Historical Corrections Statistics In The United States .
U. S. Department of JusticeBureau of Justice StatisticsHistorical CorrectionsStatistics in theUnited States,1850- 1984
U.S. Department of JusticeBureau of Justice StatisticsHistorical CorrectionsStatistics in theUnited States,1850- 1984BYMargaret Werner Cahalanwith the assistance ofLee Anne ParsonsWestat, In c.Rockville, Md.NCJ - 102529December 1986
U.S. Department of JusticeBureau of Justice StatisticsSteven R. SchlesingerDirectorJoseph M. BessetteDeputy DirectorBenjamin H. RenshawDeputy DirectorReport of work performed by Westat, Inc.This report was supported by grant number 84-BJ-CX-005,awarded to Westat, Inc., Rockville, Md., by the Bureau ofJustice Statistics under the Omnibus Control and Safe StreetsAct of 2968, as amended.Points of view or opinions stated in this document are thoseof the author and do not necessarily represent the officialposition or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.BJS authorizes any person to reproduce, publish, translate, orotherwise use all or any part of the copyrighted material inthis publication, with the exception of those items indicatingthat they are copyrighted or reprinted by permission of anysource other than Westat, Inc.
Copyright " 1986 by Margaret Cahalan and Lee ParsonsThs report. or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any formwithout permission or the authors. Copyrighted material usedin this report is done so by permission. Further reproductionis prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis report was prepared under Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) Data Analysis Program, GrantNumber 84-BJ-CX-0005. I would especially like to thank David Hinners of BJS who served asProject Monitor and provided valuable suggestions, access to unpublished data, helpful reviewof the work, and firm patience and encouragement. I would also like to thank Patrick Langan,and Lawrence Greenfeld of BJS for overall review and additional information on availablereports. Barbara Allen-Hagen of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention(OJJDP) and Melissa Sickman of BJS carefully reviewed and provided suggestions forclarification and improvement of the chapter on juvenile facilities.Lee Parsons had the major responsibility for table preparation. Jody Klein and Scotty Fallahalso worked on preparation of the tables. The tables were typed by Donna Williams, DebbyMcMurray, Eleanor Austin, and Rebecca Downes. Heather Banks and Judy Padilla providedmuch needed editing of the manuscript and tables.I was fortunate to have the support of Westat Vice Presidents Lance Hodes and Dave Bayless,both of whom provided extra encouragement and corporate resources for project completion.I would like to express sincere appreciation for the assistance pro\ided by all these people in thepreparation of this report.I would also like to thank the American Correctional Association for permission to include theirtables on military prisons; Northeastern University Press for permission to include informationon capital punishment from the work Lena1 Homicide by Bowers, Pierce, and McDevitt; andDonne11 Pappenfort, Tom Young, and Chris Marlow for permission to use information from theUniversity of Chicago School of Social Services Administration's National Survey of ResidentialGroup Care Facilities. Tables included from these sources are printed by permission and arenot to be printed elsewhere without permission of the authors or publishers.
