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NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLNMonterey, CaliforniaDTICSETLECTESSEP 07 1989U. , THESISJAPANESE NATIONALISKbyDawn Renee GoingJune 1989Thesis Advisor:Edward A. OlsenApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Unclassif iedSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEForm ApprovedOMBNo 0704-01REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE8lb RESTRICTIVE MARKINGSIa. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATIONUNCIASSIFIED3. OISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY2b. DECLASSIFICATION /DOWNGRADINGOF REPORTStatement A (Approved forSCHEDULEpublic release; distribution is unlimited.)4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S)6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S)6b. OFFICE SYMBOL(If applicable)Naval Postgraduate SchoolCode 386c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code)Monterey, CANaval Postgraduate School7b. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code)93943-5000Monterey, CA8b. OFFICE SYMBOL(If applicable)8a. NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORINGORGANIZATION7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION93943-50009. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER10 SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS8c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code)PROGRAMELEMENT NOPROJECTNO.WORK UNITACCESSION NO.TASKNO11. TITLE (Include Security Classification)JAPANESE NATIONALISN12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)GOING.Dawn R.13a. TYPE OF REPORT113b TIME COVEREDMaster's ThesisFROM14. DATE OF REPORT (Year, Month, Day)June 1989TO15 PAGE COUNT9916. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATIONThe views exprestred in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect theofficial policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government.1718 SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse ifnecessary and identify by block number)COSATI CODESFIELDGROUPSUB-GROUPTokugawa, Meiji, Taisho, Showa, kokutai, Yamato, Maruyama,nationalism, ultranationalism, Japan, Japanese, economic19 ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)This thesis addresses the phenomenon of Japanese nationalism, its changingplace in Japanese life, and its influence on Japan's international relations. Thisstudy uses a theoretical-psychological approach to nationalism. After tracing thehistorical development of nationalist thought beginning in Tokugawa Japan, currentsocial trends in the areas of politics, economics, women and family, and youthand education are examined to determine if the requisite qualities of nationalismare present in modern Japan to portend an eventual return to an ultra form ofnationalism. The thesis concludes that traditional nationalist thought remainsa vital part of Japanese thinking; and, concerning national security implicationsfor the United States, the U.S. should not forcefully pressure Japan in the areas21 ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION20 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACTWUNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED00SAME AS RPTUnclassified22b TELEPHONE (Include Area Code) 22c OFFICE SYMBOL22a NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUALEdward A. OlsenDO Form 1473, JUN 86DTIC USERS08Previous editions are obsolete.S,'-010Z-LF-014-6603i646-316I Code 560QSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEUnclassified

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.Japanese NationalismbyDawn Renee GoingCaptain, United States Air ForceB.A., Sophia University, 1975Submitted in partial fulfillment of therequirements for the degree ofMASTER OF ARTS IN NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRSfrom theNAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL[June d A. Olsen, Thesis Advisor--Clau eSeciondaderJames J. Tritten, Chair(han, Department ofNationalecirity AffairsKneale T. Mar--of Informationand Policy 'W e

essesrelations.the historicalin the areas of tionalism.ofnationalistwomen and family, andtodetermineof nationalism are presentan eventualThethesisthoughtremainsifinreturn to an ultraconcludesastudycurrent social trendseconomics,areand itsThistodevelopmentbeginning in Tokugawa Japan,andofchanging place in Japanese life,on Japan's ormoftraditionalofJapaneseand, concerning national security implications forthe United States,Japanphenomenona theoretical-psychological approachAfteryouththethe U.S.should not forcefully pressurein the areas of trade and security issues.If U.S.policy is devoid of cultural sensitivity, Japan may ences. .',,"%1 ']': )l '"7'tradeForSAcceson-- # lByDist ibution I'Avd;.jbi,ty Codes1@-3? CIIi Avai!Dist,.,, orl,

TABLE OF CONTENTSI.INTRODUCTIONII.HISTORY OF JAPANESE NATIONALISM. 10III.IV. . . . . . . .1. . . . . . . . . .A.TOKUGAWA JAPAN. 10B.THE SPIRIT OF MEIJI. 22C.THE GENERATIONS OF TAISHO AND SHOWA. 32ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, AND SOCIAL TRENDS. 41A.ECONOMIC TRENDS. 42B.POLITICAL TRENDS. 49C.WOMEN AND FAMILY. 58D.YOUTH AND EDUCATION.67CONCLUSION. 81A.NATIONAL SECURITY IMPLICATIONS FORTHE UNITED STATES. 86LIST OF REFERENCES. 90INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST. 94iv

