Family And Intimate Partner Violence
Sixth EditionFamily and Intimate PartnerViolenceHeavy HandsDenise Kindschi GosselinProfessor Emerita, Criminal Justice and SociologyWestern New England University330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10013A01 GOSS8219 06 SE FM.indd 112/13/17 9:45 PM
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This edition is dedicated with love to Dr. Richard and Mrs. Allyson Gosselin, &Lillian for the joy and inspiration that you bring to me.A01 GOSS8219 06 SE FM.indd 312/13/17 9:45 PM
CONTENTSPreface xviAcknowledgment xviiAbout the Author xixChapter 1 GLOBAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 1Chapter Objectives 1Key Terms 1Introduction 1Violence Against Women: A Global Concern 2Istanbul Convention 4Refugee and Asylum Protections 4Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) 5The U Visa 6The T Visa 6The United Nations 6Violence Against Women: Around the World 8Afghanistan 9Australia 10Canada 11India 12Malaysia 14Mexico 15Mozambique 17Peru 18Philippines 19Republic of Iraq 19Russian Federation 20Scotland 21Thailand 22Conclusions 23Simply Scenario 23 Questions for Review 24Internet-Based Exercises 24 References 24Chapter 2 HISTORY OF VIOLENCE IN THE FAMILY 28Chapter Objectives 28Key Terms 28Introduction 28Examples of Family Violence 28Early Social–Legal History 31ivA01 GOSS8219 06 SE FM.indd 412/13/17 9:45 PM
ContentsvThe Ancient World of Greece 32The Roman Empire 33The Christian Era 33British Common Law 34French Law 34Marital Relations in Early America 35Puritan Restrictions 35The Next One Hundred Years 36African American Families 36Native American Families 38One Hundred Years of Secrecy 38Wife Battering 40What Is Family Violence Today? 41Intimate Partner Violence 42Child Abuse 43Elder Abuse 44Forms of Intimate Partner Violence 45Legal Family Relationships 45Definitions of Common Terms 46Neglect 47Physical Abuse 47Psychological Abuse 47Sexual Abuse 47Conclusions 48Simply Scenario 49 Questions for Review 49Internet-Based Exercises 49 References 50Chapter 3 FOCUS ON RESEARCH 51Chapter Objectives 51Key Terms 51Introduction 51Historical Applied Research 52Research Methods 55Quantitative Research 55Qualitative Research 56Sources of Family Violence Data 57National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey 57National Crime Victimization Survey 59Uniform Crime Reports 60National Incident-Based Reporting System 61A01 GOSS8219 06 SE FM.indd 512/13/17 9:45 PM
viContentsState Court Processing Statistics 63Federal Justice Statistics Program 63Survey of Inmates 64Source and Citing Issues 64Evaluating Your Source 65APA Guidelines 65Writing and Citing 66Domestic Violence Theory 67Family Violence Perspective 67Crime Theories 67Theories Based on Individual Pathology and Psychology 69Family-Based Theories 70Violence Against Women Perspective 72Feminist Sociopolitical Theory 72Gender Inequality 73Coercive Control Theory 73Conclusions 75Simply Scenario 76 Questions for Review 76Internet-Based Exercises 76 References 77 Chapter 4 INTRODUCTION TO CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT 79Chapter Objectives 79Key Terms 79Introduction 79History of Child Maltreatment 80Ancient Times 80Middle Ages 81Early Modern Period 82Children in Early America 82Child Abuse and Neglect Today 84Sources for Definitions of Child Abuse 87Federal Sources 87State Definitions 88Major Sources of Child Abuse Data 88Emotional/Psychological Abuse 91Witnessing Family Violence 92Neglect 92Abandonment 93Educational Neglect 93Emotional/Psychological Neglect 94A01 GOSS8219 06 SE FM.indd 612/13/17 9:45 PM
