A Practical Guide To Metal Detection And X-ray Inspection .

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A Practical Guide toMetal Detection and X-ray Inspection of Food

table of contentsShare this eBookOverviewEquipmentKeep Consumers Safe and Protect Your Brand.04Overview.25Contamination Threats to Food Supply Chain 2016.05Metal Detection.26Foreign Contaminant in Food Recalls. 06Regulatory Compliance.07Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP).08Regulatory Compliance - Validation and Verification. 09X-Ray Inspection.27Best Practices.305 Features to Consider When Selecting Bulk X-ray Equipment. 31Regulatory Compliance - Imported Food.10X-ray Inspection vs. Metal Detection.11Inspection and Detection.12Detectable Contaminants.13Migrating from Metal Detection to X-ray Inspection.14TechnologyHow Metal Detectors Work.16How X-ray Inspection Systems Work. 17Factors that Affect X-ray System Sensitivity.18Are X-ray Systems Safe?. 19How Safe Are They?.2010 Factors to Consider in Selecting an X-ray System. 22thermofisher.com/productinspection2

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overviewShare this eBookKeep Consumers Safe and Protect Your Brandthermofisher.com/productinspectionContact us ›Detecting physical contaminants in food, such as metal, glass,stone, plastic, and bone is like trying to find a needle in ahaystack, especially when the contaminant may be as smallas 1 mm in diameter. Metal detectors and X-ray detectionsystems provide the highest sensitivity so you can findvirtually any foreign object in your packaged food products.4

overviewShare this eBookContamination Threats to Food Supply ChainFeed, kagingCrop and tail SalesEnvironmentalEffectsConsumerSafetyContact us ›Food supply chain from source to consumer:Transportand SecurityWasteDisposalMajor sources of contaminationThreats exist in each step of thefood ologicalPhysical5

overviewShare this eBookForeign Contaminant in Food RecallsContact us ›Millions of food products were recalled in 2016 due to foreign contaminants found by consumers.These recalls not only cost companies millions of dollars, but could have damaged theirreputations and put consumer health at risk. As you can see from this sampling from the U.S.FDA 2016 recall list, almost every packaged food is susceptible to foreign contaminant problems.Note: 016thermofisher.com/productinspection Plastic pieces in energy bar Piece of rubber in baby food Hard white pieces of plastic in wet dog food Clear plastic pieces in bread products Plastic mesh screen fragments in flour Small metal shavings in apple coffee cakes White plastic in ravioli Small pieces of plastic in mini muffins andbrownie snacks Metal fragments in gourmet cookies Small metal fragments in sugar topping ofbaked items Metal fragments in sugar used in Asiansauce Plastic and/or metal pieces in cans ofblack beans Glass in peach slices, mandarinoranges, and mixed fruit Glass fragments in cans of red pepperstrips Small pieces of glass in cashew snackpackages Glass pieces in frozen pizza and frozenmeals Wooden pieces in ice cream6

overviewShare this eBookRegulatory ComplianceContact us ›Compliance with global standards FDA HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) GFSI (Global Food Safety Initiative) ISO (International Standards Organization) BRC (British Retail Consortium) Many industry-specific standards for meat, bakery, dairy, seafood and other productsFood Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) Preventive Controls (PC) ruleManufacturers must identify hazards, define preventive controls to eliminate/reduce hazards,determine process parameters for these controls, and then implement and continue to monitorthe process to ensure the system is working properly. Hazards can be biological, chemical, andphysical.Preventive controls for physical hazards often include metal detectors and X-ray on7

overviewShare this eBookHazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP)Contact us ›FDA HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point A guideline for best practices worldwide for food safety Principles used in the U.S. Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) of 2011 mThe seven key principlesU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationProtecting and Promoting Your Health1. Conduct a hazard analysis2. Determine the critical control points (CCPs)3. Establish critical limits4. Establish monitoring procedures5. Establish corrective actions6. Establish verification procedures7. Establish record-keeping and documentation proceduresMore info: ucm2006801.htmthermofisher.com/productinspection8

