THERMAL INSULATION HANDBOOK - AAAMSA
THERMALINSULATIONHANDBOOKApril 2001THE THERMAL INSULATION ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHERN AFRICAAdministered byASSOCIATION OF ARCHITECTURAL ALUMINIUM MANUFACTURERS OF SOUTH AFRICAIncorporating the Architectural Glass IndustryP O Box 15852 Lyttelton 0140
ASSOCIATION OF ARCHITECTURAL ALUMINIUM MANUFACTURERS OF SOUTH AFRICAIncorporating the Architectural Glass IndustryP O Box 15852LYTTELTON0140The AAAMSA Studio261 Retief AvenueLYTTELTON MANOR0157(012) 664-5570/86Fax:(012) 664-5659E-mail: tiasa@aaamsa.comWeb-site: www.tiasa.org.zaINTRODUCTIONThe Thermal Insulation Association of Southern Africa (TIASA), currently under the aegis of AAAMSA,promotes that part of the industry that specializes in the insulation of ceilings, walls, floors, piping and vesselswith cold and hot insulation.Membership constitutes manufacturers and suppliers of insulation materials, consultants for thermal insulationas well as contractors who sell and install insulation materials.This specification refers to the measuring of completed insulation installations for industrial applications andwill enable Architects, Engineers, Quantity Surveyors, Developers and other Specifiers to quantify theirinsulation requirements.Having the installation done by contractors who are members of TIASA will ensure that the installation meetswith the specified performance standards.This handbook only addresses hot and cold insulation. TIASA is presently preparing information regardingambient (building) insulation and the acoustical properties of insulation materials for inclusion in future editionsof this handbook.Readers are encouraged to submit their comments to the TIASA, which will be considered for inclusion infuture editions.We acknowledge the valuable input received from TIMSA (Thermal Insulation Manufacturers & SuppliersAssociation) whose information has been included in the Product Selection Guide – Hot Insulation Page 8-12and Cold Insulation – Pages 19-27.All information, recommendation or advise contained in these AAAMSA General Specifications and Selection Guides is given in good faith,to the best of AAAMSA’s knowledge and based on current procedures in effect.Because actual use of AAAMSA General Specifications and Selection Guides by the user is beyond the control of AAAMSA, such use iswithin the exclusive responsibility of the user. AAAMSA cannot be held responsible for any loss incurred through incorrect or faulty use ofits General Specifications and Selection Guides.Great care has been taken to ensure that the information provided is correct. No responsibility will be accepted by AAAMSA for any errorsand/or omissions which may have inadvertently occurred.This Guide may be reproduced in whole or in part in any form or by any means provided the reproduction or transmission acknowledges theorigin and copyright date.Copyright AAAMSA 2001
INTRODUCING TIASASouth Africa ratified the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change in August 1997 and isobliged to develop and submit a National Communication that contains an inventory of greenhouse gasemissions for a base year (1990) and a strategy to address climate change.Globally at the centre of this activity are the window, glass and insulation industries and we take thisopportunity to advise our readers that AAAMSA has been appointed to administer “TIASA – The ThermalInsulation Association of Southern Africa”.Energy consumption in South Africa measured against output (GDP) is very high compared to its globalcompetitors and conversely the use of insulation is very low. This is due to the misconception that insulation inthe region is not essential and regarded as a luxury item and also because of the relatively inexpensive cost ofelectricity. Cheap fuel has not been used to Southern Africa’s advantage in the production of lower cost goods,to the contrary it has been abused and used excessively diminishing the long-term resources and contributing toenvironmental pollution. Apart from these issues, peak demand for electricity during the winter months farexceeds the capacity which Eskom can cost effectively supply and the vast majority of affordable homescurrently being built are not energy efficient, further escalating the problem of energy abuse into the future.THESE ISSUES LED TO THE FORMATION OF TIASAThe initiative of the Residential Demand Side Management (RDSM) Department of Eskom and a broadspectrum of concerned parties from government, NGOs and industry resulted in the establishment of TIASA.TIASA embraces the entire thermal insulation marketplace, including manufacturers, distributors, contractors,specifiers, consultants, designers, architects, energy service companies, government, utilities and end users.The mission of TIASA is to improve the environment, and the social and economic well-being of SouthernAfricans through the greater use, and better application of, thermal insulation.Insulation has proved to be effective