FATIGUE AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS AND ELASTOMERS
FATIGUE AND TRIBOLOGICALPROPERTIES OF PLASTICSAND ELASTOMERSSecond EditionLaurence W. McKeenШдШ jOHl.ELSEVIERAmsterdam Boston Heidelberg London New York OxfordParis San Diego San Francisco Sydney TokyoWilliam Andrew is an imprint of Elsevier
ContentsPrefacexi1Introduction to Fatigue and Tribology of Plastics and Elastomers1.1 Introduction to Fatigue1.2 Types of Stress1.2.1 Tensile and Compressive Stress1.2.2 Shear Stress1.2.3 Torsional Stress1.2.4 Flexural or Bending Stress1.2.5 Hoop Stress1.3 Fatigue Testing1.3.1 Tensile Eccentric Fatigue Machine1.3.2 Flexural Eccentric Fatigue Machine1.3.3 Cantilevered Beam Eccentric Flexural Fatigue Machine1.3.4 Servohydraulic, Electrohydraulic, or Pulsator Fatigue Testing Machines1.3.5 MIT Flex Life Machine1.3.6 Fatigue and Fracture Standards1.4 Understanding Fatigue Testing Data1.4.1 Monotonie Stress-Strain Behavior1.4.2 Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior1.4.3 Strain-Life Behavior1.4.4 Stress-Life Behavior1.5 The Fatigue Process1.5.1 Crack Initiation1.5.2 Crack Growth or Propagation1.5.3 Failure1.6 Factors That Affect Fatigue Life1.7 Design Against Fatigue1.8 troduction to the Tribology of Plastics and Elastomers2.1 Friction2.2 Lubrication2.3 Wear and Erosion2.3.1 Classification of Wear2.3.2 Characterizing Wear2.4 Tribology Testing2.4.1 Testing for Friction2.4.2 Wear and Abrasion Tests2.4.3 Erosion Tests2.4.4 Standard Tests2.5 Wear-Resistant Additives2.6 Summary25252627272931313235363638
CONTENTSIntroduction to Plastics and Polymers3.1 Polymerization3.2 Copolymers3.3 Linear, Branched and Cross-linked Polymers3.4 Molecular Weight3.5 Thermosets versus Thermoplastics3.6 Crystalline versus Amorphous3.7 Blends3.8 Elastomers3.9 Additives3.9.1 Fillers, Reinforcement, Composites3.9.2 Combustion Modifiers, Fire, Flame Retardants and Smoke Suppressants3.9.3 Release Agents and Antiblocking Agents3.9.4 Lubricants and Slip Agents, Tribology Additives3.9.5 Catalysts3.9.6 Impact Modifiers and Tougheners3.9.7 UV Stabilizers3.9.8 Antistatic Agents3.9.9 Plasticizers3.9.10 Pigments, Extenders, Dyes, Mica3.9.11 Coupling Agents3.9.12 Thermal Stabilizers3.10 949Styrenic Plastics4.1 Background4.1.1 Polystyrene4.1.2 Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate4.1.3 Styrene Acrylonitrile4.1.4 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene4.1.5 Methyl Methacrylate Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene4.1.6 Styrene Maleic Anhydride4.1.7 Styrenic Block Copolymers4.1.8 Styrenic Blends4.2 Polystyrene4.2.1 Fatigue Data4.3 Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate4.3.1 Fatigue Data4.4 Styrene Acrylonitrile4.4.1 Fatigue Data4.5 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene4.5.1 Fatigue Data4.6 Styrenic Blends4.6.1 Fatigue Data4.6.2 Tribology Data515151515252525353535454565658585959696971
CONTENTSVll5Polyether Plastics5.1 Background5.1.1 Polyoxymethylene (or Acetal Homopolymer)5.1.2 Polyoxymethylene Copolymer (POM-Co or Acetal Copolymer)5.1.3 Modified Polyphenylene Ether/Polyphenylene Oxides5.2 Acetals-POM Homopolymer5.2.1 Fatigue Data5.2.2 Tribology Data5.3 Acetals-POM-Co5.3.1 Fatigue Data5.3.2 Tribology Data5.4 Modified Polyphenylene Ether/Polyphenylene Oxide5.4.1 Fatigue Data737373737475757679798388886Polyesters6.1 Background6.1.1 Polycarbonate6.1.2 Polybutylene Terephthalate6.1.3 Polyethylene Terephthalate6.1.4 Liquid Crystalline Polymers6.1.5 Polycyclohexylene-dimethylene