MOHD FIRDHAUS BIN SAMAH - Universiti Malaysia Pahang

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DIGITAL RAIN GAUGEMOHD FIRDHAUS BIN SAMAHUNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

“I hereby acknowledge that the scope and quality of this thesis is qualified for theaward of the Bachelor Degree of Electrical Engineering (Electronics)”Signature:Name: MUHAMAD ZAHIM BIN SUJODDate: 17 NOVEMBER 2008

DIGITAL RAIN GAUGEMOHD FIRDHAUS BIN SAMAHThis thesis is submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the awardof the Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Hons.) (Power System)Faculty of Electrical & Electronics EngineeringUniversiti Malaysia PahangNOVEMBER, 2008

ii“All the trademark and copyrights use herein are property of their respective owner.References of information from other sources are quoted accordingly; otherwise theinformation presented in this report is solely work of the author.”Signature:Author: MOHD FIRDHAUS BIN SAMAHDate: 17 NOVEMBER 2008

iiiDedicated to my belovedFather, Mother and my Family,My Supervisor, staff &My FriendsMillion of thanks for all the Assist,Supporting and Encouragement

ivACKNOWLEDGEMENTFirst of all, I’m grateful to ALLAH SWT because with His blessing andmercy I am able to complete this project. It is a pleasure to acknowledge theassistance received from several individuals during the preparation of this projectthesis. I am greatly indebted with Mr. Muhamad Zahim Sujod, who is my project’sadvisor, for his valuable times and knowledge. I have learned a great deal from himin moral and academic matters, in improving my written documentation skill and in awide variety of area through his consistent mentoring as my project adviser.I greatly appreciate the help of my housemate, lecturer and all my friends fortheir knowledge sharing and helping while finishing the project. Throughout theperiod of accomplishing this project, those persons are very helpful on providing melot of ideas and solving a lot of problems.I am much obliged to my beloved mother and father for their concern andinfinite support to me. I owe a debt of gratitude to my brothers and sister for theirmotivation and encouragement to complete the project. With all these people prayand hope motivate me to work harder to accomplish this project. For their great helpand support, only Allah can give reward His peace and blessing and may this workbring benefit to the mankind. Thank you.

vABSTRACTRain fall is nature phenomena that occur that give humidity on the ground.Too much humidity cause flood on the ground and if the humidity is small, theground is dry. The rain gauge is the equipment that used by people in weatherstation to measure cumulative rain fall at a given location and given time. Rain gaugealso known as udometer or pluviometer consist main part can to collect water fallfrom funnel above it, and outer case to protect the inner can. The new design of raingauge give more accurate reading now day and have many other advantage such asobserver can observe the rain fall from far, the measure of rain fall is according tipdrop not only looking at the water level anymore where is sometimes cause error, thedigital reading can be taken and many more. Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge is the newdevice that has all the advantage of the criteria above. This rain gauge is using twosmall bucket acting like see-saw, when one of the buckets is fill with water it willspill because of the unbalance see-saw. Then the other bucket will fill the water andrepeat the same action like the first bucket and keep repeating until the rain stop.With the combination of the Microcontroller, sensor and LCD, digital rain gauge isbuild.

viABSTRAKHujan adalah fenomena semulajadi cuaca yang memberikan kelembapanpada tanah. Jika kelembapan tanah tinggi ia boleh menyebabkan banjir dan jikakelembapan tanah kurang atau sedikit maka kawasan itu adalah kering. Tolok hujanadalah alat yang digunakan di stesen pengkaji cuaca untuk mengukur timbunan hujandi sesetengah kawasan pada sesuatu masa. Tolok hujan juga dikenali sebagaiUdometer atau Pluviometer mengandungi 3 bahagian iaitu bekas luar, yangmelindungi bekas dalam berbentuk silinder dan corong yang mengumpul air hujan dibahagian teratas tolok hujan. Reka bentuk tolok hujan yang baru memberikan bacaanyang lebih tepat dan mempunyai banyak kelebihan antaranya pemerhati bolehmengambil bacaan jauh dari tolok hujan ketika hujan, bacaan air hujan di kiramelalui titisan air yang melalui corong bukan lagi dengan membaca di selinderpenyukat yang boleh menyebabkan ralat, bacaan digital boleh dilihat dan lain-lainlagi. Tolok hujan titisan timba adalah alat sukatan hujan yang terbaru dan memenuhisetiap kelebihan tersebut. Tolok hujan ini mempunyai 2 timba yang bertindak sepertijongkang-jongkit, apabila satu daripada timba dipenuhi air maka ia menjadi tidakstabil dan mengalirkan air keluar dan satu lagi timba akan dipenuhi air menyebabkanproses tersebut berulang sehingga hujan berhenti. Dengan kombinasi Pengawalmikro, alat pengesan dan LCD maka terhasillah tolok hujan digital.