TABLE OF CONTENTSI. INTRODUCTIONThe Census Bureau, 1Institutional Population Series, 1Early Census Institutional PopulationReports (1 850- 1890), 1CensusInstitutionalPopulationReports of 1904- 1933 (SeparateReports), 2CensusInstitutionalPopulationReports of 1940- 1980 (CombinedReports), 3Prisoners in State and FederalPrisons and Reformatories Series:1926-1946, 4Judicial Criminal Statistics, 4Health, Education, and Welfare, 5The Office of Education, 5The U.S. Children's Bureau, 5The Justice Department, 5The Federal Bureau of Prisons, 5Annual Report of the AttorneyGeneral oftheUnitedStates, 6Report of the Work of theFederal Bureau of Prisons, 6Bureau of Prisons StatisticalReport, 6Prisoners in State and FederalPrisons and Reformatories, 6The Law Enforcement AssistanceAdministration (LEAA)/NationalCriminal Justice Information andStatistics Service (NCJISS), 7National Prisoner Statistics, 7The Jail Reports, 7Children in Custody, 7Parole and Probation Statistics, 7The Bureau of Justice Statistics, 8Structure of the Report, 811. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT STATISTICSExecutions, 9The Legal Status of the DeathPenalty, 12Regional Comparisons, 12Number Received Under Sentence ofDeath, 17Removals fro,m the Sentence ofDeath, 17Executions by the Military, by theFederalGovernment,andofWomen, 22111. STATE AND FEDERALSTATISTICSPRISONSummary of Statistics, 27Persons Present and Received inState and Federal Prisons andReformatories, 27Numbers Received, 31Sentences, 31Offense Distribution of State andFederal Prisoners, 44Type of Release, 49Time Served Before Release, 49Prior Commitments and Recidivism, 5 3Demographic and Other Characteristics of State and FederalPrisoners, 64Facilities and Staff, 6 4IV. JAIL STATISTICSOverview of Reports Available, 73Census Bureau Reports, 7 3The Law Enforcement AssistanceAdministration and Bureau ofJustice Statistics Reports, 74Summary of National Jail Statistics, 74Number of Persons Present in Jails:1880-1983, 7 4The Relative Use of Jails and theAdjudication Status of ThosePresent, 75Jail Commitments and Admissions, 7 5Type and Length of Sentence, 8 3OffenseDistributionofJailInmates, 8 3Data on Release (Type of Releaseand Time Served), 8 8Characteristics of Jail Prisoners, 88Prior Commitments, 9 2The Number of Jails, 92Characteristics of Jails and JailInmates as Reported in theSurveys of the 1970's and1980's, 9 5V. STATISTICS OF INSTITUTIONS FORJUVENILE DELINQUENTSOverview of Available Data, 101BarnardandtheBureauEducation Reports, 101of
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)The Census Bureau Reports, 102The U.S. Children's Bureau, 103The Children in Custody Reports, 103The National Survey of ResidentialGroup Care Facilities, 103Summary of National Statistics onJuvenile Correctional Facilities, 103The Number and Rate per 100,000Present, 103Comparison of Early Series, 107Comparison of Recent Studies, 107ANote on the NumberofFacilities, 112Location of Juveniles in CorrectionalFacilities, 112Commitments to Juvenile Facilities, 117Type and Length of Sentence, 117Offense Information, 120Length of Stay and Type ofRelease, 120Additional Characteristics of theYouth Present and of theFacilities, 128VI. FEDERAL PRISON STATISTICSJustice Department Statistics on FederalPrisoners, 143Persons Present and Received UnderFederal Jurisdiction, 144Federal Prisoners in Jails, 144Offense Distribution, 151Sentence and Length of TimeServed, 160Type of Release, 160Recidivism, 160Demographic Characteristics, 167VII. PAROLE AND PROBATIONSTATISTICSThe Legislative Spread of Parole andProbation, 169Use of Parole as a Method ofRelease, 172The Use of Probation, 172The Numbers Present on Probation andParole, 172Organization and Caseload Size, 177Length of Parole, 177Parole Outcome, 177VIII. COMBINED INFORhlATION ONINCARCERATIONThose Present on the Day of theSurvey, 191The Possibility of Undercounts in the1923 Census, 191Military Prisoners, 199Relative Use, 199Offense Distribution, 199Characteristics, 202APPENDIX A. A SUMMARY OFINSTITUTIONALIZATION RATES ASREPORTEDBYTHECENSUSBUREAUData Sources, 2071850- 1950, 2071904 to 1933, 2091940 to 1980, 209APPENDIX B . PERSONS EXECUTEDUNDER STATE AUTHORITY BYSTATE BY DECADEAPPENDIX C. MILITARY PRISONTABLESAPPENDIX D. SOURCESGovernment Sources of CorrectionsStatistics, 135Non-Government Sources Used, 244APPENDIX E.SOME THOUGHTSABOUT CURRENT STATISTICS