Terephthalate6.1.6 Polyphthalate Carbonate6.1.7 Polytrimethylene Terephthalate6.1.8 Polyester Blends and Alloys6.2 Polycarbonate6.2.1 Fatigue Data6.2.2 Tribology Data6.3 Polybutylene Terephthalate6.3.1 Fatigue Data6.3.2 Tribology Data6.4 Polyethylene Terephthalate6.4.1 Fatigue Data6.4.2 Tribology Data6.5 Liquid Crystal Polymer6.5.1 Fatigue Data6.5.2 Tribology Data6.6 Polyphthalate Carbonate6.6.1 Fatigue Data6.7 Polycyclohexylene-dimethylene Terephthalate6.7.1 Fatigue Data6.8 Polyester Blends and Alloys6.8.1 Fatigue 281281321331331341351351361361371377Polyimides7.1 Background7.1.1 Polyetherimide7.1.2 Polyamide-Imide149149149149
7.1.3 Polyimide7.1.4 Imide Polymer Blends7.2 Polyetherimides7.2.1 Fatigue Data7.2.2 Tribology Data7.3 Polyamide-Imides7.3.1 Fatigue Data7.3.2 Tribology Data7.4 Polyimides7.4.1 Fatigue Data7.4.2 Tribology Data152152153153161164164166169169169Polyamides (Nylons)8.1 Background8.1.1 Nylon 68.1.2 Nylon 118.1.3 Nylon 128.1.4 Nylon 668.1.5 Nylon 6108.1.6 Nylon 6128.1.7 Nylon 666 or 66/68.1.8 Amorphous Nylon8.1.9 Nylon 468.1.10 Polyphthalamide (PPA)/High-Performance Polyamide8.1.11 PAA—Polyarylamide8.1.12 PACM 12—Semicrystalline Polyamide8.2 Polyamide 6 (Nylon 6)8.2.1 Fatigue Data8.2.2 Tribology Data8.3 Polyamide 12 (Nylon 12)8.3.1 Fatigue Data8.3.2 Tribology Data8.4 Polyamide 66 (Nylon 66)8.4.1 Fatigue Data8.4.2 Tribology Data8.5 Polyamide 610 (Nylon 610)8.5.1 Fatigue Data8.5.2 Tribology Data8.6 Polyamide 612 (Nylon 612)8.6.1 Fatigue Data8.6.2 Tribology Data8.7 Polyamide 666 (Nylon 666)8.7.1 Fatigue Data8.8 Amorphous Polyamide8.8.1 Fatigue Data8.9 Polyamide 46 (Nylon 46)8.9.1 Fatigue 222223223
CONTENTSix8.10 PPA/High-Performance Polyamide8.10.1 Fatigue Data8.11 Polyarylamide8.11.1 Fatigue Data8.12 Semicrystalline Polyamide (PACM 12)8.12.1 Tribology Data2242242272272282289 Polyolefins and Acrylics9.1 Background9.1.1 Polyethylene9.1.2 Cross-linked PE9.1.3 Polypropylene9.1.4 Polymethyl Pentene9.1.5 Ultrahigh Molecular Weight PE9.1.6 Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride9.1.7 Cyclic Olefin Copolymer9.1.8 Polyacrylics9.1.9 Other Olefin Acrylic Polymers9.2 Polyethylene9.2.1 Fatigue Data9.2.2 Tribology Data9.3 Polypropylene9.3.1 Fatigue Data9.4 Ultrahigh-Molecular-Weight PE9.4.1 Fatigue Data9.4.2 Tribology Data9.5 Polyvinyl Chloride9.5.1 Fatigue Data9.6 Acrylics9.6.1 Fatigue 3523723723723923924124110 Thermoplastic Elastomers10.1 Background10.1.1 Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers10.1.2 Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers10.1.3 Thermoplastic Polyether Block Amide Elastomers10.1.4 Styrenic Block Copolymer TPEs10.1.5 Polyolefin TPE10.1.6 Elastomeric Alloy-Thermoplastic Vulcanizate24524524524624624724724711 Fluoropolymers11.1 Background11.1.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene11.1.2 Polyethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene11.1.3 Polyethylene Tetrafluoroethylene249249249250250
xCONTENTS11.211.311.411.511.611.711.1.4 Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene11.1.5 Perfluoro Alkoxy11.1.6 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene11.1.7 Polyvinylidene Fluoride11.1.8 THV 11.1.9 HTE (Hexafluoropropylene-Tetrafluoroethylene-Ethylene copolymer)11.1.10 Fluoroplastic Melting PointsPolytetrafluoroethylene11.2.1 Fatigue Data11.2.2 Tribology DataPolyethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene11.3.1 Tribology DataPolyethylene Tetrafluoroethylene11.4.1 Fatigue Data11.4.2 Tribology DataFluorinated