1.1.1 Components Of A GIS 1.1.2 A Brief History Of GIS 1.1 .

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION1.1 GIS?1.1.1 Components of a GIS1.1.2 A Brief History of GIS1.1.3 GIS Software ProductsBox 1.1 A List of GIS Software Producers and Their Main Products1.2 GIS ApplicationsBox 1.2 Google Maps, Microsoft Virtual Earth, and Yahoo MapsBox 1.3 Monitoring by GPS1.3 Geospatial Data1.3.1 Coordinate System1.3.2 Vector Data Model1.3.3 Raster Data Model1.4 GIS Operations1.4.1 Data Acquisition1.4.2 Attribute Data Management1.4.3 Data Display1.4.4 Data Exploration1.4.5 Data Analysis1.4.6 GIS Models and Modeling1.5 Organization of This Book1.6 Concepts and PracticeKey Concepts and TermsReview QuestionsApplications: IntroductionTask 1: Introduction to ArcCatalogTask 2: Introduction to ArcMapChallenge QuestionReferences1

GISzA geographic information system (GIS) is acomputer system for capturing, storing, querying,analyzing, and displaying geospatial data.zgeospatial technology is listed by the U.S.Department of Labor as one of the three emergingindustries, along with nanotechnology onents of GISzHardwarezSoftwarezPeoplezInfrastructure2

Examples of GIS ApplicationszThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), a leading agency in the earlydevelopment and promotion of GIS, provides nationwide geospatialdata for applications in natural hazards, risk assessment, homelandsecurity, and many other areas through its National Map program.http://nationalmap.usgs.govzThe Incident Information System, an interagency system, catalogswildland fire incidents and provide information on active fires.http://www.inciweb.org/zThe Bureau of Land Management maintains a publication websitefor the distribution of data on land parcels, minerals, and m/index.shtmzThe National Weather Service offers weather data such asprecipitation estimates, hydro-meteorological data, and radarimagery in GIS compatible format at its websitehttp://www.weather.gov/gis/, and delivers tropical cyclone windspeed probabilities and historical track data through its HurricaneCenter at http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/.Examples of GIS ApplicationszThe U.S. Census Bureau maintains an On-Line Mapping Resources website,where Internet users can choose American Fact Finder or TIGER Map Server.http://www.census.gov/geo/www/maps/zThe U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development has an online “mapyour community” service that lets users map housing development informationwith environmental data, flood hazards, census geographies, and other data.http://egis.hud.gov/egis/zThe National Institute of Justice uses GIS to map crime records and toanalyze their spatial patterns by location and time.http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/zThe U.S. Department of Health and Human Services warehouse providesaccess to information about health resources including community health.centers http://datawarehouse.hrsa.gov/zThe Federal Highway Administration offers census transportation planningpackage, national highway planning network, and other data resources for GISin transportation. http://www.gis.fhwa.dot.gov/gisData.aspzThe National Geospatial Technology Extension Network promotes precisionfarming by linking GIS to site-specific farming activities such as applications ofherbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers.http://www.csrees.usda.gov/nea/ag systems/in focus/precision if crop.html3

Geospatial DataGeospatial data are data describing both thelocations and characteristics of spatialfeatures such as roads, land parcels, andvegetation stands on the Earth’s surface.Figure 1.1An example of geographically referenced data. The street network is based on aplane coordinate system. The box on the right lists the x- and y-coordinates ofthe end points and other attributes of a street segment.4

Coordinate SystemzSpatial features on the Earth’s surface are referenced onto ageographic coordinate system in longitude and latitude values.zWhen displayed on maps, spatial features are typically based ona projected coordinate system in x-, y-coordinates.zGeographic and projected coordinate systems are connected bythe process of projection, which transforms the Earth’s sphericalsurface onto a plane surface.zThousands of geographic and projected coordinate systems arein use.Vector Data ModelzThe vector data model uses points and their x-, ycoordinates to represent discrete features with a clear spatiallocation and boundary, such as streams, land parcels, andvegetation stands.zDepending on the data structure, a vector data model canbe georelational or object-based, with or without topology, andsimple or composite.5

