Appendix 2 Servicing The Building - Amazon Web Services
DesignDesignGuidanceNoteGuidanceNoteSwimming PoolsCreating a sporting habit for lifeAppendix 2Servicing the building Energy implicationsEnergy usage in swimmingpool buildingsWater efficiencyPool water qualityDisinfectionChemical dosingWater softness Filtration systemsTurnover ratesWater temperatureAir temperature and humidityElectrical servicesSize of plant roomsPlant room spacesAir distribution systems(To be read in conjunction with the main document)SwimmingPoolsUpdated Guidance for 2013April Revision004May Revision0041 Sport England2013 Sport England2013
Swimming PoolsDesignGuidance NoteServicing the buildingThe engineering challenge in achieving thefunctional requirements in a sustainable manner issubstantial 2. For example:A safe, comfortable and attractive internalenvironment is essential in order to attract andsustain high levels of use. Good conditions arealso required for the lifeguards, teachers andspectators as well as achieving a reasonable lifeexpectancy from the building 1.The plant requirementscan be considered in thefollowing groups: Incoming services: Water,electricity, gas and meters Pool water treatment Large volumes of swimming pool water needto be kept warm and continually treated todeal with the pollution from bathers Air temperature, moisture content and airquality in the pool hall need to be carefullycontrolled Potentially corrosive atmosphere needs to becontained and controlled in the appropriateareas Internal acoustic conditions and noisebreakout to surrounding areas need to bemoderated.It has been estimated 3 that the building servicesinstallation can account for between 30 and 50%of the capital costs of a modern pool.system: Water filter(s)circulation pumps andpipework, chemical dosingequipments and backwashdisposalThe operational sustainability is therefore criticaland the full pattern of use, operation andmaintenance regimes of the swimming pool shouldbe allowed for within the services design. Theoperator’s requirements should be obtained at anearly stage in the design process. Foul water disposal/drainage Heating system: To heatthe pool water, areas of thebuilding and domesticwater supply includingstorage vessels andpressurisation systemsEnergy implications Energy/resource recoverySwimming pools use high levels of energy. It isimperative that the building footprint is minimisedat the design stage and internal volumes carefullymodulated to give an appropriate feeling of spaceand airiness. The building fabric should also bewell-insulated and effectively sealed from theoutside environment and any adjoining buildingelements. Air-handling plant: HeatingEnergy usage in swimming pool buildings Electrical distributionAt the initial planning stages careful considerationshould be given to the energy and servicingstrategy for the building 4. It is important to agreean energy strategy early in the process as it couldimpact on the orientation, form and externalappearance of the building. A range of energysaving measures can be implemented that willreduce consumption. In deciding which is the mostequipment: Heatexchangers, CHP plant,water re-useand conditioning the poolhall air and associatedspacesequipment Water storage Movable floor and/orbulkhead systems.2 CIBSE Guide G Public Health Engineering: Swimming pools.3 See Sports Council Guidance Note Swimming Pool - BuildingServices Nov 1994 and Sport Englands Affordable CommunitySwimming Pools 2012.1 The HSE publication HSG179 Managing Health and Safety in4 The UK national planning system has recently been amendedSwimming Pools is a key reference.May Revision 004to make sustainability its underlying principle (PPS1).1 Sport England 2013
Swimming PoolsDesignGuidance NoteGeneral power5.5%Space heating53%Enhanced thermal envelope and air permeability,especially in the pool hall which is heated theyear round to 30 CLighting:Water heating25%Lighting 6.5%Fans and pumps10% High efficiency Automatic controls Direct lighting which is more efficient thanindirect lightingZoning of plant to specific areas to suit type andfrequency of useVariable-speed drives on pumps and fansTypical energy profile for a swimming pool buildingHeat recuperation from extract airappropriate, whole-life costs, rather than initialcapital costs, should be considered and theminimum standards in the Building Regulationsshould be exceeded.Heat recovery from pool water / showersLow water usage appliancesEnergy usage in swimming pool buildings isgenerally high per square metre when comparedto other building types. The proportion of energynot controlled under the Building Regulation(unregulated energy) is also very high. For example,the electricity used for the pool water treatmentcould amount to 50% of the total electricityconsumption but is not controlled. It is importantthat the energy strategy deals with all of the energyusage. Compliance with Part L alone could delivera building with unacceptable levels of energyconsumption.Power factor correctionThe table below summarises low/zero carbontechniques to be considered when establishing theenergy strategy for a pool.Be CLEANBuilding and energy management systemsPool water treatment plant: Prevent glare Optimum levels of solar gain withoutoverheating Altering UV output based on water