Meniu La Pachet A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO PHRASAL VERBS
Andreea-RosaliaOlteanuA HOLISTICAPPROACH TOPHRASAL VERBSISBN 978-606-577-927-3Editura Sfântul Ierarh Nicolae2012
ContentsIntroductionChapter I1.3An Overview of Phrasal Verbs1.1A Chronological Survey1.2The Historical Rise of the English Phrasal VerbsThe Ancestors of Phrasal Verbs in Old English1.4Phrasal Verbs in Middle English1.5Phrasal Verbs in Early Modern English1.6Phrasal verbs in present- day English1.7Definition of Phrasal Verbs1.8Role of Phrasal Verbs in English language1.9Classification of English Verbs1.10Types of Phrasal VerbsChapter II The grammar of Phrasal Verbs2.12.2Particle verbs and Morphology2.1.1Derivation2.1.2InflectionSyntax of Phrasal Verbs
2.2.1 Differences between Phrasal Verbs and PrepositionalVerbs2.2.2 Syntactic Patterns2.32.42.2.3Word classes of Particles2.2.4Positioning of Particles2.2.5Phrasal- prepositional Verbs2.2.6Syntactic tests for Phrasal Verbs2.2.7The Function of ParticlesSemantics of Phrasal Verbs2.3.1Spatial particles2.3.2Aspectual and related particle2.3.3Compositional vs. Non- compositional Phrasal VerbsPhrasal verbs and Pragmatics2.4.1 Pragmatics and Discourse2.5The metaphorical extension of phrasal verbs2.5.1Phrasal Verbs as Idioms2.5.2Variations of meaning2.5.3Idiomatic or literal verb particle construction?
2.5.4The metaphoric in recent cognitive approaches toPhrasal VerbsChapter III Practical Aspects of Phrasal Verbs3.1 Difficulties with phrasal verbs3.2 A query on the verb listen to as a Phrasal Verb3.3 Slang equivalents for the verb to die3.4The analysis of the phrasal verbs used in lyricsGeneral conclusionBibliography
IntroductionThe present study suggests a revision of all the theses concerning thedomain of complex verbs. The practical aim of the study is to offer asynthesizing model of the conveyed theories that have been put forward inthe specialized literature of complex verbs.Being structured into three chapters, this paper is a study on phrasalverbs whose particular aim is that of producing an accurate description ofphrasal verbs seen through their complex perspective of the morphological,syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features.Therefore, Chapter One deals with aspects related to a chronologicalsurvey, to a historical rise of the English phrasal verbs and has in viewdefinitions and classifications of phrasal verbs.Further on, Chapter Two points out a complete approach from amorphological, syntactical, semantic,pragmatic and metaphorical point ofview.And finally, Chapter Three offers a new perspective on the matter ofphrasal verbs dealing with issues like: the description of listen to as a phrasalverb, slang equivalents for the verb to die and the analysis of phrasal verbsthat occurin some lyrics.