Figure 1.2The vector data model uses x-, y-coordinates to represent point features(a), and the raster data model uses cells in a grid to represent pointfeatures (b).Figure 1.3An example of the TIN model.6

Figure 1.4The map shows two regions layers, one for burned areas in 1919 and theother for burned areas in 1929. Both layers consist of spatially disjointpolygons. Additionally, polygons on the 1929 layer overlap polygons onthe 1919 layer.Figure 1.5Dynamic segmentation allows rest areas, which are linearlyreferenced, to be plotted as point features on highway routes inWashington State.7

GIS OperationsGIS activities can be grouped into spatialdata input, attribute data management, datadisplay, data exploration, data analysis, andGIS modeling.Figure 1.6A classification of GISoperations.8

Figure 1.7A vector-based overlay operation combines geometries andattributes from different layers to create the output.Figure 1.8A raster data operation with multiple rasters can take advantage ofthe fixed cell locations. For example, a local average can be easilycomputed by dividing the sum of 2, 3, and 4 (9) by 3.9

U.S. Department of Labor: emerging fieldshttp://www.careervoyages.gov/National Geospatial Technology Extension Networkhttp://geospatialextension.org/GIS Certificate Programhttp://www.gisci.org/Salary Survey of GIS Professionalshttp://www.urisa.org/2007 salary surveyOraclehttp://www.oracle.com/IBM: Spatial rmix/blades/spatial/U.S. Geological Survey National Maphttp://nationalmap.usgs.govIncident Information Systemhttp://www.inciweb.org/Bureau of Land ndex.shtmNational Weather Servicehttp://www.weather.gov/gis/Hurricane Centerhttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/U.S. Census Bureau On-Line Mapping Resourceshttp://www.census.gov/geo/www/maps/U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Developmenthttp://egis.hud.gov/egis/National Institute of Justice: crime mappinghttp://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/U.S. Department of Health and Human Serviceshttp://datawarehouse.hrsa.gov/Federal Highway aspFederal Emergency Management Agency: flood insurance rate maphttp://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/fhm/mm main.shtmPrecision Farminghttp://www.csrees.usda.gov/nea/ag systems/in focus/precision if crop.htmlESRIhttp://www.esri.com/ESRI Knowledge Basehttp://support.esri.com/index.cfm?fa .org/Autodeskhttp://www3.autodesk.com/Baylor University: GRASShttp://grass.osgeo.org/10

Bentley Systems, Inc: Microstationhttp://www.bentley.com/Cadcorp: Cadcorp SIS – Spatial Information Systemhttp://www.cadcorp.com/Caliper Corporation: TransCAD, Maptitudehttp://www.caliper.com/CARIS: CARIS systemhttp://www.caris.com/Clark Labs: IDRISIhttp://www.clarklabs.org/Intergraph Corporation: MGE, GeoMediahttp://www.intergraph.com/International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences,the Netherlands: ILWIShttp://www.itc.nl/ilwis/Land Management Information Center at Minnesota Planning: thttp://www.manifold.net/MapInfo Corporationhttp://www.mapinfo.com/Orbit: Orbit GIShttp://www.orbitgis.com/PCI Geomatics: Geomaticahttp://www.pcigeomatics.com/SAGA User Group: SAGA x.phpTerrain International: Terraviewhttp://www.terralink.co.nz/Google Maps Maniahttp://www.googlemapsmania.blogspot.com/11

1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GIS? 1.1.1 Components of a GIS 1.1.2 A Brief History of GIS 1.1.3 GIS Software Products Box 1.1 A List of GIS Software Producers and Their Main Products 1.2 GIS Applications Box 1.2 Google Maps, Microsoft Virtual Earth, and

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