overviewShare this eBookRegulatory Compliance – Validation and VerificationContact us ›Validation, the process of ensuring that a hazard has been reduced to an acceptable level, isjust one step in the overall verification process.Verification procedures ensure that preventive controls have been effectively implemented andare performing as expected.Other verification activities confirm that monitoring andcorrective actions are occurring.thermofisher.com/productinspection9

overviewShare this eBookRegulatory Compliance – Imported FoodContact us ›FSMA gives the FDA the ability to ensure that imported foods areproduced to the same standards and controls as foods producedwithin the U.S.Basic requirements of the Foreign Supplier Verification Program(FSVP) are: Review the food product’s compliance status, including background checking forprevious issues with the product or supplier. Perform a hazard analysis and ascertain if the producer has control measures in placefor each identified hazard. Establish a verification protocol to ensure that the control measures are adequate. Thiscould include visits to the production site, audits, independent sampling, and foodtesting. Create corrective action procedures that are suitable and can be initiated if needed.thermofisher.com/productinspection10

overviewShare this eBookX-ray Inspection vs. Metal DetectionMetal DetectionContact us ›Which technology is better? X-ray inspection or metal detection?X-Ray InspectionDetects metal including aluminum and wires.Detects most metals and many other solid contaminants. Can also inspect a productby measuring shape, counting objects or estimating weight from the density image.Can be used almost anywhere in a process; conveyors, drop-through andpipelines.Conveyor, bulk and pipeline; not for gravity applications.Operates over a wide range of speeds.Speed must be constant and range may be limited.Conductive (wet/salty) products are the most difficult to ignore.Dense products with a lot of texture are the most difficult to achieve goodperformance.Performance dependent on aperture size, coil configuration and software.Performance dependent on X-ray source, receiver, power and software.Long life in even the most harsh environments.Moderate life in harsh environments. Controlled environments are best.Metal only usually 1 mm in size.Typically can find smaller contaminants than metal detectors and alsononmetallic contaminants.Dry products, small products, piped or bulk products have best sensitivity.Most all packaged products can be inspected including cans and bottles.Sensitive to metallic packaging so detection performance is poor.Ideal for metalized structures.thermofisher.com/productinspection11

overviewShare this eBookInspection and DetectionContact us ›Foreign object detection is determined in three ways:1. Detectable contaminant types2. Minimum contaminant sizeTypes of Packaging3. Probability of detectionGlass Jars/BottlesMetal Cans Aluminum Tin SteelPaperCardboardPlastic Polyethylene terephthalate, (PETE or PET) High-density polyethylene (HDPE) Polypropylene (PP)Metallized packaging Aluminum laminated with polypropylenethermofisher.com/productinspection12

overviewShare this eBookDetectable ContaminantsDetectable Contaminant TypeMetal DetectorsX-ray SystemsContact us ›Here are general guidelines for detectable contaminant types by technology. Sometimescontaminants can be missed, or foreign objects you weren’t expecting may be found.The best practice is to test many different contaminants prior to deployment tounderstand how the product and contaminant react in the detection system.CommentsFerrous metalNon-ferrous metal e.g., brass or bronzeFerrous, non-ferrous and stainless steel different for MD, the same for XRStainless steelAluminumWiresDensity similar to glass, foil only detectable by MDDepends on orientation for MD and diameter/length for XRGlassDepends on composition, generally 3x less dense than stainless steelRockDepends on type and densityBoneCalcified bone onlyPlasticDepends on type and size, detectable plastics availableWood, pits, shells, insects, etc.Not conductive for MD and typically not dense enough for XRthermofisher.com/productinspection13

overviewShare this eBookMigrating from Metal Detection to X-ray InspectionContact us ›Potential hurdles to a smooth implementation include: Unrealistic detection expectations Lack of safety certifications Lack of technical and operational training Material handling problems The inability to manage the large volume of data an X-raymachine can provideIs X-ray Replacing Metal Detection?X-ray Inspection Benefits:As the cost and complexity of X-ray for food products decreases, Better foreign object detectionmore customers are seriously considering replacing their older Intuitive; easy to usemetal detectors. Simple record-keeping Long-term reliability Lower cost of ownershipthermofisher.com/productinspection14