ContentsviiMedical Neglect 94Physical Neglect 95Substance Abuse 95Physical Abuse 95Child Fatalities 96Sexual Abuse 97Child Abuse Victims 98Age and Gender 98Race and Ethnicity 99Child Abuse Perpetrators 99Child Abuse Reporters 100Mandated Reporters 100Who Must Report? 100Child Victims and Criminal Law 101Domestic Violence and Child Custody 102Criminal Jurisdiction 103Conclusions 104Simply Scenario 104 Questions for Review 105Internet-Based Exercises 105 References 105Chapter 5 INVESTIGATING CHILD ABUSE 107Chapter Objectives 107Key Terms 107Introduction 107First Responders to Child Maltreatment 108EMTs 108Law Enforcement Officers 108CPS Case Workers 109Assessment or Investigation of Maltreatment 109The Law Enforcement Process 109The CPS Process 110Introduction to Physical Abuse 111Location of Abrasions, Bruises, Lacerations,and Welts 111Age Dating of Bruises 112Patterns of Injury 114Injuries to the Head 115Burns 116Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy 118Shaken Baby Syndrome 119A01 GOSS8219 06 SE FM.indd 712/13/17 9:45 PM
viiiContentsChild Death Due to Abuse 120Child Death Review Teams 122Family Abduction 123International Parental Abduction 124Sexual Abuse Introduction 125Forms of Child Sexual Abuse 125Incest 126Symptoms of Sexual Abuse 127Physical Indicators 127Behavioral Indicators 127Caretaker Indicators 128Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome 128Secrecy 128Helplessness 129Entrapment and Accommodation 129Delayed, Conflicted, and Unconvincing Disclosure 129Retraction 130Children’s Advocacy Center Model 131Conclusions 132Simply Scenario 133 Questions for Review 133Internet-Based Exercises 133 References 133 Chapter 6 ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULTVICTIMIZATION 135Chapter Objectives 135Key Terms 135Introduction 135Violence 136Vulnerability & Resilience 137Disabilities 138Sexual Orientation or Identity 139Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors 140Sexual Assaults 142Child Pornography 143Sexual Exploitation & Assault Investigation 143Jane Doe Reporting 145Interviewing Victims 146Recording of Interviews 147Forensic Interviewing 148Dating Violence 148A01 GOSS8219 06 SE FM.indd 812/13/17 9:45 PM
ContentsixTeen Dating Violence 149College Dating Violence 151The Jeanne Clery Act 152Title IX Reporting 153Date Rape 153Cyber Dating Abuse 154Teen & Young Adult Sexting 155Stalking 157Conclusions 157Simply Scenario 158 Questions for Review 158Internet-Based Exercises 159 References 159Chapter 7 ADOLESCENT PERPETRATORS 163Chapter Objectives 163Key Terms 163Introduction 163Family-Based Theory 164Family Systems Theory 165Ineffective Parenting 166Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect 166Intergenerational Cycle of Violence 166Resilience and Self-Esteem 167Childhood Abuse and Delinquent or CriminalBehavior 168Childhood Abuse and Social Consequences 169Childhood Abuse and Psychological Consequences 169Consequences of Witnessing Family Violence 170Adolescent Offending Patterns 171Animal Cruelty 173Juvenile Child-Care Offenders 174Firesetting 174Intimate Partner Violence 175Murder 175Runaway 176Sexual Offending 177Survival Sex 178Sibling Violence 179Physical Abuse 179Sexual Abuse 180Emotional Abuse 180A01 GOSS8219 06 SE FM.indd 912/13/17 9:45 PM
xContentsParent Abuse 180Pedophilia 181Conclusions 182Simply Scenario 183 Questions for Review 183Internet-Based Exercises 183 References 183 Chapter 8 INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE 187Chapter Objectives 187Key Terms 187Introduction 187The Battered Women’s Movement 188The Cycle of Violence 189Health and Safety Issues 191Homelessness 191Injury and Trauma 192Quality of Life Issues 193Hotlines and Shelters 193Economic Control 194Emotional Abuse 196Physical Violence 196Sexual Violence 197Rape 197Marital Rape 197Male Partner Reproductive Coercion 198Violence Against Women 198African American Women 200Native American Indian and Alaska NativeWomen 200Asian Women 201Caucasian Women 202Women with Disabilities 202Hispanic Women 203The Military and Violence Against Women 204Violence Against Men 204Prevalence Rate of Violence Against Men 206Men with Disabilities 207Domestic Violence Green Card 207Conclusions 208Simply Scenario 209 Questions for Review 209Internet-Based Exercises 209 References 209A01 GOSS8219 06 SE FM.indd 10 12/13/17 9:45 PM
