverywhereby individuals are bought to the UK, applications for benefits are made in their namesand they go to work but their income is paid to the individual(s) that brought them to theUK.At the time of the last Population Census (2011) Gypsies and Irish Travellers were theethnic groups with the lowest employment rates and highest levels of economic inactivity.Of those who were economically active, Gypsies and Irish Travellers were more likely tobe self-employed than were members of other ethnic groups. Government legislation has,however, made it more difficult for community members to follow “traditional” trades.Housing and essential public servicesWith regard to housing there are important differences between Gypsy and Travellerpeople, many of whom wish to remain in caravans and the Roma community who, asmigrants, come within a differing policy and many of whom are resident in substandardhousing. Consequently, we have covered the two communities in two distinct sections inthe Chapter of this report.RomaRoma settlement in the UK is mainly concentrated in the worst/lowest quality privaterented sector (PRS) housing stock. The most critical issues relating to housing conditionsaffecting Roma are austerity and regulation.In terms of housing provision, government policy has been to reduce spending andinvestment in social housing; to reduce planning and related restrictions on privatehousing developments; and to allow/encourage the growth of a private rented sector, withfew legislative controls. There has been a consequential crisis of affordability for housing,and a tightening of eligibility for social housing, including local authority or “council”housing. This has had a particular impact on recently arrived and migrant households when7
CIVIL SOCIETYin the UKMONITORING REPORT ON IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONALROMAINTEGRATION STRATEGYseeking affordable accommodation. There are no funding streams in England to supportneighbourhood renewal programmes – whether community or housing-focused. InScotland however, an acquisition and improvement programme are supported by thenational and local governments.There is very little regulation of the private rented sector in England although, in Scotlandthe regulation of PRS housing stock is more fundamental, and in both Wales and NorthernIreland, all landlords are required to register with local councils.Gypsy and Traveller communityThe lack of sufficient provision of both permanent and temporary sites (whether transitsites, “tolerated” or Negotiated Stopping) is an on-going problem. A response to a recentparliamentary question stated that: “We [the UK Government] have not approved any newTraveller pitches since April 2016”.Families who do not have a site and are at the side of the road find themselves withoutbasic facilities i.e. water, sewerage and electricity although some NGOs in the country canwork between the local authority and the families to try and put basic amenities in placesuch as portable toilets and access to a water pipe.Concerns for “culturally appropriate accommodation” (term used in UK for living incaravans) have given rise to challenges concerning the rehousing of Gypsy and Travellerpeople in brick and mortar accommodation. A research suggests that approximately twothirds of the Gypsy and Traveller population are now living in housing; but for thosefamilies still on the road or on sites it is important to recognise that many have never livedin houses and have a cultural aversion to bricks and mortar.Families who wish to remain nomadic are finding themselves with a reducing land pool asmany councils are resorting to injunctions on vast swathes of land to prevent families from“pulling up”.Planning policy for Gypsy and Traveller sites has seen some recent changes. Each localborough or district should identify a five-year supply of land for site provision, but inreality, there are few authorities who are doingHousing benefit on Traveller sites is problematic and there are differences between localauthority sites and private sites. Recent changes to UK housing benefit have also affectedthe security of some families. It has been reported to NGOs that families on private siteshave moved off due to difficulties in covering the shortfall for rent and council tax.Many of the sites created under the 1968 Caravan Sites Act were on unsuitable land suchas land fill, close to railway lines or on contaminated land. Some local authorities aremaking efforts to rectify the situation and upgrade sites, but poor site conditions remaina problemImpact of health care policies on RomaGypsy, Roma and Traveller communities are known to face some of the most severe healthinequalities and poor life outcomes amongst the United Kingdom population. Data fromthe 2011 Census1 found that in England and Wales, Gypsies and Irish Travellers had thelowest proportion of people rating their general health as ‘good’ or 'very good' at 70 percent compared to 81 per cent overall. Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities are thought1Office for National Statistics. 2011 Census analysis: What does the 2011 Census tell us about theCharacteristics of Gypsy or Irish Travellers in England and Wales? Characteristics of Gypsy or Irish Travellersincluding details of age, household, accommodation and employment. Available 8