Ethylene Propylene11.5.1 Tribology DataPerfluoro Alkoxy11.6.1 Fatigue Data11.6.2 Tribology DataPolyvinylidene Fluoride11.7.1 Fatigue Data11.7.2 Tribology 5925926026026026226226312 High-Temperature Polymers12.1 Background12.1.1 Polyetheretherketone12.1.2 Polyethersulfone12.1.3 Polyphenylene Sulfide12.1.4 Polysulfone12.1.5 Polyphenylsulfone12.1.6 Polybenzimidazole12.2 Polyetheretherketone12.2.1 Fatigue Data12.2.2 Tribology Data12.3 Polyethersulfone12.3.1 Fatigue Data12.3.2 Tribology Data12.4 Polyphenylene Sulfide12.4.1 Fatigue Data12.4.2 Tribology Data12.5 Polysulfone12.5.1 Fatigue Data12.5.2 Tribology 76282283283284Index287
2 Introduction to the Tribology of Plastics and Elastomers 25 2.1 Friction 25 2.2 Lubrication 26 2.3 Wear and Erosion 27 2.3.1 Classification of Wear 27 . 6.1.5 Polycyclohexylene-dimethylene Terephthalate 101 6.1.6 Polyphthalate Carbonate 102 6.1.7 Polytrimethylene Terephthalate 102 6.1.8 Polyester Blends and Alloys 102
Application of ASME Fatigue Code: 3-F.1 ASME Smooth Bar Fatigue Curves Alternative Effective Stress vs Fatigue Cycles (S-N Curve) With your weld quality level assessed and an accurate FEA stress number, one can use the ASME fatigue curve to calculate the number of Fatigue Cycles. In our prior example, the fatigue stress could be 25.5 ksi or as .
contribute to fatigue risk. A pre-implementation study shall consider the following: implementing a survey of personnel on fatigue and fatigue-management strategies analyzing exposure to fatigue risk on work schedules (e.g., bio mathematical fatigue modeling)
Feb 13, 2018 · manual, please contact our Sales Department. ABOUT FATIGUE TECHNOLOGY INC. Fatigue Technology Inc. (FTI) has provided innovative solutions to fatigue problems in metal structures since 1969. Complete systems of tooling are used worldwide to enhance the fatigue life of holes in airframes, turbine engines, and other critical structures.
Figure 5 Fatigue strength and tensile strength of common materials 2.4 Design for fatigue failure 2.4.1 Corrected fatigue strength It can be said that since fatigue properties of a material is easily influenced by many factors (size, surface, test method, environment and probability). The S-N curve ob-
this system can be detect a small fatigue crack and its propagation behavior. KEYWORDS. In-situ observation; Fatigue crack initiation; Fatigue crack propagation; Rotating bending testing machine. INTRODUCTION n the field of the fatigue properties of metallic materials, the assessment of the S-N curve, which consists to the
location. A reliable and accurate evaluation protocol of the local mechanical and tribological properties becomes vital for developing and comparing the carbon fiber composite in Quality Control and Research and Development. MEASUREMENT OBJECTIVE Combined with the wear test by Tribometer and surface analysis by Optical 3D Profilometer, we
matrix material, a hybrid composite is obtained. However, in recent years, there is a trend of using the nanoscale reinforcements and production of nanocomposites [19-21]. This paper gives the overview of tribological properties of modern nanocomposites with aluminium matrix, with certain trends concerning
load using pin-on-disk machine. Jurnal Tribologi 9, pp.45-59. Tribological properties of aluminum lubricated with palm olein at different . against a stationary pin. The tribometer conforms to ASTM G99-95a entitled "Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disc Apparatus". In measuring the wear of
