Marine ALIEN & INVASIVE SPECIES - SANBI
MarineALIEN & INVASIVE SPECIES
ContentsWhat are marine alien and invasive species? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3Boccardia proboscidea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Discinisca tenuis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Dodecaceria fewkesi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Carcinus maenas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Ficopomatus enigmaticus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Semimytilus algosus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Mytilus galloprovincialis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Crassostrea gigas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Litopenaeus vannamei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Penaeus monodon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Penaeus indicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Metridium dianthus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Ostrea edulis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Sagartia ornata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Ciona robusta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Balanus glandula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
What are marine alien and invasive species?Alien invasive species are plants, animals, pathogens and otherorganisms that are exotic, non-indigenous or non-native to anecosystem, and which may cause economic or environmentalharm or adversely affect human health. They spread aggressively,which subsequently threatens indigenous ecosystem functioning and biodiversity. Marine alien species are species whose presence in a region is attributed to human actions that enable themto overcome geographical barriers and invasive species are alienspecies that have self-replacing populations over several generations that have spread from their point of introduction. Coastalsystems such as rocky intertidal shores, sandy bays, estuaries andharbours are becoming increasingly impacted and transformedby these species. The transfer of marine alien species involves avariety of vectors and pathways, such as live food and aquaria,ballast water discharge and hull fouling or biofouling of ships,and species or associated species farmed in aquaculture facilities.In marine ecosystems, alien species may become invasive anddisplace native species, causing the loss of the genetic make-upof native organisms, modify habitats, change community structure, affect foodweb properties, ecosystem processes, obstructthe provision of ecosystem services, impact human health andfurther cause substantial economic losses.The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI)is mandated by the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (NEM:BA), Act 10 of 2004, Alien and Invasive Species (AIS) regulations, to monitor and report on the state ofbiodiversity and to provide scientific advice to inform policy1
and decision-making. As part of this mandate, SANBI’s MarineProgramme reports on the status of marine alien and invasivespecies and monitors for new introductions in South Africa, aswell as providing scientific advice on their management. The AISregulations list four different categories of invasive species thatmust be managed, controlled or eradicated from areas wherethey may cause harm to the environment, or that are prohibitedto be brought into South Africa.2
CategoriesCategory 1a: Listed Invasive Species are those species whichmust be combatted or eradicated. Any form oftrade or planting is strictly prohibited.Category 1b: Listed Invasive Species are those species whichmust be controlled and where possible, removedand destroyed. Any form or trade or planting isstrictly prohibited.Category 2: Invasive species or species deemed to be potentially invasive, in which a permit is required to carryout a restricted activity. Category 2 species includecommercially import species such as pine, wattleand gum trees.Category 3: Invasive species which may remain in prescribedareas or provinces. Further planting, propagationor trade is prohibited.3
Boccardia proboscideaCategory 1bShell wormDescription:The tube-dwelling shell worm is approximately 20 mm long. Itsbody is yellow when it is alive with visible red blood vessels. Thehead has a pair of extended feeding tentacles and black eyes. Thegills are found on segment 1 and 2, then on segment 6 onwards.The tail is a rounded disc with dorsal notch.Vector/Pathway:Fouling on aquaculture species.Impacts:Reduce the condition of cultured abalones.Habitat:Populations have been reported from widely differing habitatsincluding mudflats, sandy harbours, seagrass beds, amongst barnacles, in coralline algae, Kelp (Macrocystis pyrigera) holdfasts,sandstone or sedimentary rocks, shale and limestone reefs, sewage outfalls and gastropod shells inhabited by hermit crabs.4
Photograph: Carol Simon5
Discinisca tenuisDisc lamp shellDescription:The shell is flat, round with transparent horny discs up to 20 mmacross. They show circular growthlines and may be fringed by long,straight hairs. In their nativerange they are usually found inlarge clumps.Vector/Pathway:Aquaculture.Impacts:Reduce the visual appeal of oysters for market.Habitat:Introduced populations are usually attached to oysters or othershellfish as single individuals orin small groups.6Category 1b