TABLE O F CONTENTS (continued)List of TablesExecutions per Decade Under CivilAuthority and Illegal Lynchings:1890- 1984, 10Illegal Lynchings by Race andOffense by Decade: 1880-1962, 11Abolition of the Death Penalty byJurisdiction in the United States bythe Time of Furman Decision, 13Regional Comparison of Total Persons Executed Under State Authorityby Decade: 1890-1983, 14Regional Comparison of NonwhitePersons ExecutedUnderStateAuthority by Decade: 1890-1984, 15Illegal Lynchings by State and Race:1882- 1962, 16Earliest Census Data1850- 1870, 28on Prisons:Persons Present in State and FederalPrisons on the Day of Survey,Census Data: 1880-1980, 29Persons Present per 100,000 U.S.Population in State and FederalPrisons and Reformatories by Region1880and State, Census Data:1980, 30Number of Persons Present and Rateper 100,000 U.S. Population in Stateand Federal Prisons and Reformatories by State and Region, JusticeData: 1950-1984, 3 2Number of Persons Received UnderSentence of Death: 1904-1984, 18Comparison Census and Justice Figures for Number Reported Presentin State and Federal Correctional1950Facilities, Available Years:1984, 33Number Present Under Sentence ofDeath on Day of the Survey by Sex,Race, Offense, Age, and ElapsedTime for Years in Which Data AreAvailable: 1880- 1984, 19Rate per 100,000 Population andRate per 100,000 Aged 20-44 Present in State and Federal Prisons and1880Reformatories by Decade:1983, Summary Table, 34Offenses of Those Received UnderSentence of Death: 1961-1981, 20Number and Rate per 100,000Population of Sentenced Prisoners inState and Federal Institutions: 19251982, 35Persons Removed from Sentence ofDeath Other Than by Execution:1960-1984, 211930-Number and Rate per 100,000 ofState and Federal Prisoners Receivedfrom Court: 1904-1983, 36Federal Executions in the UnitedStates, by Year, Offense, Race, andState: 1930- 1963, 24Number of Prisoners Received fromCourt in State and Federal Prisonsand Reformatories by State byDecade: 1904- 1980, 37Executions1983, 23byMilitary:WomenExecutedUnderCivilAuthority in the United States, byYear, Offense, Race, and State:1930- 1962, 25
TABLE O F CONTENTS (continued)List of Tables (continued)Rate per 100,000 Population ofPrisoners Received from Court inState and Federal Prisons andReformatories by State by Decade:1904- 1980, 383-20Percentage Distribution of OffensesReported for Persons Present in StatePrisons: 1960, 1974, and 1979, 483-21Type of Release of Prisoners in Stateand Federal Prisons and Reformatories: 1923- 1982, 50Percentage Having Sentence of 1Year or Longer by Place Found:1880. 393-22Average Sentence in Years for Totalin Prison and Jails by Sex, Region,Race,Nativity,andOffense:1890, 39Average Duration of Stay on Day ofSurvey by Place of Incarceration asReported by Census: 1880, 513-23PercentageWhichCommitmentsUnder Indeterminate Sentence Wereof Total Commitments: 1923 and1910, 41Comparison Average Time ServedWith Median Time Served inMonths, Selected Years:19231960. 523-24Use of Definite vs. IndeterminateSentences by Sex for State and Federal Prisoners Received:19261960, 41Median Months Served in StatePrisons and Reformatories by Stateby Type of Release, Selected Years:1923-1982, 543-25h4edian Sentence in Months byOffense and Sentence Type ofPrisoners Received for SelectedYears: 1923-1960. 42Median Months Served in State andFederal Prisons and Reformatoriesby Offense by Type of Release,Selected Years: 1923- 1982, 583-20Median Time Served in Months bySex for Selected Offenses: 1923, 603-27Median Time Served in Months byFirst Releases on Sentences FromState Institutions by Region, Race,and Offense: 1952, 603-28Median Time Served in Months inState Institutions by Offense byRace: 1937, 1952, and 1964, 613-29Prior Commitment Data,Years: 1890- 1938, 62Median Sentence in Months byOffense for Selected Years, PrisonersReceived: 1923- 198 1. 43Percentage Distribution of Offensesof Prisoners Received During GivenYear in State and Federal Prisonsand Reformatories: 19 10- 198 1, 45Percentage Distribution of OffensesReported for Prisoners Received inState Prisons and ReformatoriesDuring Selected Years:19231981, 46Percentage Distribution of OffensesReported for Inmates Present on aGiven Day in State and FederalPrisons: 1923 and 1974, 47Selected3-30A Prior Conviction History at Time ofEntry to State Prison in 1979, 6 33-30B Percentage of Releases Returned toPrison, by State, Year of Release,and Follow-up Peri3d, 6 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)List of Tables (continued)Characteristics of Persons in Stateand Federal Prisons, InstitutionalPopulation Census Data:19101980, 65Characteristics of Prisoners Receivedin State and Federal Prisons andReformatories by Age, Sex, andRace: 1910- 1982, 66Characteristics of Those Committedto State and Federal Prisons in First6 Months of 1923, 67Adjudication Status of Jail Inmates,Available Years: 1880- 1983. 