In the study there are some methods used in order to highlight matterslike the description of listen to as a phrasal verb, such as the method of querythat helps in demonstrating that listen to is a phrasal verb, or the method ofapproaching grammatical judgements through the theories of some authorson the same subject. (Driven, Rene's study on metaphorical extension is acase in point)The Bibliography that supports the theoretical affirmations is classifiedinto General Bibliography and Special Bibliography. The latter comes upwith examples meant to illustrate that phrasal verbs are used in manydomains, even in the lyrics of the Magical world of Disney, issue encounteredin the last part of Chapter One. This paper was fulfilled in accordance withthe scientific writing techniques described by Gherasim, Alexandra andTurcan, Nelly sinau:Universitatea deStatdinMoldova,2005-P.23
Chapter 1 . An Overview of Phrasal VerbsThe verb-particle construction in Modern English is extremelycomplex to analyse and describe coherently in synchronic terms, but its originand diachronic development is even more problematic.To get deeper into the issue, this chapter will deal with aspects relatedto an evolution of specialized literature, with a historical rise of the Englishphrasal verb (from the Old English to the present day English), and will alsohave in view definitions and classifications of phrasal verbs.1.1 A chronological surveyAlong the years, phrasal verbs have been much studied. Thus achronologicalSurvey helps in covering all the research conducted so far on the matter.Therefore, the earliest study that has been written about phrasal verbsdates from the 16th century, when in 1586 William Bullokar wrote The BriefGrammar for English by J R Turner, The works of William Bullokar, vol. II.Starting with the 17th century, 2 studies have been written, that of Walker Leedswho in 1655 wrote A Treatise of the English Particles. The Scholar Press,London, and that of Guy Miege (1688). The English Grammar,London.In the 18th century, only one study is recorded, that of MichaelMattaire who in 1712 wrote The English Grammar. London.Further on, in the 19th century, Henry Sweet (1892) entitled his studyon phrasal verbs A New English Grammar. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
Nevertheless, in the 20th century, more and more studies were to be written. Thus,in 1906 A. Western published his work Some Remarks on English Adverbs.Englische Studieni 36, 75-99, Whitehall. In 1919. Harold Dongen W. A. wrote Heput on his hat and he put his hat on. A number of other works written in this centurywere: AG Kennedy (1920), The Modern English Verb Adverb Combination.Stanford University Press, California; Bogholm, Niels (1920) English Prepositions.Copenhagen, Fowler, H.W. (1923) Preposition at end. Society for Pure EnglishTracts 14, 18-21 ; Smith, Logan P(1925), Words and Idioms: Studies in the EnglishLanguage, London ; Poutsma, Hendrik (1926), A Grammar of Late ModemEnglish, Part II: The Parts of Speech, Section II: The Verb and the Particles,Groningen ; P. Noordhoff Volbeda, R (1926), On the place of prepositions ;English Studies 8, 143 - 152,169 -181 ; Roberts, M.H. (1936), The antiquity of theGermanic Verb- adverb locution, JEGP 35, 466 -481 ; Charnley, M.B. (1949),The syntax of deferred prepositions. American Speech 24; Pence, R.W. (1949),Up with which we can no longer put Quarterly Journal 35; Mackin, Ronald(1950). The Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English. OxfordUniversity Press; Stevie, F. W. (1950). The deferred preposition. AmericanSpeech, 25, 211 - 214; Brondal, V. (1950) Theorie des prepositions. Copenhagen;Jowett W. P. (1951) On phrasal verbs. ELT 6; Prins, Anton A. (1952) FrenchInfluence in English Phrasing. Leiden, Universitaire Press Leiden; Anthony, M.M. jr. (1954) Test Frames for structures with "up" in Modem AmericanSpeech. University of Michigan Dissertation; Mechner, M. (1956) SomeProblems of Collocations of Verb and Particle in the Teaching of English as aForeign Language. MA. Thesis University of London; Hornby A. S. (1957), A