Photograph: Charles Griffiths7
Dodecaceria fewkesiBlack coral wormsDescription:Colonies of the black coral wormform hard, grey, semi-circular reefsabout 100 mm across. They comprise of hard, chalky tubes. Eachcolony houses 10–20 mm longindividual jet-black worms, eachwith a long pair of feeding limbs,behind which lie 4–5 pairs of extended tube-like gills. The coloniesare derived asexually from singleindividuals, hence retaining the sexof the founder.Vector/Pathway:Shipping.Impacts:It forms hard coral-like colonies andis a potential ecosystem engi neer.Habitat:It is found on hard substrata likeharbour wharfs, harbour walls androcks.8Category 1b
Photograph: Charles Griffiths9
Carcinus maenasEuropean shore crabDescription:The adult crab reaches up to about60 mm long and 90 mm wide. The colour of the crab is variable, from a darkbrownish-green to a bluish colour. Itis distinguished by the three ‘teeth’on the front margin of the carapacebetween the eyes and five along themargins. They have a row of lighter coloured spots which are yellowish whiteto darker in colour ventrally. The maleabdomen is triangular and the femaleis subtriangular but rounded laterally.Vector/Pathway:Shipping.Impacts:Competes with native crab speciesand preys on clams, mussels and other species in natural settings and inaquaculture.Habitat:The impact of this crab is potentiallymost intense in estuaries and bayswith soft sediment.10Category 1b
Photograph: Nicolas Dijkerman11
Ficopomatus enigmaticusReef-building wormDescription:The reef-building worms areusually 20–40 mm in length.They form clusters of largeintertwining reef-like massesthat may be approximately7 m in diameter. The tubesare flared at the openings andhave collar-like rings alongtheir lengths. Their colour iswhite in the early stages, butbrown stains occur when theyare older. The tubes are oftencovered with green algae.Vector/Pathway:Ship fouling.Impacts:Forms large colonies that foulthe hulls of boats.Habitat:Populations occupy lagoons,marinas and estuaries.12Category 1b
Photograph: Charles Griffiths13
Semimytilus algosusBisexual musselDescription:The bisexual mussel is small,elon gated, relatively fat andsmooth, with a brown-greenshell; its maximum growth is50 mm. Most specimens arehermaphroditic, having a malegonad on one side and femaleone on the other. Musselshave small rope-like tentaclesthat they use to attach to hardsubstrates or to each other incolonies.Vector/Pathway:Fouling on large fishing vessels, oil rigs and aquaculture.Impacts:Displacement of native limpets.Habitat:Populations occupy the lowerintertidal zone.14Category 1b
Photograph: SANBI15
Mytilus galloprovincialisMediterranean musselDescription:The Mediterranean mussel is a large,smooth-shelled black to blue mussel,typically from 50 mm up to 120 mmlong. It is a bivalve with two shellsthat are equal and nearly square. Theoutside of the shell is black-violet incolour; on one side the rim of theshell ends with a pointed and slightly bent umbo (the highest point ofeach valve of a bivalve shell) whilethe other side is rounded. It is fat incross-section compared to the blackmussel.Vector/Pathway:Aquaculture, shipping.Impacts:They monopolise space on intertidal rocks. They displace indigenousmussels and large limpets.Habitat:The mussel has dominated the rockyshores and has displaced indigenousmussels and limpets.16Category 2
Photograph: SANBI17
Crassostrea gigasGiant Pacific oysterDescription:The shell of the giant Pacific oyster is longand can reach a length of 200–300 mm, buttheir individual size is extremely variable.The left (upper) valve is slightly curved; theright (lower) valve is deep and cup-shaped.The two valves are solid but unequal in sizeand shape. One shape is usually cementedto a hard substratum. The valves are carved,with large, irregular, rounded circular folds.Circular ribs are present on both valves starting from the umbo (the highest point of eachvalve of a bivalve shell). Usually whitish incolour, they also display purple streaks andspots. The inner surface is partly milky es and replaces native bivalvesand shellfish for food and space.Habitat:It is able to grow in very varied environments, ranging from estuarine areas (brackish waters) to offshore oceanic waters.18Category 2
Photograph: SANBI19
Litopenaeus vannameiWhiteleg shrimpDescription:The colour of the whiteleg shrimp is typicallytranslucent-white but varies in cases of nutritional deficiencies. The postlarvae rangesfrom 0.88–3.00 mm in carapace length. Thebody is divided into specialised regions: headand main internal organs, highly muscularisedand specialised abdomen for swimming, andtelson (a tail-like structure). Each region bearsspecialised appendages, either for feeding andcrawling or for swimming and breathing. Theswimming limbs of the tail fan are used for escape e are no known impacts but in areaswhere it has invaded it is reported to potentially compete with native shrimp speciesbecause it approaches food items faster andmore aggressively.Habitat:This marine shrimp likes muddy bottoms atdepths from the shoreline down to about 72 m.20Category 2
Photograph: Sam Siril Nicholas21