and beneficial in the following: Reducing energy costsSafety of personnel working in “hot” applicationsHome comfort controlTemperature control in processing equipmentAssisting in the reduction of environmental pollutionIncreasing the manufacturing competitiveness of companiesReducing the consumption of natural resourcesReducing noise pollutionIncreasing the productivity of workers in factories, commercial buildings etc.Southern Africa can no longer afford to disregard these benefits and ignore the advantages of a carefully andclearly defined policy on thermal insulation application.TIASA PROMOTES THE BENEFITS OF INSULATIONAlthough providing a service to all industries, TIASA will initially focus the development of its products andservices for the building and construction industry with specific attention being paid to sustainable energyefficient affordable homes by: Promoting greater understanding and co-operation among all segments of the insulation industry.Capacity building through education and training on the correct selection and installation of energy-savingthermal insulation.Developing a database of all products, suppliers, contractors, and interested parties in thermal insulationand appropriate dissemination of information.Participating in technical, legislative and regulative committees on insulation.Developing international relationships.Enlisting the resources and support of government agencies, utilities, academic and professional societies.
INDEXPAGE1.INTRODUCTION OF INSULATION12.OVERVIEW OF INSULATION SYSTEMS22.12.22.32.42.52.62.72.83. General NotesSelection of Hot Insulation materialsHot Insulation materials & Product SelectionRecommended thickness, Hot InsulationApplication of Hot InsulationCOLD INSULATION4.14.24.34.44.54.65.Pre-Insulation ApplicationDesigning an Insulation SystemsDesign CalculationsSupport SystemsMain Insulation TypesGeneral Notes of Insulation typesVapour BarriersProtection of InsulationHOT INSULATION3.13.23.33.43.54. General NotesVacuum Insulated PanelsVacuum Insulation for cryogenic piping and vesselsSelection of Cold Insulation materialsProduct Selection Guide – Cold InsulationApplication of Cold Materials233445567777 to 121315161617181819 to 2728ANNEXES5.15.25.35.45.5List of References and StandardsHeat Loss/Gain CalculationsSystem of MeasurementConversion FactorsGlossary of termsAnnex 1 – Page 1 & 2Annex 2 – Page 1 & 6Annex 3 – Page 1 to 5Annex 4 – Page 1 & 2Annex 5 – Page 1 to 11
Page 11.INTRODUCTION TO INSULATIONEnergy Conservation is “buzz” words of our times. There are many forms of energy conservation andthis handbook is only concerned with the methods of conserving energy by means of thermalinsulation.To change the temperature of an object, energy is required in the form of heat generation to increasetemperature, or heat extraction to reduce temperature. Once the heat generation or heat extraction isterminated a reverse flow of heat occurs to revert the temperature back to ambient. To maintain a giventemperature considerable continuous energy is required. Insulation will reduce this energy loss.Heat may be transferred in three mechanisms: conduction, convection and radiation. Thermalconduction is the molecular transport of heat under the effect of a temperature gradient. Convectionmechanism of heat occurs in liquids and gases, whereby flow processes transfer heat. Free convectionis flow caused by differences in density as a result of temperature differences. Forced convection isflow caused by external influences (wind, ventilators, etc.). Thermal radiation mechanism occurs whenthermal energy is emitted similar to light radiation.Heat transfers through insulation material occur by means of conduction, while heat loss to or heat gainfrom atmosphere occurs by means of convection and radiation.Heat passes through solid materials by means of conduction and the rate at which this occurs dependson the thermal conductivity (expressed in W/mK) of the material in question and the temperature drive.In general the greater the density of a material, the greater the thermal conductivity, for example,metals has a high density and a high thermal conductivity.Materials, which have a low thermal conductivity, are those, which have a high proportion of smallvoids containing air or gas. These voids are not big enough to transmit heat by convection or radiation,and therefore reduce the flow of heat.Thermal insulation materials fall into the latter category. Thermal insulation materials may be naturalsubstances or man-made.If the density of insulation is low, the air or gas voids are comparatively large and this makes for thebest insulation for low to medium temperatures where compression and/or vibration is not a factor.However, where higher temperatures are encountered, the air or gas voids need to be reduced in size tominimize the convection within the voids and this is achieved by increasing the density of theinsulation. Density may be increased to a point where the solids content