80Admissions and Releases for theAnnual Period Ending June 30,1983, by Legal Status, Sex, andRegion, 81Jail Commitments Under Sentenceby Type of Sentence: 1910-1933, 82Profile of State Prison Admissions:1979, 68Number and Rate per 100,000 JailCommitments Under Sentence byRegion:1923 and 1933; and JailCommitments by Type of Sentenceand Region: 1923, 84Number of Federal and State Institutions Reported by Census Bureauand Justice Department, SelectedYears: 1890- 1982/83, 69Sentence Length by Offense forThose Persons Received in JailsUnder Sentence of ImprisonmentOnly: 1923, 85Staff of State and Federal Prisonsand Reformatories: 1926-1958, 70Percentage Distribution of OffensesReported for Sentenced OffendersReceived in Jails in 1910, 1923, and1933, 86Inmate-Staff Ratio by State, Federaland State Prisons and Reformatories:1926-1958, 71Number of Staff and Inmate-StaffRatioinStatePrisonsandReformatories, by State:197 11979, 72Total Number of Jail Inmates byState: 1880-1983. 76Percentage Distribution of OffensesReported for Inmates Present in Jailson a Given Day: 1923, 1933, 1972,and 1978, 87Percentage Distribution of PrisonersReleased by Type of Release andType of Sentence: 1923, 89Jail Inmates by State per 100,000Population: 1880- 1983, 77Percentage Distribution of TimeServed by Those Released From Jailsby Offense: 1923, 89Number and Rate per 100,000PopulationforSentencedJailPrisoners Present by Region andState: 1910-1970. 78Median Time Served by MalePrisoners Discharged, by Color,Nativity, and Offense (SelectedOffenses), by Regions: 1933, 90Place of Incarceration of PersonsReported Present on a Given DayDuring the Year: 1880, 1933, 1970,1983, 79Characteristics of Persons in Jails:1910-1983, 91
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)List of Tables (continued)Country of Birth of Foreign-BornPersons Committed to Jails:1923(Rate per 100,000 Population inCountry) and 1933 (Percent ofTotal); Percentage Distribution ofCommitments to Jails by Nativityand Race: 1923 and 1910; PersonsPresent in Jails by Nativity and Race1923. 9 3Percentage Distribution of PriorCommitments of Those ReceivedUnder Sentence in Jails: 1923, 94Jail Prisoners Received, by OffenseandPreviousCommitments:1933, 94Selected Jail Characteristics Reportedby the 1970 Jail Census, 96Selected Jail CharacteristicsReported in 1972 Jail Survey, 97asSelected Demographic and PrearrestCharacteristics of Jail Inmates asReported in the 1978 Jail Survey, 98Adult Inmates Held Because ofCrowding at Other Facilities, byType of Jurisdiction for Which Held,and Region, February 15, 1978 andJune 30, 1983, 99Number of Inmates per Employee,by Occupational Category and Sizeof Facility, June 30, 1983, 99Number Present in Institutions forJuvenile Delinquents by State,Census Data: 1880- 1980, 104Persons Present in Facilities forJuvenile Delinquents per 100,000U.S. Population Aged 10-20 byState, Census Data: 1880- 1980, 105Average Daily Population Presentand Rates per 100,000 U.S. Population Aged 10-20 in Public and Private Juvenile Correctional Facilitiesas Reported by Children in Custody:1979 and 1982, 106Comparison of Number of Facilitiesand Residents Present in Office ofEducation Reports of 1868, 1872,1880, 1890, 1904, 1910, and 1917with Census Report of 1880, 1890,1904, 1910, and 1923, 108Comparison of Number of Residentsand Facilities Reported by Census(1960- 1980), University of Chicago(1966 and 1981), and Children inCustody (1974, 1979, and 1982), 109Comparison of Total ReportedPresent and Rate per 100,000 ofPopulation Aged 15-19 as Reportedin Census Bureau (1960- 1980),University of Chicago (1966 and1981), and Children in Custody(1974- 1982/83), 110Location of Juveniles in CorrectionalFacilities, Census Data: 1880, 1890,1923, 1960, 1970, 1980, 113Comparison by Race and by Regionof Place of Commitment of ThoseUnder 18: 1910, 113Location of Admissions of Juvenilesto Correctional Facilities: 19041923, 114Comparison of Number Present withNumber Admitted: Selected Years1904-1982, 115Admissions and Departures fromPublic and Private Juvenile CorrectionalFacilities,ChildreninCustody: 1971-1982, 116