viiTABLE OF iiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTivABSTRACTvABSTRAKviTABLE OF CONTENTSviiLIST OF TABLESxLIST OF FIGURESxiLIST OF ABBREVIATIONSxiiiLIST OF tive Project21.3Scope of Project31.3.1 Hardware31.3.2 Software3Problem Statement41.42PAGELITERATURE REVIEW62.1Introduction62.2Rain gauge6

viii32.2.2 Weighing Precipitation Gauge72.2.3Optical Rain Gauge82.2.4Self-syphoning Capacitance Gauge92.2.5Tipping bucket Rain Gauge10Reed Switch112.4Microcontroller122.516 x 2 Characters LCD15METHODOLOGY173.1Introduction173.2Project Research173.3Hardware Implementation203.3.1Reed Switch Sensor203.3.25 Volt Power Supply203.3.3PIC 16F84A Microcontroller223.3.4LCD 16x2 Character243.5572.33.442.2.1 Standard Rain GaugeSoftware Implementation263.4.1Register Configuration293.4.2Introduction Program303.4.3Loop Program30Rain Gauge model implementation31RESULT AND ANALYSIS354.1Introduction354.2Calibration Method 1354.3Calibration Method 238CONCLUSION AND ure Recommendation42

ix5.4Costing and Commercialization44REFERENCES46APPENDIX A48APPENDIX B50APPENDIX C151APPENDIX C259APPENDIX C362APPENDIX D64

xLIST OF TABLESTABLE NO.TITLEPAGE3.1Connection of each pin microcontroller PIC16F84A243.2The Programming define for LCD port284.15mL precipitation level364.210mL precipitation level364.315mL precipitation level364.4240mL amount of precipitation384.5500mL amount of precipitation385.1Project estimation cost45

xiLIST OF FIGURESFIGURE NO.TITLEPAGE1.1Problem Statement Summary52.1Standard Rain Gauge72.2Optical Rain Gauge92.3Self-syphoning Capacitance Gauge102.4Tipping bucket rain gauge and mechanical part in11rain gauge2.5PIC16F84A with 18 pin132.6Program Memory Map and Stack PIC16F84A142.7Define the port input or output152.8LCD 16 X 2 Characters162.9LCD Block Diagram163.1Project flowchart193.2Reed Switch Sensor203.3Power supply 5Vdc213.4Voltage regulator LM7805 and leg descriptions213.5Microcontroller PIC16F84A circuit233.6LCD connection253.7circuits consist of PIC16F84A, Reed Switch22Sensor, LCD and supply3.8Flowchart of the program273.9Crystal value and LCD define port293.10Register the port29

xii3.11The spacing before the intro will shown in LCD as30blank3.12Before looping the variables need to be define as31“0” for initial value3.13Digital Rain Gauge Model323.14The tipping bucket333.15The real model of Digital Rain Gauge333.16The model built consist inner container, outer34casing above and below, funnel, and tipping bucket.3.17The tipping bucket344.1Combination of calibration method 1374.2The amount of precipitation poured and measured39Table 4.44.3The amount of precipitation poured and measuredTable 4.539

xiiiLIST OF ABREVIATIONSPIC-Peripheral interface controllerLCD-Liquid Crystal DisplaymL-mililitremm-millimeter

xivLIST OF APPENDICESAPPENDIXATITLEPIC Programming for the Digital RainPAGE48GaugeBCalculation on size of the rain gauge50C1Data sheet PIC16F84A51C2LCD data sheet59C3Reed switch sensor data sheet62DAmount of the rain fall in Malaysia64(ml)

1CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1IntroductionMalaysia is the one of the country on the equator and have tropical climate in thisworld. This country having heavy rain fall in every year even when in dry season therestill cloud at the sky. For the state on east cost of Malaysia, November until Januaryconstitute the month for maximum rain fall and for June till July is the most dry seasonamong all the state in Malaysia. To measure the rain fall, one device is used that isdigital rain gauge where the measurement is accurate and readable.Common rain gauge only consist three main part funnel, inner can and outer can.Rain fall is collected by the funnel and flow the water into inner can, after rain stopmeteorologist will take the reading by looking at the inner can scale. Then other versionof rain gauge came up where each drop of rain is counted and recorded. The tippingbucket rain gauge solve the problem but the design is used many mechanical part torecord the data. The recorder consists of a pen mounted on an arm attached to a gearedwheel that moves once with each signal sent from the collector. At the top of the

2cylinder is a funnel that collects and channels the precipitation. The precipitation fallsonto one of two small buckets or levers which are balanced in same manner as a scale orseesaw. After an amount of precipitation equal to 0.5 mm falls the lever tips and anelectrical signal is sent to the recorder.1.2Objective of Projecti) To built Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge with digital display(a) Tipping bucket rain gauge is constructed with several can, funnel andtwo bucket that balance each other. The material to build the tippingbucket rain gauge mostly is plastic.ii) Measure the water level of rainfall with precise reading(a) The tipping bucket is design and setting to measure the rain fall inmore accurate way. Every tip drop of the water must be measuresmall enough to make sure the counter in small percentage.iii) To understand and study about Microcontroller (PIC)(a) The project is involving the microcontroller and basically this willindirectly introduce the function and the programming of PeripheralInterface Controller (PIC). In this project the involve PIC16F84A.