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technologyShare this eBookMetal detectors find small particles of ferrous, non-ferrous and stainless steel using coils woundon a non-metallic frame and connected to a high-frequency radio transmitter.When a particle of metal passes through the coils, the high frequency field is disturbed underone coil, changing the voltage by a few microvolts.The output is used to detect metal.Metal Detector Coil SystemsReceiver ATraditional coilTransmitterReceiver BThermo Scientific APEXMetal Detector MulticoilNote: Multiple transmit coils can be configured to yield a more effective magnetic field and muchimproved sensitivity so metal spheres up to 20% smaller in diameter can be detected ct us ›How Metal Detectors Work

technologyShare this eBookX-ray inspection systems are based on the density of theproduct and the contaminant.X-raysAs an X-ray penetrates a food product, it loses some of itsenergy. A dense area, such as a contaminant, will reduce theenergy even further.can’t see include ultraviolet (UV) lightAs the X-ray exits the product, it reaches a sensor. The sensorthen converts the energy signal into an image of the interior ofthe food product. Foreign matter appears as a darker shade ofgrey and helps identify foreign contaminants.wavelength, which corresponds to athermofisher.com/productinspectionContact us ›How X-ray Inspection Systems WorkX-rays are simply light waves that wecan’t see. Other light waves that we(which gives you a sun tan), infraredlight (which warms you up), and radiowaves. X-rays have a very shortvery high energy.17

technologyShare this eBookFactors that Affect X-ray System SensitivityContact us ›1. Product Thickness, Density and Texture Thin, lightweight, homogeneous products are best Containers should be invisible to the system X-ray beam should be oriented to pass through the least density2. Detection Software Many types of algorithms are needed to find anomalies3. Line Speed Performance can degrade at very high speed4. Detector Pixel Size Smaller pixels are sometimes better; they take more power to exposeHigh Sensitivity, False Rejectsthermofisher.com/productinspectionNo False Rejects, Possible Escapes18

technologyShare this eBookCountries around the world have regulatory standards to ensure X-ray safety. These regulationsare in place to make sure that the X-ray equipment can be used by technicians and operators inall possible conditions.In addition to these manufacturing and design regulations, there are local regulations and bestpractices that should be followed, including filling out annual radiation surveys and registeringX-ray equipment with local regulatory authorities.Examples of X-ray Inspection Regulatory StandardsCountryRegulatory StandardUnited StatesCode of Federal Regulations 21 Part 1020.40 (cabinet X-rays)CanadaRED (Radiation Emitting Devices) ActUnited KingdomIRR 1999FranceNCF-74-100SpainUNE 73-302ChinaGB18871-2002For more details,read about these safety requirements and protocols in thiswhite paper: X-ray Inspection of Food Products: The Safety Facts You Need to Know.thermofisher.com/productinspection19Contact us ›Are X-ray Systems Safe?

technologyShare this eBookHow Safe Are They?Contact us ›Food X-ray inspection systems do not useradioactive materials to generate X-rays. Insteadthey use X-ray tubes that are run at very high voltagewhere electrons are accelerated across a gapbombarding a tungsten material to generate images.When the tube is turned off, no X-ray energy isemitted.On average, Americans receive a radiation dose of about 0.62 rem [620 millirem (mrem)] eachyear. Half of it comes from natural background radiation. International Standards allow exposureto as much as 5,000 mrems a year for those who work with and around radioactive material.According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website: There are noknown adverse effects from eating food, drinking beverages, using medicine, orapplying cosmetics that have been irradiated by a cabinet X-ray system used forsecurity ue ›20

technologyShare this eBookHow Safe Are They?One Banana.01mremFood X-ray Inspection0.5mrem/hour**Dental X-ray1.5mremTrans-Atlantic Flight2.5mremContact us ›Here are the average doses of radiation people receive from exposure to these commonproducts/situations.Full Body CT Scan1,000mrem**When in operation, food inspection systems can emit this maximum level of radiation per hour, typically very close to theinput/output of the aperture only. Because human operators spend limited time in this location they would receive muchless (usually zero) radiation dose in an average work shift.Click here to downloadthe full infographic!thermofisher.com/productinspection21