I.Thisthesisnationalism,willINTRODUCTIONaddress the phenomenonofJapaneseits changing place in Japanese life,anditsinfluence on Japan's international ctioncontinuestoFurthermore,ancourseof certain uniqueexertofonJapaneseThisstudywasor more arytherein,Japan.the historical precedent found in prewar Japanultrasentimentthebecause Japanese nationalism,presenceforaffectedwith other sovereign states.undertakenthehas always had treexamination of contemporaryJapan'snational soul.TakeshiKyoto,wasUmehara,head of the Japanologyfeels that the prewar idea,"In him,expressed the wholeness of the people,"be exported in the 1980s.Institutein(the emperor)is a concept toHe asserts, "A principle for thewhole world will be born from our historical spirit, the way1of the Emperor must be applied to all countries."At atimewhen Japan has assumed a leading economic role inthe1Ian Buruma,"A New Japanese Nationalism," The New XorkTimes M,(April 12, 1987): 29.1

worldand,beginningMinister Nakasone,under the direction of formerPrimeis developing a political presence,onewonders if a cycle of nationalism and ultranationalism couldberepeated.moderninnationalismtorequisite qualitiestheJapanportendThe question is whether there is presentan eventualofreturn to the Yamato-style stateasadriving force in Japan's international ay,insucceededa1946in spreadingessay,awrote,many-layered,invisible,net over the Japanese people,andtheyhavenotfromTheWestand its influencereally freedthemselvesevenits2hold."impacts on Japan.Matthew C.ThemadedecisiveThe first was initiated by USPerry's "black ships" in 1853.generation,power,twiceJapanhadCommodoreWithin a singlebecome a leading worldindustrialwith ultranationalism the dominant politicaltheme.second impact was by General Douglas MacArthur andUS Occupation.Once again,Japan, to the amazement of theworld, climbed to the top of the industrial ladder.pointtheAt whatcould nationalist sentiment once again reach frenziedlevels and history be repeated.ItIndefining nationalism,isa complex phenomenon that is formed inno simple definitionexists.relationto2Masao Maruyama, Thought and BehavioL in Modrn JapanesePolitics, expanded ed.,(Oxford:Oxford University Press:1969), p. 150.2

historicalconditionsanycountry.giventhoughtand the special social structureThere are many efinesnationalism as "first and foremost a state of mind,of consciousness .ofanactthe individual's identification ofhimselfwith the'we-group' to which he gives supreme3loyalty."To Carlton J. H. Hayes, nationalism is "a fusionof patriotism with a consciousness of nationality."productcombiningdialects) andIna."a common language (or.related4a community of historical traditions."less traditionalcommunicationsnationalism.It is aapproach,KarlW.closelyDeutschusedtheory and cybernetics in his definitionHeofbelieved that the test of nationality wasthe ability of a people to communicate more effectively with5each other than with outsiders.Takingtheinto consideration Japan's society anddefinitionof nationalism mostappropriatehistory,forthisthesis follows:Nationalism is a condition ofmind,feeling, orsentiment of a group of people living in a ge,possessing a literature in which the aspirations of the3Hans Kohn, Nationalism: JManand Hstory, (NewYork: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1965), p. 27.4Carlton J. H. Hayes, Essays on Nationalis , (New York:Russell & Russell, 1966), pp. 1-28.5LouisL.Synder,IhDynamics 2fNationalism,(Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1964), p. 1.3

nation have been expressed, being attached to commonin some cases, having a commonand,traditions,religion.6looking at the uniqueness of Japanese t.conditionsnationalearlyJapan'sfromdepended on its isolationitsThis awareness of geographical isolation can beneighbors.seen in the earliest histories which describe Japan's divineTheorigins.beliefwhen the Mongolenforceddivineinwind"which protected the land(kamikaz)ofThis incident contributedsacredthat Japan wasbeliefthethis was theTo the Japanese,from foreign invaders.godsfurtherinvasion fleet in the 13th Centurywas destroyed by a sisolation strengthened in the Japanese a sensegeographicalof historical continuity and cultural unity.Another element in Japanese nationalism is the belief inacommon racial descent;the Japanese are one of theracially homogeneous people in the world.earlytheinhabitantsThe majorityof Japan came to theislandsmostoffromKorea and other areas on the Asian mainland, including SouthChina.The Japanese are predominantly Mongoloid in Ainu,are racially descended from earlymainlyinCaucasoid6(Berkeley andDelmer M. Brown, Natinalis m in Japan,University of California Press, 1955), pp. 1Los Angeles:15.4