of the insulation is such thatthe heat bridge of the solids overcomes the insulating effect of the voids. It follows therefore, that byencasing a container of heat with thermal insulation material the reverse heat flow will be retarded withresultant reducing energy loss and cost.The word “retarded” is important because no matter how much insulation is applied, the reverse flow ofheat to ambient can never be stopped. The primary reasons for insulation are many and varied, themain ones being: To conserve energyTo reduce heat loss or gainTo maintain a temperature conditionTo maintain the effective operation of equipment or chemical reactionTo assist in maintaining a product at a constant temperatureTo prevent condensationTo create a comfortable environmental conditionTo protect personnelThe type and thickness of insulation depend on the foregoing primary reasons together with theparameters of the specific conditions.Economic thickness is the thickness of insulation, which will result in minimum total cost of energylosses plus the cost of the erected insulation. The calculation of economic thickness is complex and insome cases is overruled by the other listed primary reasons, which can make the calculationunnecessary.The exception is when retro fitting of insulation is envisaged. Retro fitting is the application ofadditional insulation to existing insulation to further reduce heat loss or gain in order to reduce the costof energy losses.
Page 2The economic thickness calculation has to be prepared by the user and is not usually the function of theinsulation contractor. It includes salient factors such as: Cost of the energy losses, which include capital cost of installed equipment to generate/extractheatExpected price movement in the cost of fuelCapital cost of installed insulationPayback period that the user requires for capital investmentsVarious other accounting factors
CHAPTER 2:OVERVIEW OF INSULATION SYSTEMSIn order to describe all the complexities of thermal insulation a large volume would be required.Consequently, this handbook has been produced as a reference for common practice in South Africa. Ifmore detail is required, it is suggested that BS 5970 “Code of practice for thermal insulation of pipework and equipment in the temperature range - 100 C to 870 C” be consulted.If there is a temperature differential between the process and ambient conditions, heat will flow fromthe higher to the lower temperature.Throughout the handbook the following shall apply: Where the insulation is used to prevent heat loss from the process the term hot insulation will beused.Where the insulation is used to prevent heat gain to the process the term cold insulation will beused.Where the insulation is used to prevent heat loss and heat gain in buildings the term AmbientInsulation will be used. The Ambient Insulation section is currently under preparation and will bepublished at a later date.In addition to the basic insulation material, a system may need: Supports for the insulationFastenings for the insulationA vapour seal in case of cold insulationMechanical or weather protection of the insulation, for example, metal claddingSupports for the protectionFastenings for the protectionFinishing, for example, paint coatings, decorative finishes or identification bandsHeat tracing with or without heat transfer cementIn this handbook unit designations are (according to the SI system): 2.1Densitykg/m3ThicknessmmTemperature CDifferential temperatureKThermal conductivity W/mKPRE-INSULATION APPLICATION2.1.1Before insulation is applied; all surfaces to be insulated shall be thoroughly cleanedto remove dirt, oil, moisture, loose rust or any other foreign matter.2.1.2PRESSURE AND LEAK TESTINGIt is recommended that pressure and leak testing be carried out and any repairseffected prior to application of insulation. In many cases this is a statutoryrequirement.2.1.3HEAT TRANSFER CEMENT AND HEAT TRACINGIf a temperature is to be maintained by means of external heat sources such as heattracers, heat transfer cement may have to be applied to improve the heat transfer fromthe tracer in severe cases. The manufacturer’s recommendations should be consulted.2.1.4CORROSION PROTECTIONWhere the operating temperature is less than 130 C and the equipment or pipe workis other than austenitic alloy, the surfaces should be coated with a suitable paint. Ithas been found that below this temperature corrosion conditions can occur.Most thermal insulations will not, of themselves, cause stress corrosion cracking asmay be shown by tests. When exposed to elevated temperature (boiling point range80 C and 200 C), environments containing chlorides, moisture and oxygen, however,insulation systems may act as collecting media, transmigrating and concentratingchlorides on heating stainless steel surfaces. If moisture is not present, the chloridesalt cannot migrate, and stress corrosion cracking because of chloride contaminatedinsulation cannot take place – ASTM C692-97.