31.3Scope of ProjectWork scope in this project can be dividing by 2:1.3.1 Hardware:i.Designing the circuit using Microprocessor (PIC 16F84A) andsensor reed switch. The circuit designs also provide display usingLiquid Crystal Display (LCD).ii.Produce the model of tipping bucket rain gauge with standardmeasurement stand with outer can, inner can, funnel and tippingbucket.1.3.2Software:i.The program for the PIC is constructed by using BASIClanguage that can be done in Microcode Studio Software. Theinstruction basically assign input from the sensor as 1 input andeach input trigger as 0.2ml then it will display in the LCD.

41.4Problem StatementThe tipping bucket rain gauge with digital display is one good alternative way tomeasure rain fall rather than conventional rain gauge where Meteorologists need to waituntil rain to stop then take the reading. While waiting rain to stop some of the rainprecipitation will vaporise and make the reading not accurate. The advantage of thetipping bucket rain gauge is that the character of the rain (light, medium or heavy) maybe easily obtained. Rainfall character is decided by the total amount of rain that hasfallen in a set period (usually 1 hour) and by counting the number of 'clicks' in a 10minute period the observer can decide the character of the rain. [1]Although the tipping bucket rain gauge has many advantages, tipping bucket raingauge is not as accurate as the standard rain gauge because the rainfall may stop beforethe lever has tipped. The ground must be level and must be mounted on a vibration-freelevel surface to make sure the lever didn’t tip before it should be.The accuracy to take the measurement of rain fall is the most important part inbuilding rain gauge model. So, the design and the details of the bucket and all the part ofthe rain gauge is the main priority. But this project is only considered in building themodel, not to really measure rain fall because when measuring the rain fall we need toplot the average rain in month.

5Figure 1.1: Problem Staatement Summmary

6CHAPTER 2THEORY AND LITERATURE REVIEW2.1IntroductionThere is many version and design of rain gauge use to measure rain fall. Most ofthe design of the rain gauge is particularly about the same. In designing tipping bucketrain gauge there is a lot of part and component involve. In this chapter the theory ofevery mechanical part of the model and the circuit will be discuss.2.2Rain gaugeThere is many type of rain gauge use nowadays. The different in design andfunction is optional but still the main purpose to build rain gauge is to measure thecumulative rain fall over certain area in certain time.

72.2.1 Standard Rain GaugeThe standard rain gauge consists of a funnel attached to a graduated cylinder thatfits into a larger container. It consists of a 5" diameter funnel with a sharp rim, the spoutof the funnel being inserted into a glass collecting jar. The jar is in an inner copper canand the two are contained in the main body of the gauge, the lower part of which is sunkinto the ground. The diagram shows the whole gauge arrangement. [2]Figure 2.1: Standard Rain Gauge2.2.2Weighing Precipitation GaugeA weighing-type precipitation gauge consists of a storage bin, which is weighedto record the mass. Certain models measure the mass using a pen on a rotating drum, orby using a vibrating wire attached to a data logger. The advantages of this type of gauge

8to tipping buckets is that it does not underestimate intense rain, and it can measure otherforms of precipitation, including rain, hail and snow. However, these gauges are moreexpensive and require more maintenance than tipping bucket gauges. The weighing-typerecording gauge also contains a device to measure the quantity of chemicals contained inthe locations atmosphere. This is extremely helpful for scientists studying the effects ofgreenhouse gases released into the atmosphere and their effects on the levels of the acidrain. [1]2.2.3 Optical Rain GaugeThese have a row of collection funnels. In an enclosed space below each is alaser diode and a phototransistor detector. When enough water is collected to make asingle drop, it drips from the bottom, falling into the laser beam path. The sensor is set atright angles to the laser so that enough light is scattered to be detected as a sudden flashof light. The flashes from these photodetectors are then read and transmitted or recorded.Digital rain gauge is most expensive among of all the rain gauge because it provide withnew technology equipment. [1]

C1 Data sheet PIC16F84A 51 C2 LCD data sheet 59 C3 Reed switch sensor data sheet 62 D Amount of the rain fall in Malaysia (ml) 64 . 1 .

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