peoples of northern Asia and whose trait of "hairiness"characteristicto the modern Japanese physicalcontributedhasof a relatively greater amount of body hair as compared withother dingandcommunicatingessentialisa common languageThe factdialects of Japanese do not constitute a barrier.Japanese is not spoken in other parts of the world hasthattheirtocontributedoffeelingJapan's long historyinseparable from Japanese nationalism.been instrumentaland dramatic literature hashistorical,prose,of poetic,conceptauniqueness,theirin maintaining a deep awareness ofpast.and unique religious beliefs were Ninigi no Mikoto,5toGoddessThefounded a line ofimperial rulers destined to govern eternally inname.thedeities,became the protector and ruler of the land.grandson of rninstitutionandtwooffervorteaching ofimperial house towasThecan be traced to theattitudes toward tinAmaterasu's

InorderdetermineifnecessaryFirst,ortotest or measure these basicnationalism is "ultra" ptions.it is an external evaluator who must label a orit is not a self-assessmentafter the fact;actingasa patriotdoesbeyond the range or limits oforproper.A good example of thisOliverNorth,theUS Marine lieutenant colonelContrafame.According to some views,hisittoisnotseewhatisseeninofIran-he did not look atactions as either moral or immoral,but only as"goodfor his country."Nationalism is not measurable.anumericalneedIt cannot be reduced toindex for scientific discussion.However,to differentiate between nationalism that ismoreweorless common to all modern nation-states and the "ultra" formof nationalism.expansionist,sufficienttoThe most obvious answer is the presence ofmilitaristtendencies.countrylackingand sustainable military projection has no meansvalidate empire building,forceAsustainanultranationalistor even defend an isolationist policy within itssovereignborders.Thisleadsto the aneseauthorityand

standardin"national polity."thewithin or beyond its hange,withindid,nationWhat themoralAlthough a country engagedbe it politicalshiftsdramaticthewhichtowas not subject to anycode that superceded the nation.inaccordingactions were judged as right or wrong nationalthegoals,radical subordination of world good tonationalAn example of this is seen in abecomes discernible.passage from The Way of the Subject:Our country's determination and military strength madepowers] unable to impose anyAllied[the principalthe trueWhen Japan seceded,sanctions whatsoever.nature of the League [of Nations] was revealed to theIn autumn of the same year Germany followed ourworld.example and seceded, and later Italy took advantage ofthe Abyssinian question to announce its secession also,so that the League became nothing but an empty name.Thus since the autumn of 1931 our country made greatin the vanguard of the forces struggling forstridesworld renovation.7Japan openly scorned the fact that the League waspowerlessto imposed sanctions.Finally,therehave been many approaches to the studyof Japanese nationalism.traditionalapproachIn the past, many studies used theof such writers asHayesandKohn.Their approach was one of the intellectual historian and hasbeenconsidered too limited when viewing the phenomenon7Maruyama, ThoughtPolitics, p. 10.andBhi7inMofJaanese

modern nationalism.doesKohn's definition as a "state of mind"not take into adequate account social change ychologically integrated into and positively identify with8the nation-state.RuthofBenedict's belief that the traditionalgroup life provided the basis for modern nationalismrepresentativesomeof the structural approach that iswritings.socialThisgroupsapproach identifiedcertain structural featuresethics that werenationalism.resultingsuperior on an considered necessary in the development csoffrom the bestowal of a favor byonarepaid with loyalty, obedience, and(social obligation) and the9hierarchy."ThestructuralJapanesethedidgrowth of nationalloyaltyapproachnotthe destruction of local and regional tiesdescribing nationalismintheearlyasMeijiperiod.8Hayes, Essays on Nationalism, pp. 1-28.9Kenneth B. Pyle,"Some Recent Approaches to JapaneseNationalism,"in Modern Japan:An Interpretive Anthology,ed.Irwin Scheiner,(New York:MacMillan Publishing Co.,Inc., 1974), pp. 122-134.8

n based on "interest theory,"Japaneseinwhichnationalist doctrine is viewed as an ideological weapon usedbythe elite,government and dominant government used education, the media, and the army to fosterthe growth of nationalism.A theoretical-psychological approach to11seenin the writings of Masao irst reviewedifany,aswillbe handanalyzedtotraditional/contemporarythought plays in shaping the character of nationalism today.Myhypothesis is that these trends will strengthen the roleof nationalism in the formation of Japan's national iginanddevelopment of nationalist "thought" in Japan as a necessaryfoundationpaperwillforstudying presentsocialconditions.conclude with an analysis of howtendencies are,or are not,Thenationalisticreflected in today's 9inModernJapnes