qualityCombined heat and power (CHP): The yearround heat demand of pools makes them anideal application for CHP – to be sized on theheat profile of the building to minimize heatbeing dumpedOptimum orientation of the building and usageof glazing and/or solar shading to achieve:Maximum benefit from natural lightVariable speed control of pumps to allow theturnover rate to be based on water qualityUse of appliances which have the highestavailable rating under the EU Energy EfficiencyLabelling SchemeBe LEAN Use of energy sources beyond the siteboundaries such as district heating and/orcooling schemes for the wider use in the generalarea (which could include the use of CHP andabsorption cooling technologies).Be GREENAncillary accommodation to the pool hall:The use of on-site low/zero carbon technologies: Natural ventilation Photovoltaic panel Night cooling Wind turbines CO2 or humidity detection to modulate fresh air Solar heating Biomass heating Air/ground source heat pumpsPool cover / reduced ventilationTable 1 Low/zero carbon techniques to considerMay Revision 0042 Sport England 2013
Swimming PoolsDesignGuidance NoteComply with relevant localenergy policies:e.g. the Energy Hierarchy withinthe London Plan Use less energy - be leanSupply energy efficiently - be cleanWater efficiencySwimming pools use large amounts of waterthrough the backwashing of filters, constant freshwater make-up (30 litres per swimmer), showersand cleaning. The reduction in water usage has anindirect benefit on energy consumption since lesswater is used, less water has to be heated andtransported using pump energy. The followingshould be considered: Automatic shower controlsMay Revision 004 Automated monitoring equipment for watermake-up Grey water harvesting – collecting water fromthe pool filtration system and showers to beused for WC flushing Pool coverThe quality of the pool water is of criticalimportance and will depend upon the design,bather load and the ongoing operation. It is atechnically complex subject on which specificspecialist advice must be sought for eachparticular project. The Pool Water Treatment Group(PWTAG) publications Swimming Pool Water 2009and Code of Practice 2013 are regarded as thestandard texts on the subject.http://www.london.gov.uk/Low water consumption taps and flushes fortoilets and urinalsRainwater harvestingPool water qualityUse renewable energy - be green The selection of the most appropriate type of watertreatment system for a swimming pool will dependupon a number of factors:3 Type and size of pool Bather load Characteristics of the source water supply Pool operation and maintenance. Sport England 2013
Swimming PoolsDesignGuidance NoteDisinfectionPool type / bather loadA ‘conventional’ chlorine system has generallybeen considered to give an appropriate balance ofcapital costs, water and air quality, bather comfort,ease of control, maintenance and economy ofoperation. Sodium hypochlorite or calciumhypochlorite are commonly used to maintain a‘free chlorine level’ in the pool water to deal withthe pollution from bathers or other sources.Automatic control and dosing systems areregarded as essential to maintain safety, and giveobvious staffing and operational benefits.Reduction in chlorine levels in the pool Improved water quality – particularly wherehigh bather load is expectedConventional / low6Conventional / medium6Leisure / high6UV*O3*66*Residual disinfection is required in addition to preventcross infection in the pool.Table 2However, water purification based on Ultra-Violet(UV) and to a lesser extent Ozone (O3) equipmentis commonly added into modern public poolinstallations. They both involve additionalequipment within the plant room areas, to treat thecirculating water and make subsequent disinfectioneasier. The benefits of such systems are: ConventionaldisinfectionCommon disinfection measuresChemical dosingChlorine is used in the pool water to kill bacteriaand prevent cross infections between bathers. Themost common chlorine donors are: Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCI) Calcium Hypochlorite (Ca (OCI)2).These individually produce ‘free chlorine’, achlorine compound for disinfection, and ‘combinedchlorine’, when free chlorine is combined withpollutants - the cause of the typical chlorine smellin swimming pools. Improved air quality in the pool hall – throughreduction in airborne chloramines associatedwith red eyes, sore throats aggravation ofasthma and bronchitis, particularly beneficialto asthma sufferers, pool staff and long-termpool users.However, such systems can add significantly tothe capital and running costs and can also requireincreased expertise from the operator.It is necessary to control the acidity (pH) balanceof the treated water. For example, dilutedhydrochloric acid (HCI) is added when sodiumhypochlorite is used.Using other chemical treatments should bediscussed in detail with the water treatmentengineer. In particular, the use of SodiumBiSulphate (NaHSO4) should be avoided due to therisk of sulphate attack on cementitious grouts,renders and concrete. See the PWTAG publicationsfor more detail.Pool water chemicals should always be dosed andmonitored by automatic equipment. Additionalmanual testing of water samples from the poolshould be undertaken regularly (at least twice aday) as an additional check on the system.Water softnessThe use of calcium hypochlorite is often preferredin areas of ‘soft water’ since it is a calcium hardnessdonor to the pool. This will minimise the effects ofsoft water on cementitious materials used in thepool construction.Ozone contact vessel and de-ozonisingThere are particular safety and technical issueswith all water treatment systems, but as a generalguide, the use of purification systems are as setout in Table 2.May Revision 004See the PWTAG publications for more more detailsand the appropriate design standards.4 Sport England 2013