guide to patterns and usage in English. 2nd ed. London, Oxford University Press;Mitchell, T.F (1958) Syntagmatic relations in linguistic analysis. Transactions ofthe Philological Society, 101 - 118; Potter, S (1965), English Phrasal Verbs.Philologica Pragensia 8, 285 - 289; Kiffer. T E. (1965), A Diachronic andSynchronic Analysis and Description of English Phrasal Verbs. University ofPennsylvania; Hughes, M. N. (1966) Phrasal and prepositional verbs. EnglishLanguage Teaching Institute, London, Typescript; Legum, St. E verbparticle constructions in English. Papers from the Foui Meeting of theChicago Linguistic Society, 50-62, Chicago ; Nickel, Gerhard (1968), Complexverbal structures in English. International Review of Applied Linguistics 6: 1 2; Zamudio, M (1969), On defining the phrasal verb: its grammatical structureand its recognition.Revista de Linguistica Apicada, Chile, Universidad de Concepcion ; BolingerDwight (1971) The Phrasal Verb in English. Cambridge, Harvard UniversityPress; Lipka, L (1972) Semantic Structure and Word - Formation. VerbParticle Constructions in Contemporary English, Munchen; Fink Sroka,Kazimiers (1972), The Syntax of English Phrasal Verbs. The Hague, Mouton;Quirk et al (1972), A Grammar of Contemporary English, London, Longman ;Parisi, D. & A. Puglielli (1974), Hopping adverbs, Atti del XI CongressoInternazionale di Linguistica ; Cowie, A.P& R. Mackin (1975), OxfordDictionary of Current Idiomatic English, vol 1, Verbs with prepositions andparticles. Oxford: Oxford University Press; Swan, Michael (1980), PracticalEnglish Usage. Oxford, Oxford University Press; Hook, J. N. (1981), Two- wordVerbs in English. New York Harcourt; Aarts, J. F. (1982), English Syntactic
Structure, The Pergamon Press; Dalle, T. S. (1983), The Effectiveness ofCurrent Grammatical Theory in Applied ESL and Some PedagogicalImplications. The University of Arizona; Murphy, M.J. (1983), UnderstandingPhrasal Verbs, Hulton Educational Supplement ; Shovel, M. (1985), MakingSense of Phrasal Verbs. Eastbourne, Cassell ; Bacchieli, Rolando (1986),Termini frasali inglesi, Urbino, Quatro Venti ; Brinton, Laurel J. (1988), TheDevelopment of English Aspectual Systems. Aspectualizers and Post- VerbalParticles. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; McArthur, Tom (1989), Thelong- neglected phrasal verb. English Today 18; Bari. Schena Dikken, Marcelden (1992), Particles : on the Syntax of Verb- Particle, Triadic, and CausativeConstructions. Oxford, Oxford University Press; Woolard, George (1992),Phrasal Verbs through jokes. Modern English Teacher, vol 1, p 12; Cowie, A.(1993), Getting to grips with phrasal verbs. English Today 36, 38 - 41; Watson,George G. (1994), Place and movement. An approach to phrasal verbs. LEND- Lingua Didattica, pp 21-38; Pye, Glennis et al. (1997), Cambridgeinternational Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Cambridge, Cambridge UniversityPress R E. (1998), Fine but not definitive (a review of Glennis Pye et al,C U P ) , English Today 55, 57-59; Brinton, Laurel J. & Minoji Akimoto, eds.(1999), Collocational and Idiomatic Aspects of Composite Predicates inthe History of English. Amsterdam; Benjamins Hiltuten, Risto (1999), VerbalPhrases and Phrasal Verbs in Early Modem English. Amsterdam,Benjamins, pp.133 -165.
This chronological survey meant to highlight the studies that have beenwritten since the 16th century to the 20,h century, constitute a premise for the nextsection that is, The Historical Rise of the English Phrasal Verb.1.2 The Historical Rise of the English Phrasal Verb.The presentation starts with the description given in A Biography of theEnglish Language by Millward, C. M. 21.3 The Ancestors of Phrasal Verbs in Old EnglishMillward, C. M. (1996) pointed out that the range and importance of verbparticle- constructions in the spoken language of the early stages of development ishard to be dealt with. Still, studies like: Baugh Albert C. (1993)3, or Traugott,Elizabeth C. (1972)4 have shown that the Old English ancestors of modem phrasalverbs were generally inseparable prefix verbs, although some separable forms didexist.Millward states that the inseparable- prefix verb was a form in which theparticle was attached to the beginning of the verb. These Old English prefixed verbsare comparable to current phrasal forms. For example, in present day English, thereis the monotransitive verb to burn and then the phrasal monotransitive to burn up.Old English had baernan (to bum) and fbrbaernan (to burn up). The prefix forremained affixed to the verb and could not move as modern particle can.2Millward, CM A Biography of the English Language. 2nd edition Forth Worth: Harcourt Brace, 1996.Baugh Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language.4th edition Eaglewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1993.4Traugott, Elizabeth C. The History of English Syntax. New York: Holt Rinehard and Winston, 1972.3