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYto live between five and 25 years less than the wider UK population and experience aroundsix less Quality Adjusted Life Years, that is, years lived in good health. They aresignificantly more likely to have a long-term illness, health problem or disability, whichlimits daily activities or work; experience higher levels of anxiety and depression;experience higher overall prevalence of reported chest pain, higher levels of respiratoryproblems, are more likely to have arthritis and more likely to experience miscarriage andthe premature death of offspring.Between 2005 and 2012, Roma Support Group found that 60 per cent of their Romabeneficiaries had poor physical health including cancer, diabetes, epilepsy, hepatitis B,cardiovascular and respiratory alignments and multiple sclerosis. Further to this, 43 percent were suffering from mental health problems including depression, personalitydisorders, learning disabilities, suicidal tendencies, self-abuse, dependency/misuse ofdrugs.2The reasons behind the poor health of Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities aremultiple and complex. Chronic exclusion and inequalities across the wider socialdeterminants of health are key factors putting Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities atrisk of poor health. However, failure on the part of the health and social care system tomake a proportionate response to address these risk factors mean that little progress hasbeen made in improving the health of Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities in recentyears. Further to this, many mainstream health policies fail to take into consideration theexperiences and lifestyles of Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities in the UK, so fail toaddress the health inequalities of these groups.The health inequalities facing Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities fail to be addressedat both a national and local level because there is no real commitment made to change,no leadership appointed to elicit change and no accountability if change does not happen.For example, in January 2019, NHS England published a Long-Term Plan which sets outthe strategy for the NHS over the next ten years. Whilst the plan contains specificcommitments to many of the groups recognised as experiencing inequalities in England,there is not one mention of Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities in the plan nor anycommitment specific to Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities in the plan. In theabsence of any real leadership or accountability within the health and social care system,little or no progress will continue to be madeEducationEducation is a devolved matter in the UK. The changes in the English educational systemafter two decades of continual “reform” have posed real difficulties for many students andtheir families, especially for the poor and marginalised. The introduction of a quasi-marketinto education via performance league tables of schools and greater alleged autonomy forschools is the most significant. Since 2011, the government’s austerity programme, whilstostensibly protecting school budgets, has become increasingly seen as the reason for arange of educational reductions. The consequences of these two factors has led to a crisisin educational performance/development of children from deprived backgrounds and/orcommunities, and a crisis in teachers’ retention, with the growing numbers of peopleleaving teaching early (for retirement or for other jobs).The main issues facing Roma children in English schools are: Insufficient training of staff and employment of Roma staff at all grades in earlyyears settings to respond to the particular cultural and developmental needs ofyoung Roma children and their families2Smolinska – Poffley, G. (2017), “Health Inequalities for Roma communities in the United Kingdom”.Health and Social Care Briefing: Gypsy, Roma and Traveller Equality and Inclusion. House of Lords, 4 October2017.9
CIVIL SOCIETYin the UK MONITORING REPORT ON IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONALROMAINTEGRATION STRATEGYInsufficient school places available for children in the neighbourhoods (poor,working class, private rented, transitional) where Roma have settled in England –leading to newly settled families having children in schools some distance away(and in different schools too)Some evidence of separate provision for Roma students, especially for thosechildren recently arrived and with little English – in contravention to formalgovernment agency advice and guidanceSome evidence of declining attendance in the last two years of secondary schooling(14-16)Some evidence of off-rolling of Roma students in secondary schoolsExtensive evidence of a greater use of exclusion (both t
Impact of health care policies on Roma Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities are known to face some of the most severe health inequalities and poor life outcomes amongst the United Kingdom population. Data from the 2011 Census1 found that in England and Wales, Gypsies and Irish Travellers had the
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