ContentsChapter 9 LGBTI PARTNER ABUSExi212Chapter Objectives 212Key Terms 212Introduction 212Definitions 214Prevalence of Abuse 215Gay Male Survivors 216Lesbian Survivors 218Forms of Abuse 219Physical Abuse 220Sexual Abuse 220Emotional/Psychological Abuse 220Economic Abuse 221Identity Abuse 221Theoretical Explanations 222Feminist Approach 222Psychological Model 223Social–Psychological Model 223Internalized Homophobia 223Perpetrators in Gay Male Relationships 224Perpetrators in Lesbian Relationships 225Criminal Justice Interventions 225Factors in Reporting to the Police 226Legal Issues 229Conclusions 229Simply Scenario 230 Questions for Review 230Internet-Based Exercises 230 References 230Chapter 10 ABUSE IN LATER LIFE 233Chapter Objectives 233Key Terms 233Introduction 233Definitions 234Prevalence 236Categories of Abuse 236Family Abuse 237Institutional Abuse 238Misuse of Restraints 241Self-Neglect and Self-Abuse 242Forms of Abuse 242A01 GOSS8219 06 SE FM.indd 1112/13/17 9:45 PM
xiiContentsPhysical Abuse 243Emotional/Psychological Abuse 244Sexual Abuse 244Financial Exploitation 246Neglect 248Abandonment 249The Victims of Abuse Against Older Adults 249Age 250Gender 250Ethnicity 251Vulnerability and Undue Influence 251Consequences of Abuse Against Older Adults 252Civil Versus Criminal Action 253Mandated Reporting 254Multidisciplinary Team Response 254Police Response 255Conclusions 256Simply Scenario 257 Questions for Review 257Internet-Based Exercises 257 References 258Chapter 11 ADULT PERPETRATORS 260Chapter Objectives 260Key Terms 260Introduction 260Abuser Characteristics 261Gender and Age 261Descriptions of the Offender 263Styles of Violence 264High-Risk Offenders 265The Role of Alcohol and Drug Use 266Substance Abuse and Male Offenders 267Substance Abuse and Female Offenders 267Substance Abuse and Older Adults 268The Role of Animal Cruelty 268Police Officer Offenders 270Military Personnel 272Military Offenders 273Reporting Options 274Abusive Men 275Male Perpetrators of Marital Rape 277Male Perpetrators of Dating Violence 278A01 GOSS8219 06 SE FM.indd 1212/13/17 9:45 PM
ContentsxiiiAbusive Women 278Female Perpetrators of Physical Dating Violence 279Offenders Against Older Adults 279Offender Characteristics 280Perpetrators of Sexual Abuse Against Older Adults 281Abuse Against Older Adults Treatment Program 282Conclusions 282Simply Scenario 282 Questions for Review 283Internet-Based Exercises 283 References 283 Chapter 12 THE POLICE RESPONSE TO INTIMATE PARTNERVIOLENCE 287Chapter Objectives 287Key Terms 287Introduction 287Criminalization of Intimate Partner Violence 288The Role of Police 289The Effect of Arrest on Intimate Partner Violence 290Police Officer Training 291Specialized Domestic Violence Response Units 292Arrest Procedures 292Proarrest and Mandatory Arrest Policies 294Primary Aggressor Determination 296How Do Police Get Involved? 298At the Scene 298To Arrest or Not to Arrest: That Is the Question! 299Civil Protection Codes 300Mental Health Codes 301Use of Available Resources 301What About Probable Cause? 301Search and Seizure 302Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement 302What Police Look For 303Interviewing 305Interviewing the Older Adult Victim 306Interrogation of Suspects 306Victim Protections 306Orders of Protection 307Gun Control 307Intimate Partner Violence Across State Lines 309Full Faith and Credit 310A01 GOSS8219 06 SE FM.indd 1312/13/17 9:45 PM
xivContentsMyth and Reality 310Conclusions 311Simply Scenario 312 Questions for Review 312Internet-Based Exercises 312 References 313Chapter 13 STALKING AND HOMICIDE 314Chapter Objectives 314Key Terms 314Introduction 314Stalking 315What Is Stalking? 316Stalking Behaviors 316Victims of Stalking 320Safety Precautions for Stalking Victims 321Threat Assessment 322Perpetrators of Stalking 322Characteristics of Perpetrators 322Stalking Laws 324Cyberstalking 326Investigative Strategies 327Categories of Homicide 331Justifiable Homicide 331Excusable Homicide 331Felonious Homicide 333Intimate Partner Homicide 333Intimate Partner Homicide Victims 334Risk Factors in Homicide 335Intimate Partner Homicide Defendants 336Homicide-Suicide 336Familicide 337Gay and Lesbian Partner Homicide 337Homicide in Later Life 338Investigative Strategies 339Death Review Teams 342Conclusions 342Simply Scenario 343 Questions for Review 343Internet-Based Exercises 344 References 344A01 GOSS8219 06 SE FM.indd 14 12/13/17 9:45 PM