Penaeus monodonGiant tiger prawnDescription:The largest giant tiger shrimpavailable commercially reachestotal lengths of 330–336 mm.It is light to dark olive green incolour throughout its body. Thehead extends beyond the tip ofthe first pair of appendages.It is s-shaped, with 6–8 dorsalteeth and 2–4 ventral teeth.Vector/Pathway:Aquaculture.Impacts:Compete with, or prey directlyupon native shrimp species.Habitat:Populations are found occupying shallow coastal estuaries,lagoons and mangrove areas;sand or muddy sand bottomnearshore marine habitats.22Category 2 (except KwaZulu-Natal)
Photograph: Sam Siril Nicholas23
Penaeus indicusCategory 2 (except KwaZulu-Natal)(formerly Fenneropenaeus indicus)Indian prawnDescription:The Indian prawn is light in colour withtiny blue and reddish-brown pigmentspots. Prawns have a head (thorax), atail and an abdomen with six segments.The head region is slightly curved atthe tip but s-shaped. It also bears 7–9upper and 3–6 lower teeth. The headregion has a spine that bears one pairof eyes, two pairs of feeding appendages and five pairs of walking legs.Vector/Pathway:Aquaculture.Impacts:Vector to viruses and bacteria that affect shrimps.Habitat:Adult populations have been foundin widely differing habitats including:mangals, large bays, offshore, sandybeaches and sheltered mangrove areas.24
Photograph: Sam Siril Nicholas25
Metridium dianthusFeather duster anemoneDescription:This anemone is white, brick redorange, or tan-brown often witha white circle around its mouth. Itgrows up to about 100 mm tall andhas up to 100 slender tentacles. Recognised by the lobed oral disc andhundreds of short limbs, which givethe species a characteristic fluffy appearance. They are often found inclosely packed groups and can reproduce by basal laceration, whereby small sections tear free from thebase of the column and develop intonew individuals.Vector/Pathway:Fouling on petroleum infrastructure.Impacts:Compete with local species for food.Habitat:It is usually found attached to rocksor other hard surfaces. The depthrange is from the subtidal zone anddown to 100 m.26Category 3
Photograph: Charles Griffiths27
Ostrea edulisEuropean flat oysterDescription:The European flat oyster grows up toa maximum length of 110 mm. Living specimens are yellowish white.It is flat or slightly curved shell, withconcentric (semi-circular) groovesand ridges, with ten or more ribs onthe lower but none on the uppershell. The inner surfaces are pearlywhite or bluish-grey, often with darker blue areas. The left shell is concaveand fixed to the substratum, theright shell is flat and sits inside al vector for the oyster disease bonamiosis and the oysterpathogen marteiliosis.Habitat:Populations are found occupyingsheltered locations, usually in shallow water.28Category 3
Photograph: Charles Griffiths29
Sagartia ornataBrooding sea anemoneDescription:The mouth of the brooding sea anemone is creamy-white; the rest of the oraldisc is brownish internally and greenishexternally, with creamy circular stripes.The oral disc is typically flat with themouth slit-like to egg-shaped. It has upto 200 tentacles arranged in 4–5 cycles.The internal cycle of tentacles is longerthan the external cycle. The last two cycles are considerably smaller than theothers. It readily releases sticky whitethreads when disturbed.Vector/Pathway:Ballast water.Impacts:The brooding sea anemone is an ecosystem engineer as it alters the surroundingconsolidating sand and traps coarse sediment, thus affecting the natural biota.Habitat:Populations are found intertidally onsandy shores partially covering the underlying rocks and in cordgrass beds.30Category 3
Photograph: Charles Griffiths31
Ciona robustaCategory 3(formerly Ciona intestinalis)Sea vase tunicateDescription:The body of the sea vase tunicate is long reaching a maximumlength of 100 mm. It is attached to the substratum by the posterior end or more frequently by the left side near the posterior endof the body. It has two tube-like structures that are situated atthe anterior end of the body nearly equal in length. The tunic ofthe sea vase ascidian is cartilaginous and so robust that such individuals in a preserved state can be held upright. The body wallis very delicate and transparent such that the internal structureof the body can be seen through it. Also, its body wall is barelypigmented. It is faintly greenish with eye spots on the marginsof the openings. The surface of the robust test may be coveredpartly by multiple colonies of some sea squirts or some bivalvesand thus the tunic becomes quite non-transparent.Vector/Pathway:Shipping, fouling, natural dispersal.Impact:Preys directly on oyster larvae; inhibits oyster settlement by covering them and thereby reducing the amount of free substrateavailable for attachment.Habitat:The species is well established in artificial habitats including marinas and harbours.32
Photograph: Tammy Robinson33