technologyShare this eBookFinding contaminants and inspecting products is critical to the general health of the public. Thereare X-ray detection technologies designed specifically to meet the rigors of today’s innovativepackaging. Here are the key features to consider when selecting an X-ray inspection system foryour food processing business.1Meets SafetyStandardsX-ray units shouldmeet or exceed safetystandards such asthe U.S. FDA Code ofFederal Regulation 21Part 1020.40 and themore stringent UnitedKingdom IRR 1999limits.2MaintenanceSchedulesPerform preventivemaintenance every6-12 months,including: checkingair filters, conveyorbearings, rollers andbelts, door gaskets andlocks, safety switches,radiation shieldingcurtains, and more.3Sufficient X-rayPower & Beam SizeSufficient X-ray powerhelps ensure precisionand minimizes falserejects. Source anddetector selectionhelps ensure the X-raybeam is wide enoughto scan all portions ofyour largest product.4Sophisticated, Easyto-use SoftwareMultiple algorithmsenable you to findanomalies that aredense, sharp or havea certain shape orcontrast. Remotesupport tools shouldbe available to lityWhentesting systems,INTERLOCKtest multiplepackagesSAFETYof each type andvary the contaminanttype and position. Ifpossible, also varythe product positioninside the packageand its position on theconveyor belt.Continue ›thermofisher.com/productinspection22Contact us ›10 Factors to Consider in Selecting an X-ray System

technologyShare this eBook6TrainingUnderstand basicprinciples, frominspection triggeringto detection algorithmsetup to calibrationand rejection reviews,among others.7ComponentLifetimeChoose a system thatwarns when a sourceor detector is nearingend of life to enableyou to schedule itsreplacement and avoidsurprise downtime.8Clear VisualsMake sure the productand the contaminantare visible on thescreen. The ability tosave rejected productimages facilitatesrecord-keeping, systemadjustment and finetuning.9Low Total Costof OwnershipConsider all of theprojected costs over5-10 years, including:purchase andinstallation, preventivemaintenance, possiblerepairs and associateddowntime, andsource and detectorreplacement.10ReputableVendorConsiderthe vendor’sINTERLOCKexperiencein X-raySAFETYequipment for the foodprocessing industry andtheir commitment tocustomer satisfaction.Click here to downloadthe full ntact us ›10 Factors to Consider in Selecting an X-ray System

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equipmentShare this eBookOverviewContact us ›The following pages show various types of equipment and their applications, considerationsbefore buying, and best practices when you own equipment.Thermo Scientific APEX 500 High PerformanceMetal DetectorProduct details ›Thermo Scientific Xpert Conveyor X-RayInspection SystemsProduct details ›thermofisher.com/productinspectionThermo Scientific NextGuard ConveyorX-ray Detection SystemProduct details ›25

equipmentShare this eBookMetal detection systems provide reliable, cost-effective protection from even the smallestmetal contaminants found anywhere in a food production process. They can also help improveoperational efficiency and eliminate expensive downtime, service costs and repair bills. There aremany uniquely designed metal detectors suited for a wide range of demanding food processingand packaging environments.Reduce product effect and costly waste caused by falserejects with the Thermo Scientific APEX 500 HighPerformance Metal Detector. With superior sensitivity,new shielding techniques and a unique multi-coil design formagnetic flux consistency, you can feel confident the APEX500 metal detector is meeting the food industry’s ction26Contact us ›Metal Detection

equipmentShare this eBookX-ray InspectionContact us ›X-ray inspection systems provide protection from metal, glass, stone and other dense foreignobjects for most any type of packaged, bulk, or piped product.Find metallic and non-metallic foreign objects and eliminate “wet”product effects common with metal detectors with the ThermoScientific NextGuard X-ray Detection Systems. Designedfor a wide variety of food applications, NextGuard systems offerenhanced capabilities to inspect packaged products for missing piecesor components, under and over-fills, and other qu

In addition to these manufacturing and design regulations, there are local regulations and best practices that should be followed, including filling out annual radiation surveys and registering X-ray equipment with local regulatory authorities. Are X-ray Systems Safe? Examples of X-ray Inspection Regulatory Standards Country

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