ContentsxvChapter 14 THE COURT RESPONSE TO INTIMATE PARTNERVIOLENCE 347Chapter Objectives 347Key Terms 347Introduction 347Advocate Roles 348Domestic Violence Advocates 348Victim Privacy Protections 349The Role of the Courts 351Prosecution Outcomes 352Specialized Prosecution Units 353Does Prosecution of Offenders Deter Re-abuse? 354Court Jurisdiction 354Federal Versus State Jurisdiction 355Civil Versus Criminal Court in the State System 358The Role of the Judge 359Specialized Domestic Violence Courts 359Integrated Domestic Violence Courts 360Civil Protection Orders 361Protection Order Criteria 363Elements of a Petition 363Forms of Available Relief 364Limitations of Protection Orders 367Enforcement of Restraining Orders 367Offender Intervention Programs 368Specialized Offender Intervention 368Program Procedures for Male Perpetrators 369Intake and Assessment 370Orientation 370Victim Orientation 370Program 370Ending the Program 371Program Procedures for Female Perpetrators 371Can Program Interventions Stop Offending? 371Conclusions 372Simply Scenario 373 Questions for Review 373Internet-Based Exercises 373 References 373Index 000A01 GOSS8219 06 SE FM.indd 1512/13/17 9:45 PM
PREFACENEW TO THIS EDITION To address the changing protections available under the VAWA for immigrantsseeking asylum as domestic violence victims, NEW to Chapter 1 is a discussion onasylum law with information on the U & T visas. Chapter 3 is revised to update the theoretical perspectives in family violence. Having gained prominence in domestic violence theory, the perspective of CoerciveControl Theory is NEW. NEW to Chapter 4 is the cooperative nature of child abuse investigation with information on the role of the first responders, in addition to the investigation processesof both the police and child protective services. Noting the current emphasis on multidisciplinary team child abuse investigations, aNEW section on the Children’s Advocacy Center Model is included in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 is entirely NEW. To address adolescent and young adult victimizationthis new chapter discusses human trafficking, teen dating violence, college datingviolence, rape, and more. This new chapter reflects the most current concerns in thefield of family violence with survey results and research from prominent academics. NEW information on survival sex and couch surfing among homeless youth is included in Chapter 7 on adolescent perpetrators and consequences of abuse. Changes in the field of intimate partner violence influenced the NEW sections inChapter 8 on economic control, gaslighting, male partner reproductive coercion,IPV victimization of men with disabilities, and the domestic violence green card. Chapter 9 is now appropriately entitled LGBTI Partner Abuse and updated to reflectthe legitimacy and domestic status of the community due to the Supreme Courtdecision in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015). Assignments with links to Internet research at the end of each chapter have been testedand updated. The wealth of information available to our students from legitimate Websites can be daunting. Encouraging the use of these resources is recommended.It has been over a decade since the first edition of Heavy Hands was published. Thefirst edition was called “groundbreaking.” It was the first text for a course not then taughtin college classrooms. This classic has been tried and found true for hundreds of courses.It is used in the United States and abroad. Over a decade