Balanus glandulaPacific barnacleDescription:The pacific barnacle is small and approximately 10–18 mm long. Its shell colour isgreyish blue. Adult Pacific barnacles areencased in a cone-shaped shell of 4–8 hardchalky plates and live attached to rocks orhard surfaces. When they are emerged in water, the feathery legs are extended throughan opening at the top where they combineto capture food particles. When exposed toair these feathery legs are withdrawn and theshell is sealed by four additional shell plates.The Pacific barnacle has a combination of sixshell plates and that is how it is distinguishedfrom other barnacles. It also possesses achalky base and an m-shaped opening.Vector/Pathway:Fouling in ship hulls or ballast.Impacts:Displaces populations of formerly abundantindigenous barnacle species.Habitat:It is mainly found on intertidal rocks, in theopen ocean and protected waters.34Category 3
Photograph: Charles Griffiths35
GlossaryAbalone – an edible mollusc of warm seas, with a shallow earshaped shell lined with mother-of-pearl and pierced with a lineof respiratory holes.Antennular peduncle – small appendages by which an animal isattached to the rest of the body.Aquaculture – is the farming of fish, crustaceans, molluscs,aquatic plants, algae and other aquatic organisms.Bivalve – an aquatic mollusc which has a compressed bodyenclosed within a hinged shell, such as oysters, mussels, andscallops.Carapace – the hard upper shell of a tortoise, crustacean orarachnid.Coralline algae – a branching reddish seaweed with a calcareousjointed stem.Fouling – is the accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces to the detriment of function.Laterally – at, towards, or from the side or sides; sideways.Larvae – the young of any invertebrate animal.Mangals – a swampy forest of mangroves.Pathogen – a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that cancause disease.36
Rostrum – anterior prolongation of the head.Substrate/substratum – a substance or surface that an organism grows and lives on and is supported by.Subtriangular – nearly but not quite triangular.Tentacles – a slender, flexible limb or appendage in an animal,especially around the mouth of an invertebrate, used for grasping or moving about, or bearing sense organs.Umbo – the highest point of each valve of a bivalve shell.Ventrally – on or relating to the underside of an animal or plant;abdominal.37
Additional informationSee SANBI’s Seakeys species pages for marine species,including alien and invasive species, at:http://seakeys.sanbi.org/search/node.Contact the SANBI Marine Programme(Marine Alien and Invasive Species Project):Tel.: 27 21 799 8716E-mail: invasivespecies@sanbi.org.zaEditing and design: SANBI Graphics & Editing, December 2017.
by these species . The transfer of marine alien species involves a variety of vectors and pathways, such as live food and aquaria, ballast water discharge and hull fouling or biofouling of ships, and species or associated species farmed in aquaculture facilities . In marine ecosystems, alien species may become invasive and displace native .
science and decision-making . Presentation Outline 1. Background Lice to data infrastructures! 2. SANBI data infrastructures SANBI's data infrastructures history Recent core investment in SANBI infrastructure 3. SANBI 2-year data infrastructure horizon . Better integration with internal resources.
59. Alien Arena 60. Alien Challenge 61. Alien Crush 62. Alien Invaders 63. Alien Sector 64. Alien Storm 65. Alien Syndrome 66. Alien vs. Predator 67. Alien3: The Gun 68. Aliens 69. All American Football 70. Alligator Hunt 71. Alpha Fighter / Head On 72. Alpha Mission II / ASO II - Las
Invasive alien species (IAS) – an alien species that has established and spread, and which causes, or has the potential to cause, harm to the environment, economies, or human health. There are various versions of the IAS definition. For example, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) defines an IAS as an alien species whose establishmentFile Size: 990KB
MARINE INVASIVE SPECIES MONITORING Invasive species have been identified as a major threat to local and global ecology and economy. The annual cost of invasive species is estimated at 120 billion in the United States alone (Pimentel et al. 2005). The Nature Conservancy estimates that invasive species have contributed to the decline of 42%
invasive species. Report Invasive Species. One of the keys for a rapid response to invasive species is the early identification of new occurrences. Please report . occurrences of invasive species in MN to the following: “Arrest the Pest” at: 888-545-6684. Please call to report suspicious pest species arriving on plants or
marine introduced species (Ruiz et al. 1997) and the novelty of marine-focused volunteer bio-monitoring projects, this study was designed to validate the feasibility and accuracy of a large-scale marine invasive species monitoring network, named ‘‘Citi-zen Science Initiative: Marine Invasive Species Monitoring Organization’’ (CSI: MISMO .
Global Invasive Species Programme United States Government Prevention and Management of Invasive Alien . and marine species. 5 the impact of IAS on the livelihoods (culture, economy and health) of people of the region; and because: . term monitoring program on IAS.
Genes Sequence of bases in a DNA molecule Carries information necessary for producing a functional product, usually a protein molecule or RNA Average gene is 3000 bases long 31 . 32 . Genes Instruction set for producing one particular molecule, usually a protein Examples fibroin, the chief component of silk triacylglyceride lipase (enzyme that breaks down dietary fat) 33 .