Such Old English compound verbs were also highly idiomatic, in that themeaning of the compound form did not necessarily reflect the meaning of the root.Denison (1993) 5 provides beraedan as an example because it meant todispossess, while its root verb raedan meant to advise.Akimoto (1999)6 suggests that Old English prefixes often remained beforethe verb because Old English had strong object- before- verb tendencies, whereaspresent day English is largely a VO (verb object) language, which has made itpossible for particles to travel to post verbal positions.Some Old English verbs did function as modern phrasal verbs do.Referring to the post- verbal particles in this period was still often very directional,in close relationship with a prepositional meaning.Therefore, applications of the particle up in Old English conveyed a senseof direction upward, as in to grow up (ward), rather than the completive sense, asin to break up (completely), that would become more common in Middle Englishand beyond.1.4 Phrasal Verbs in Middle EnglishThis section will deal with those forms of phrasal verbs that occur in MiddleEnglish. Thus, the formation of prefixes verbs in Old English was no longerproductive in Middle English, and the loss of productivity was already evident inOld English, in which certain authors added a post- verbal particle to prefixed verbs,possibly because the prefix was losing meaning (Denison, 1986:47)75Denison, David. English Historical Syntax: Verbal Constructions: London and New York, Longman, 1986Akimoto, Minoji. Collocations and Idioms in Late Modern English. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 19997Denison, David. The Origins of Completive up in English Ncuphilologische Mitteilungen , 1986-P. 47.6
The rapid borrowings of French verbs into Middle English likely showed thedevelopment of phrasal verbs (Baugh and Cable 3408, Fischer 3869) because ofcompetition in semantic fields of the Old English prefixed verbs. For example, theFrench borrowing destroy could accommodate the meaning of the Old Englishforbrecan ‘break up‟ (Smith, 1996:140)10French forms also likely hindered phrasal verbs because of lexical register.French was the language of status in England after the Norman Conquest, andphrasal verbs were considered informal (Tanabe, 1999:123)11, Fischer 39812).Nonetheless, phrasal verbs regained strong productivity by the 15th century(Fischer, 1992:386)13 Middle English underwent a shift in syntax from manyinstances of SOV to SVO as it lost many synthetic inflections from Old English,becoming a much more analytic, or word- order based language. The new VOword order, as Akimoto claims, likely enabled adverbial particles.In other words, Old English forbrecan became to break up. By lateMiddle English, phrasal verbs could be divided into three categories: a). OldEnglish style inseparable particle verb (understand, overtake); b). phrasal verbsincluding verbs separable particle (take up, write up); and c). nominal compoundsderived from the first two (outcry, write- off). (Fischer, 1992: 386)148Baugh and Cable. Op. cit. - P. 340.Fischer, Olga. Syntax. The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2, Ed. Norman Blake, Cambridge UP, 1992, P.11010Smith, Jeremy. A Historical Study of English. London and New York: Routledge, 1996.-P. 6311'Tanabe, Harumi Composite Predicates and Phrasal Verbs in the Paston Letters, Amsterda tnd Philadelphia, 1999. - P. 123.12Fischer, Olga. Op. cit - P. 398.13Idem - P. 38614Fischer, Olga. Op. cit - P. 386.9