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)List of Tables (continued)5-12Terms of Sentence as Reported inOffice of Education Report onReform Schools: 1868, 118Movement of Population in PublicInstitutions for Juvenile Delinquentsby Sex: 1933, 1295-13Sentence Length and Type by Placeof Commitment for Those Under 18:1910, 1195-14Percentage Distribution by Term ofCommitment of Juvenile DelinquentsReceived from Court by Sex andSelected Offenses and Reasons forCommitment: 1933, 119Number Present, Rate per 100,000Population Aged 15-19, Sex, Race,Nativity, and Age of Persons inJuvenileCorrectionalFacilities,Census Data: 1880- 1980, 1305- 15Physical Environment and CustodialStatus of Juvenile Present in Publicand Private Juvenile CorrectionalFacilities: 1977- 1982183, 1215-16Offenses Distribution of ThosePresent in Juvenile Facilities for1880, 1890, and 1910, 1225- 17Percentage Distribution of Offenseof Juveniles Committed to JuvenileFacilities: 1910 and 1933, 1235- 18Reason Held for Juveniles Present inPublic and Private Juvenile Correctional Facilities: 1977- 1982183, 1245- 19A Percentage Distribution of Offensesof Delinquents (Juveniles Only)Present in Public Juvenile CustodyFacilities: 1982183, 1255-19B Offenses of Delinquents in PrivateJuvenileCustodyFacilities:1982/83, 1265-20Information on Time in Care andType of Release from DifferingSources:1868, 1923, 1953-1967,1977- 1982, and 1966 and 1981, 1275-21ReformSchoolsIncludedandMethod of Release, Office ofEducation Report: 1868, 129Summary of Statistics Reported toOffice of Education ConcerningReform Schools: 1868, 131Summary of Data Reported byOffice of Education Annual Reports:1868-1912, 131Characteristics of Persons Present inCorrectional Facilities for Juvenilesby Region: 1890, 132Selected Characteristics of JuvenileDelinquentsAdmittedtoandReleased fromInstitutions forJuvenile Delinquents: First 6 Monthsof 1923, 133Percentage Distribution by PreviousInstitutional or Probational Historyof Juvenile Delinquents Receivedfrom Courts by Race and Sex: 1933,134Percentage Distribution of JuvenileDelinquents Received from CourtsAccording to Persons with WhomLiving at Time of Commitment:1933, 134Characteristics of Public JuvenileCustodyResidents,Children'sBureau Series: 1945- 1967, 136DemographicCharacteristicsofJuveniles Present in Public andPrivateFacilitiesforJuvenileOffenders, Children in CustodySeries: 1971-1982183, 137
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)List of Tables (continued)NumberofJuvenileFacilitiesIncluded in Surveys by Control,Type, and Survey Sponsor: 18801982, 138Characteristics of Public JuvenileCustody Facilities, Children's BureauSeries: 1956- 1967, 139Physical Environment and SecurityLevel of Public and Private JuvenileCorrectional Facilities, Children inCustody Series: 1977-1982/83, 140Type of Facility, Staff, Per CapitaCost, and Occupancy Rate of Publicand Private Juvenile CorrectionalFacilities, Childrenin CustodyReports: 1971-1982/83, 141Federal Prisoners Present:Years 1886-1925, 145SelectedAverage Population of InstitutionsAdministered by the Federal Bureauof Prisons for Each Fiscal YearEnded June 30: 1896 to 1945, 145AverageNumberofFederalPrisoners (All Facilities) for FiscalY
Early Census Institutional Population Reports (1 850- 1890), 1 Census Institutional Population Reports of 1904- 1933 (Separate Reports), 2 Census Institutional Population Reports of 1940- 1980 (Combined Reports), 3 Prisoners in State and Federal Prisons and Reformatories Series: 1926-1946, 4 Judicial Criminal Statistics, 4
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