Page 3If insulation is to be applied over certain austenitic alloy steel where the operatingtemperature is between 80 C and 200 C, it is recommended to apply a stresscorrosion barrier before the application of the insulation so as to prevent stresscorrosion. At 500 C and above none of the stress corrosion barrier materials canwithstand the temperatures and therefore should not be used.It should be noted that during startup and shutdown, operating temperatures mightoccur within this temperature band and under such circumstances stress corrosioncould occur.The barrier may be aluminium foil not less than 0,06mm thick or a speciallyformulated paint may be applied. The recommendations of the manufacturer shouldbe followed particularly in respect of limiting temperature of the dried film.2.1.5PRE-INSTALLATION SUPPORTSInsulation supports shall be installed prior to the application of the insulation.2.2DESIGNING INSULATION SYSTEMSFactors, which influence the design of an insulation system, are:2.2.1LOCATION OF PLANT 2.2.2TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS 2.2.3IndoorsOutdoors protected from the weatherOutdoors exposed to the weatherShape, size and elevations all need to be taken into considerationThe normal operating temperaturesThe extreme temperature if other than normal operating temperatureAny fluctuating temperatureDuration of extreme or fluctuating temperaturesSURROUNDING ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS 2.2.4Ambient temperatureRelative humidity to establish dew point for cold insulationFlammable conditionsPotentially corrosive atmosphereAcidic conditions in atmosphereAir flow over insulated surface (wind velocity)SPECIAL OR SERVICE CONDITIONS REQUIREMENTS Resistance to compression, for example, foot trafficResistance to fireResistance to vibrationResistance to mechanical damageResistance to corrosive fluids or gasesAnticipated wide fluctuations of temperature, for example, steam outResistance of insulation protection to ingress of oils and flammable liquidsApplication of insulation over special alloysResistance to moisture and other weather conditionsResistance to Vermin
Page 42.3DESIGN CALCULATIONSThe design of an insulation system is governed by the insulated operating values, which theplant requires after insulation.The values may be: EmissiveThermal conditions – Heat loss/Heat gainProcess temperature drop or riseCondensation preventionPersonnel protection temperatureOptimal economic conditions (See page 1)Thermal conductivity of insulation materialAmbient temperatureWind velocityCalculations are by the formulae as set in Section 5.2, which are to British Standard BS 5422.Other international standards may be used. The calculated values are theoretical and shouldbe adjusted for practical, design and atmospheric considerations.2.4SUPPORT SYSTEMSSupport systems may be required for insulation, cladding or composite for both. The cost offabrication and attachment of supports to the equipment forms a significant part of theinsulation cost and therefore the method of attachment must be well defined prior to the issueof any insulation inquiry.It is recommended that where post-manufacture welding is not permitted, the equipmentmanufacturer undertake the fitting of supports.2.4.1CYLINDRICAL VESSELSWhere post-welding is not permitted and the manufacturer has not included supportsthe contractor must fit support rings using a non-welding method.The criteria for this method are: 2.4.2Suitable pitchThe total weight of the system to be supportedThermal expansion or contraction of the equipmentFLAT SURFACESSupport systems on flat surfaces should take into account: 2.4.3The disposition of the surface, i.e., underside, vertical, horizontal or inclinedThe total system mass to be supportedThermal expansion or contraction of the equipment.HEAT BRIDGESWhere metal cladding comes in contact with support steel, hot spots for hotinsulation and condensation for cold insulation will occur. It is thereforerecommended to insulate between the contact points.2.5MAIN INSULATION TYPES Boards or batts - A rigid binder bound fibrous insulation for use on flat or largecylindrical surfacesFelt - A semi-flexible binder bound fibrous insulation for use on all surfaces wherevibration is of a low order for example BoilersLoose - Loose or granulated insulation with a low binder content for filling voids
Page 5 2.6Mattress - A flexible low binder fibrous insulation for use on all surfaces. A wiremesh fixed to one or both sides by through stitching maintains the mattress shape.Because of the low binder content the material is able to withstand highertemperature without binder breakdown.Pipe section - Insulation preformed to fit in two halves round cylindrical surfaces ofvarious diameters.Pipe section covered - As for pipe section except that the outer surface is fitted with acover by the manufacturer, for example, canvas or foilSegments - Cylindrical insulation for fitting round large cylindrical surfaces
Thermal insulation materials fall into the latter category. Thermal insulation materials may be natural substances or man-made. If the density of insulation is low, the air or gas voids are comparatively large and this makes for the best insulation for low to medium temperatures where compression and/or vibration is not a factor.