1.5 Phrasal Verbs in Early Modern EnglishThe incidence of phrasal verbs exploded in Early Modem English.Shakespeare himself applied the form widely through the plays. Hiltuten (1999)15explains that phrasal verbs were used extensively in Early Modern English dramatictexts because of their variable shades of meaning and productive capacity " to beexpanded to form new idioms"16.Akimoto notes also that "phrasal verbs occur more frequently in letters anddramas than in essays or academic writing”17 in the 18th and 19th centuries. Thisconfirms that phrasal verbs occupied a lower social position in Early ModernEnglish than, perhaps, single Latinate verbs that could fill their semantic fields,which gives rise, incidentally, to a syntactic test for phrasal verbs.Phrasal verbs in Early Modern English could be formed with a noun particle, such as to louse up (Millward 319)18It was also in this period that pronominal objects were firmly establishedbefore particles {She put it on not *She put on it) as a standard practice, whilenominal objects retained movement before and after the particle (She put the dresson / She put on the dress).1.6 Phrasal Verbs in present-day EnglishIn present-day English, phrasal verbs are identifiable by particle movement(when transitive), stressed particles, incapacity for adverb intervention in the verb1516Hilluten, Risio Verbal Phrases and Phrasal Verbs in Early Modern English, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1999- P. 95Idem. -P. 161.Akimoto, Minoji Op. cit - P. 14S.18Millward, CM. Op. cit. - P. 319.17
phrase, by translation and passivization. A phrasal verb in present day English is averb that takes a complementary particle which is an adverb resembling apreposition, necessary to complete sentence. (E.g. He fixed up the car.).This short presentation of the origin and development of English phrasal verbs fromOld English to Modem English was a premise for approaching another aspect ofthe present study, that is: Various definitions of phrasal verbs.1.7 Definitions of Phrasal VerbsThe expression phrasal verb refers, in English Grammar, to a combinationof a verb and a prepositional or adverbial particle, in which the combination oftentakes on a meaning which is apparently not the simple sum of its parts, for exampleturn up meaning appear.Longman Dictionary of phrasal verbs19 defines phrasals as "idiomaticcombination of a verb and adverb, or a verb and preposition (or verb with bothadverb and preposition)"20.A grammarian such as Eduard, Vlad (1998:93)21 describes phrasal verbs as"combinations of a lexical verb and adverbial particle". Verbs as give up, fall out,take in are considered by him to be multi- words verbs that are equivalent to onelexical item.19 Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs: Longman, Longman Publishing House 1991-P. xv20 Longman Dictionary. Op. cit. - P. xv.21 Vlad, Eduard English Group Grammar. Constanta: Tipografia Universitatii Ovidius. 1998- P. 145
Heaton (1985:103)22 considers that "phrasal verbs are compound verbs thatresult from combining a verb with an adverb or a preposition, the resultingcompound verb being idiomatic."All these definitions lead to another aspect proposed for discussion, that is,the role of phrasal verbs in the English language.1.8 The role of Phrasal Verbs in the English languagePhrasal verbs are considered to be a very important and frequentlyoccurring feature of the English language.First of all, they are so common in every- day conversation, and non-nativespeakers who wish to sound natural when speaking this language need to learn theirgrammar in order to know how to produce them correctly.Secondly, the habit of inventing phrasal verbs has been the source of greatenrichment of the language. By means of phrasal verbs it is described the greatestvariety of human actions and relations. .E.g. People can be taken up, taken down,taken off, taken in or one can keep in with people, one can set people up or down,or hit people off. So there is hardly any action or attitude of one human being toanother which cannot be expressed by means of these phrasal verbs.The last part of this chapter will deal with classifications of English verbs andwith types of phrasal verbs.22 Heaton, J. B. Prepositions and Adverbial Particles. Hong Kong: Peninsula Press, 1985- P. 155
1.9 Classification of English VerbsThis classification is necessary to see where are phrasal verbs included inEnglish Grammar and what status do they take.The verb is considered to be the heart of a sentence "is a part of speechdenoting actions, to work, to go, to sing, processes in the form of actions to stand,to lie, the appearanc
the Philological Society, 101 - 118; Potter, S (1965), English Phrasal Verbs. Philologica Pragensia 8, 285 - 289; Kiffer. T E. (1965), A Diachronic and Synchronic Analysis and Description of English Phrasal Verbs. University of Pennsylvania; Hughes, M. N. (1966) Phrasal and prepositional verbs. English
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