II.Theisbeginning of what was to become moderndiscernibleperiod.forcesHISTORY OF JAPANESE NATIONALISMasfar back into history asnationalismtheTokugawaIt is from this point that the dynamic nationalistwillbetraced,focusing onconceptspermeatedJapanesesociety and estingthatmeansbekokutaiandhow they influenced foreign policyandmay uenceonTokugawa period in Japan was marked by the riseofJapan's policies in the future.A.TOKUGAWA JAPANTheintellectualinthecurrents which began the first distinctgrowth of arthe new emphasis upon kokutai or"whatitmeans to be Japanese"; the beginnings of the movement can bedetectedintheConfucian scholars.writingsof theearliest17thWhen the first Portuguese came ashore,Japan was torn by civil war.Within 50was under the control of Hideyoshi.years, the countryThe Tokugawa politicaland social system was put together under Ieyasu,"Shosun."incenturyThe military regime,the first half of the 17ththefirstor bakufu, came to advocatecentury that soldiers devote10

their energies to scholarship.endeavordeeperIt was from this scholasticthat intellectual movementsemerged,appreciation for Japan's heritage.TokugawaJapan,thatmodernarousingIt is ryJapan was a feudal society where t the three islands of Honshu,controlKyushu and Shikoku.Theshogun controlled Japan while the emperor and his courtledacloistered life in Kyoto,politicalcontroland power.far fromthecircleThe shogunate andimperialcourt existed as dual systems with the emperor d the actual power,tochallengesometimesAlthoughit neverdaredthe emperor's inalienablerightthe(ortoThrough isolation, the Tokugawa government ces,Japaneseandsociety.centuries,(theand the shogun as ruler.ofpreventinitially developed nsetensionslate 17th taiJapanese)Confucianism,classical studies and the Son-no or Revere the Emperor11anyConsequently,nationalism materialized in the form ofnationaldiscussions,and

Movementandwas12limitedfor the fof power rested on the greattheTokugawa family,with thei&(house,seatofthegovernmentin Edo.the Owari,Kii, and Mito, controlled a domain which coveredThree branches of the Tokugawa family,almost a quarter of the country,of Edo,Osaka,and Kyoto.including the mainThe remaining three-quarters ofJapan was controlled by daimyo or feudalBelowthethelords.shogun and daimyo were the samurai whoallegiance to their lords.inimpoverishedperiod,daimyo,whentheowedThey were paid in rice-stipends,actuality becoming a parasitic class.TokugawacitiesriceNear the endstipendswereless disciplinedbecamecutofbyronin,literally "wandering men," breaking their allegiance tothedaimyo.Manyscience,becoming part of the intellectual force behind theopeningof these ronin studied Western languages andof Japan and ardent supporters of theIn their attack upon the bakufu,to national consciousness."RevereThethe Emperor,intellectualsRestoration.they strove to rouse JapanFrom this group came the sloganExpel the Barbarian"(Son-nowho wanted to adopt Westernjo-i).methodsin12Brown, Nationalisnj Japan, p. 61.13Seizaburo Sato,"Analysis of Japan's Modernization,"The Japan fcho, Vol III, 2 (Summer 1976):72.12

defenseagainst the West began to listen to the scholars ofDutch learning or ranaakusha.Not only did thesescholarsadvocate learning the techniques of making guns and buildingships,but they stressed the importance of appreciating thestrength of Western powers.In fact, Shozan Sakuma, one ofthe prominent Dutch scholars, was imprisoned for his part inencouraging a student, Shoin Yoshida, to stow away on one ofPerry'sshipsInmost famous book,hisuneqivocallyeventually1868.in order to learn about the s,favored,the leaders of thefirsthand.whichhewasRestorationofHe wrote:It is inevitable that "if we know neither the enemy norourselves, we shall be defeated in every battle." Evenif we knew both the enemy and ourselves, at the presenttime we should still not speak of fighting.Only afterwe have mastered everything that the enemy can do well,withoutlosing the abilities we already have, can webegin to speak of that.14TheTokugawagovernmentpropounded andleftasitsheritage to modern Japan a view of society which was erchant.a15hierarchyofsamurai,The merchant class,the bottom of the social scale;theinoffarmer,theory,samuraiwereupon as the government's protection and the peasantsitsrevenue (rice wa

gods from foreign invaders. This incident contributed to the belief that Japan was sacred and inviolable. This geographical isolation strengthened in the Japanese a sense of historical continuity and cultural unity. Another element in Japanese nationalism is the belief in a common racial descent; the Japanese are one of the most

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