Mechanical Insulation Pipe, Tank and Equipment Insulation Micro-Flex Large Diameter Pipe & Tank Insulation Micro-Lok HP Pipe Insulation Micro-Lok Pipe Insulation Spin-Glas 800 Series Duct & Equipment Insulation Spin-Glas 1000 Series High Temperature Equipment Insulation Insulation for Rectangular Steel Ducts Linacoustic RC Duct Liner
Industrial Insulation Phase 2 1 Insulation - Terms, Definitions & Formula Revision 2.0, August 2014 Introduction Thermal resistance, thermal conductivity and thermal transmitting are some of the terms used in the insulation industry. They are a measurement of different factors which make up an insulating product. When choosing and insulation
Insulation Thickness, Thermal Conductivity & Performance Criteria Revision 2.0, August 2014 3.0 Calculation of Material Thickness to Achieve Heat Loss Values 3.1 Heat Loss Calculations Pipe Insulation is thermal insulation used to prevent heat loss and gain from pipes, to save energy and improve effectiveness of thermal systems.
Case study: insulation for refrigerators Insulation reduces energy cost, but has a cost itself Total cost is the cost of insulation plus the cost of energy lost by hear transfer through walls Objective function: minimize total cost given: x thickness of insulation C. M cost of insulation/mass T temp. di . across insulation C. E cost of .
1960-63 Falcon Convertible Body Panel Insulation Kit 187.45 FALCON 6063-CVCK 1960-63 Falcon Convertible Cowl Insulation Kit 118.45 FALCON 6063-CVFK 1960-63 Falcon Convertible Floor Insulation Kit 289.80 FALCON 6063-CVTK 1960-63 Falcon Convertible Trunk Insulation Kit 154.10 ASU-DDBIK-2 Universal 2 Door Damper/Barrier Insulation Kit 77.05File Size: 3MB
Energies 2018, 11, 1879 3 of 14 R3 Thermal resistance of the air space between a panel and the roof surface. R4 Thermal resistance of roof material (tiles or metal sheet). R5 Thermal resistance of the air gap between the roof material and a sarking sheet. R6 Thermal resistance of a gabled roof space. R7 Thermal resistance of the insulation above the ceiling. R8 Thermal resistance of ceiling .
1975-1991 Ford Econoline RV Chassis Van Complete AcoustiShield Insulation Kit ECONO 7591-RVAK Cowl Insulation Kit Floor Insulation Kit Front Roof Insulation Kit Automotive Thermal Acoustic Insulation Optional Econoline Van Headliner--1975-91 ECONO 7591-RVHK 1975-1991 Econoline RV Chassis Headliner (ABS) 110 Part # Description MSRP
of general rough paths. However, in this paper, we will focus on the case where the driving signal is of bounded variation. Following [6] we interpret the whole collection of iterated integrals as a single algebraic object, known as the signature, living in the algebra of formal tensor series. This representation exposes the natural algebraic structure on the signatures of paths induced by the .
