Food Losses And Waste In The Context Of Sustainable Food .

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HLPEREPORT8Food losses and waste in the contextof sustainable food systemsA report byThe High Level Panel of Expertson Food Security and NutritionJune 2014

HLPE Reports series#1Price volatility and food security (2011)#2Land tenure and international investments in agriculture (2011)#3Food security and climate change (2012)#4Social protection for food security (2012)#5Biofuels and food security (2013)#6Investing in smallholder agriculture for food security (2013)#7Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition (2014)#8Food losses and waste in the context of sustainable food systems (2014)All HLPE reports are available at www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe2

HLPE Steering Committee members (June 2014)Per Pinstrup-Andersen (Chair)Maryam Rahmanian (Vice-Chair)Amadou AllahouryMarion GuillouSheryl HendriksJoanna HewittMasa IwanagaCarol KalafaticBernardo KliksbergRenato MalufSophia MurphyRuth Oniang’oMichel PimbertMagdalena SepúlvedaHuajun TangHLPE Project Team membersVishweshwaraiah Prakash (Team Leader)Jane AmbukoWalter BelikJikun HuangAntonius TimmermansCoordinator of the HLPEVincent GitzThis report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE) has beenapproved by the HLPE Steering Committee.The views expressed do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Committee on World FoodSecurity, of its members, participants, or of the Secretariat.This report is made publicly available and its reproduction and dissemination is encouraged. Noncommercial uses will be authorized free of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or othercommercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission toreproduce or disseminate this report should be addressed by e-mail to copyright@fao.org with copy tocfs-hlpe@fao.org.Referencing this report:HLPE, 2014. Food losses and waste in the context of sustainable food systems. A report by the HighLevel Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security,Rome 2014.3

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ContentsFOREWORD .9SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS .11Main findings . 11Recommendations . 16INTRODUCTION .19123FOOD LOSSES AND WASTE AND SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS:DEFINITION, EXTENT AND IMPACTS .211.1What are FLW along food chains and how to measure them? . 211.1.1 FLW concepts and definitions . 211.1.2 FLW and FQLW metrics . 241.1.3 Current evaluations of the extent of food losses and waste . 251.1.4 Towards harmonized methodologies and protocols to describe and measure FLW . 281.2What are sustainable food systems? . 291.3FLW, sustainable food systems and food security . 311.3.1 FLW and SFS . 311.3.2 FLW and food security . 35CAUSES AND DRIVERS OF FOOD LOSSES AND WASTE .392.1Stage-specific causes of FLW along the food chain . 392.1.1 Pre-harvest factors and produce left unharvested . 412.1.2 Harvesting and initial handling . 422.1.3 Storage . 432.1.4 Transport and logistics . 442.1.5 Processing and packaging . 452.1.6 Retail . 462.1.7 Consumption . 472.2Meso-causes of food losses and waste . 492.2.1 Lack of support to actors for investments and good practices . 502.2.2 Lack of private and public infrastructure for well-functioning food chains . 502.2.3 Lack of integrated food chain approaches and management . 512.2.4 Confusion around food date labelling . 522.3Macro-level causes of FLW . 542.3.1 Impact of policies, laws and regulations on FLW . 542.3.2 Systemic causes. 55OPTIONS TO REDUCE FOOD LOSSES AND WASTE .573.1Single actor, technical or behaviour-driven solutions to reduce food lossesand waste . 583.1.1 Good practices in crop and animal production . 583.1.2 Storage and conservation solutions . 583.1.3 Technical solutions in transport, processing and packaging . 603.1.4 Solutions for the hospitality sector. 623.1.5 Solutions for households . 633.2Concerted and collective solutions to reduce FLW . 643.2.1 Adopt a food chain approach to FLW reduction actions . 643.2.2 Invest in infrastructure . 655

t in adapted cold chain developments . 66Develop food processing . 67Ensure proper capacity building, education, training and extension services . 68Unleash the crucial role of women to reduce FLW . 70Give a role to corporate social responsibility . 71Promote consumer behaviour change . 71Give value to surplus “saved” food . 72Valorize by-products, side streams and non-used food . 74Promoting and enabling individual and collective change. 763.3.1 Consider costs and benefits to overcome “winners and losers” constraints . 773.3.2 Integrate FLW concerns in policies . 793.3.3 Mobilize all actors and consumers for awareness and action . 83ENABLING THE CHANGE: A WAY FORWARD TO FOOD LOSSES ANDWASTE REDUCTION STRATEGIES .894.1A way forward to reduce FLW in different contexts . 894.2How to construct the way forward? . 914.2.1 Improve data collection and knowledge sharing on FLW . 914.2.2 Diagnose and develop effective strategies to reduce FLW . 924.2.3 Take effective steps to reduce FLW . 934.2.4 Improve coordination of policies and strategies in order to reduce FLW . 95REFERENCES .97ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .105APPENDICES .107A1Causes of FLW by stages in the food chain . 107A2Solutions at different stages of the food chain . 109I) Solutions that can be implemented by individual actors (micro level) . 109II) Concerted and collective actions to reduce FLW (meso level) . 110III) Enabling the change: solutions at macro or systemic level, towards FLW policies andtowards consideration of FLW in other policies . 112A3The HLPE project cycle . 115List of FiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 96Schematic representation of the definition of FLW along the food chain . 23FLW per capita in the different world regions . 27Distribution of FLW along the food chain in the different world regions. 27Schematic representation of the conceptual links between SFS. FSN anf FLW . 32Losses along the food chain and organization of causes of FLW . 40Schematic representation of agricultural production and destinations . 75A food-use-not-waste hierarchy to minimize FLW . 80The way forward to food losses and waste reduction strategies . 90HLPE project cycle . 116