later, Heavy Hands has grown upand kept pace with the fast-changing field of family violence.There have been so many important changes in family violence practice, policy, andresearch. We have seen its criminalization and the resulting controversy. Domestic v iolenceprotection orders are now a common source of protection for the survivors of intimate partner violence. Offenders are routinely referred to treatment programs. We now recognizethat abuse in later life may come from a spouse or close family member and not merelyfrom stressed caregivers. Child abuse has gained recognition as an important criminal justice and police investigation focus. Rates of intimate partner violence and homicide havedeclined. Violence against males and LGBTI populations is now acknowledged. No longeris there an expectation for the one-size-fits-all response. Things have changed.xviA01 GOSS8219 06 SE FM.indd 1612/13/17 9:45 PM
Preface xviiCriminal justice has evolved as a profession that values higher education and research.This sixth edition has evolved as well. It includes current information on numerous topicsof interest within the field of family violence. While it cannot cover everything, this textprovides all of the essential information for a course on family violence. It is comprehensive
Sixth Edition Denise Kindschi Gosselin Professor Emerita, Criminal Justice and Sociology . Child Abuse and Neglect Today 84 Sources for Definitions of Child Abuse 87 Federal Sources 87 . Family Systems Theory 165 Ineffective Parenting 166
Gender-based violence – including physical, sexual, emotional and economic violence and abuse – is widespread globally. The most pervasive form of gender-based violence is intimate partner violence (IPV), also known as domestic violence or partner
Kew Words: Domestic violence, intimate partner violence, education, children, outcomes, Colombia. I. NTRODUCTION. Due to its endemic nature, intimate partner violence (IPV) - violence perpetrated by a male against his female partner - is increasingly being recognized as a human development problem worldwide (Kishor and Johnson 2004).
intimate partner violence may be an issue.2 Allegations of intimate partner violence are common among custody‐litigating families, and custody evaluators face special challenges when conducting evaluations in this context. Model Standard 5.11 states that evaluations
Violence-Related Impact . Women As reported in the NISVS 2015 Data Brief (Smith et al., 2018), during their lifetime, about 1 in 4 women (25.1% or 30.0 million) in the U.S. experienced contact sexual violence, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner and reported at least
Prevalence of violence by an intimate partner in childhood and adolescence . 169. 7 . Physical and Mental Health Conditions by Victimization History . . . . . . . . . . . 177. Physical and Mental Health Conditions among U.S. Women and Men with and without a History of Contact Sexual Violence or Stalking by any Perpetrator, or Physical .
Vic Health (2004), The health costs of violence: Measuring the burden of disease caused by intimate partner violence. 13. Women are most at risk of violence generally, in: a) Dark streets b) Hotels and pubs c) Their home d) Cities e) Public transport Reference: Flood 2008 Violence against women: facts and figures White Ribbon Campaign
Most of the family violence homicide victims were in an intimate relationship with the offender, 14 of 24 (58%). In 2020, males were more often the offender in the family violence homicides, 20 of 23 (87%). There were 15 white family violence offenders (65%) and eight black offenders (35%).
Abbreviations GBV: Gender-Based Violence IPV: Intimate Partner Violence DV: Domestic Violence VAW: Violence Against Women LGBTQIA: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, Asexual SAPS: South African Police Service Creative handling of a sensitive story can not only retain the dignity and respect of those involved, but can be used as a