List of DefinitionsDefinition 1Definition 2Definition 3Food loss and waste . 22Food system . 29Sustainable food system . 31List of TablesTable 1Table 2Examples of potential impacts of FLW on the sustainability of food systems . 33Categories of solutions to reduce FLW by levels (micro, meso, macro). 57List of BoxesBox 1Box 2Box 3Box 4Box 5Box 6Box 7Box 8Box 9Box 10Box 11Box 12Box 13Box 14Box 15Box 16Box 17Box 18Box 19Box 20Box 21Box 22Box 23Box 24Box 25Box 26Box 27Box 28Box 29The methodology of the FAO (2011a) study . 28Calorie losses along the food chain, including food losses and waste . 35Valorization of tuna by-products: an example linking FLW reduction and FSN. 36Meso-causes along the tomato supply chain in Cameroon . 50A multitude of different date labels . 53Use of metal silos to reduce post-harvest losses in grains . 59Improving fruits conservation in India . 60Promoting a two-stage grain drying technology in Southeast Asia. 61Improving drying technology for omena fish on lake Victoria . 61Plastic Food Containers Bank in Brazil . 62An experience of tray-less catering in the United States of America . 63Food chain approaches to minimize losses in the dairy sector in Kenya . 65Warrant experiment in China: a financial innovation to reduce post-harvest loss . 66Cold chain intervention in India . 67Modified atmosphere packaging in the fresh meat supply chain . 68Capacity building initiatives for food loss prevention in Latin America . 69Training of trainers in post-harvest handling of perishables . 69Sharing knowledge and competencies on post-harvest losses . 69In Kenya Ukambani women reaping profits by processing fruits . 70Transparency and actions of retailers on food losses and waste reduction . 71Cozinha Brasil (Kitchen Brazil). 72Examples of side stream valorization . 75Transforming waste in nutritious food and feed: the potential of worms and insects . 76Impacts of FLW reduction along the chain: an economic modeling exercise. . 78The German National Waste Reduction Programme of 2013 . 81Collaborative project in Scandinavia . 84Alliance for supply chain collaboration, joint strategy, action plans and R&D . 84Campaigns against food waste . 85SAVE FOOD, a Global Initiative on food loss and waste reduction. 867

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FOREWORDAlthough accurate estimates of losses and waste in the food system are unavailable, thebest evidence to date indicates that globally around one-third of the food produced is lost orwasted along the food chain, from production to consumption.This policy-oriented report from the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security andNutrition (HLPE) presents a synthesis of existing evidence about the causes of food lossesand waste and suggests action to reduce them in order to improve food and nutrition securityand the sustainability of food systems. The aim of this report, given the diversity of contexts,is to help all concerned actors to reduce food losses and waste by identifying the causes andpotential solutions that may be implemented, alone or in a coordinated way, by the relevantactors in the food system, including the public and private sectors, civil society, individualproducers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. Successful reduction of food losses andwaste will save resources and has the potential to improve food security and nutrition, goalsshared with the Zero Hunger Challenge and the post-2015 sustainable development agenda.The HLPE was created in 2010 to provide the United Nations’ Committee on World FoodSecurity (CFS) with evidence-based and policy-oriented analysis to underpin policy debatesand policy formulation. While specific policy interventions should be based on contextspecific understanding, HLPE reports provide all stakeholders with evidence relevant to thediversity of contexts, and recommendations expected to be useful to guide context-specificpolicy interventions.The HLPE works on topics identified by the CFS. This is the eighth HLPE report to date. Pastreports have covered seven topics related to food security and nutrition, considered by theCFS for their importance in relation to world policy agenda, including price volatility, landtenure and international investments in agriculture, climate change, social protection,biofuels, investment in smallholder agriculture and, most recently, sustainable fisheries andaquaculture. Work is underway for an HLPE report on water and food security to feed intoCFS’s policy debates in 2015.The Steering Committee of the HLPE consists of 15 members including a Chair and a ViceChair. In addition, the HLPE includes a wide range of researchers who work on the variousreports. A large number of experts, including many peer reviewers, contribute to our work.The tenure of the first Steering Committee ended in the fall of 2013. I praise the wisdom ofthe CFS for having reappointed four of the outgoing members, including the Vice-Chair, Ms.Maryam Rahmanian, to provide the necessary continuity.It was an honour and a pleasure to be elected by the Steering Committee members tosucceed M. S. Swaminathan as chair of the Steering Committee. I want to take thisopportunity to express my great appreciation to M. S. Swaminathan who, before leaving hisseat, marked the first 1000 days of the HLPE with his vision and energy.I would like also to pay my tribute to all the members of the first HLPE Steering Committee,as well as to the many individuals who contributed to the high quality of the work by HLPE. Ialso wish to thank my colleagues currently serving on the Steering Committee for theirdedication, hard work and the successful contributions they have made. In particular, I wouldlike to highlight the exceptional commitment and the tremendous contributions made by theHLPE Coordinator, Vincent Gitz, and his colleagues at the HLPE secretariat.9

I am grateful to a large number of experts who contributed to this report including themembers of the first and the current HLPE Steering Committees, in particular Renato Malufwho convened the Steering Committee’s oversight for this report, and to the Project Teamleader V. Prakash (India) and the Project Team members Toine Timmermans (Netherlands),Walter Belik (Brazil), Jikun Huang (China) and Jane Ambuko (Kenya). The report alsobenefited greatly from comments and suggestions by the external peer reviewers and a largenumber of experts and institutions who commented extensively both on the terms ofreference and on a first draft of the report. Last but not least, I would like to thank theresource partners who support, in a totally independent way, the work of the HLPE.Per Pinstrup-AndersenChair,

Food losses and waste in the context of sustainable food systems. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security,

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