Swimming PoolsDesignGuidance NoteTurnover ratesThe time for the total volume of pool water tocirculate through the treatment plant and return tothe pool is known as the turnover rate. The perioddepends on the shape, size and use of the pooland should be considered early in the designprocess as part of the water treatment systemperformance requirements.See the PWTAG 2009 publication and Code ofPractice 2013 for more details and the appropriatedesign standards.Pool TypeDepth(Metres)Pool TurnoverRate (Hours)DivingVaries4.0 - 8.0SwimmingVaries2.5 - 4.0Learner/Teaching0.5 - 1.50.5 - 1.5Leisure 0.50.17 - 0.750.5 - 1.00.5 - 1.251.0 - 1.51.0 - 2.0 1.52.0 - 2.5UV filtration systemTable 3Recommended turnover ratesFiltration systemsThe risk of contamination ofthe pool water can beminimised through: Careful design and locationof showers and toiletsAn effective filtration system is required to maintainthe clarity of the swimming pool water. For publicpools, sand filters are most commonly used. Inorder to maintain their effectiveness, these willneed to be backwashed regularly. This is achievedby reversing the flow through the sand beds andthen discharging the backwash water to a fouldrain. Good housekeepingThe discharge to the drains is classified as tradeeffluent and the consent may place restrictions onthe timing, volume and/or flow rate discharge perday. Backwash tanks to hold the backwash watermay be required to allow a controlled discharge tothe foul drainage system. Bather education.(See Changing layouts in maindocument Section 5.0 DevelopedDesign Considerations - Changingfacilities)The overall hydraulics of the system, the rating ofpumps and the position of inlet and outlet grills inthe pool tank need to be carefully designed toensure contaminants are effectively removed fromthe water. Deck level systems are most effective inremoving contaminants from the water surface.To assist the filtration process, chemicals knownas flocculants are automatically added to the waterprior to it passing through the filters. Polyaluminium chloride is most commonly used and itforms a ‘floc’ that helps trap fine particles,microbes and pollutants in the water.Typical filter installationMay Revision 0045 Sport England 2013
Swimming PoolsDesignGuidance NoteKeyVentilation systemFiltration systemFresh airHeating system supplyGlazingExtract fanTemperatureand humiditysensorLuminaires withdaylight controlMonitoring sensorDifferential pressureand control valvesMotorised volumecontrol damperExhaustPool airhandling unitPool hall1 c above watertemperatureTemperatureand humiditysensorLuminaires withdaylight controlGlazingHeatexchangerHeater batteryPool coverPool 28-30 CDisinfectionPumpUV or ozonewater purificationSeparate fouldrainage topoolsideGrey erscalorifierFresh airsupplyExtract fanOfficeExhaustOffice/changingair handling unitLow lossheaderLZCChanging roomsTemperatureand humiditysensorHeatexchangerWeatherLow and zerocompensation carbon technologyvalveRadiators, pipe-coils and underfloor heatingHydraulic circuit design to considercontrol valve arrangement toradiators, pipe coils or underfloorheating as may be appropriateBoilersToiletsTemperatureand humiditysensorSchematic services diagram for a typical small poolWater temperaturenoted that the PWTAG 2009 document alsoadvises that operators may run their poolsatisfactorily at temperatures 1-2 degrees lowerthan the recommended maximum.Over the years there has been a steady trend toincrease water temperatures to increasecustomer satisfaction. This is demonstrated inthe latest update of the PWTAG publication(2009)6 that quotes maximum temperatures forswimming pools that are 1-2 degrees higherthan the previous edition of 1999 (see Table 4below). However the energy usage implicationsshould be carefully considered and it should beHigher water temperatures may be attractive torecreational swimmers, disability groups andchildren, but are likely to be less suitable for fitnessswimming or competition. Higher watertemperatures may also have an adverse impact onthe water treatment and environmental controlsystems. See notes on the PWTAG web site on theproblems associated with operators running poolsat higher temperatures.Previous / currentrecommended maximumpool water temperaturesPool types / usesCompetitive swimming anddiving, fitness trainingRecreational, adult teaching,conventional main poolLeisure poolsChildren’s swimmingBabies, young children, disabledPWTAG1999PWTAG200927 C28 C28 C29 C29 C30 CAs above31 C30 C32 CHydrotherapy35 CSpa pools40 CTable 4 Updated PWTAG pool water temperaturerecommendations6 ‘Swimming pool water treatment and quality standards’ PoolSodium hypochlorite bulk and day tanksWater Treatment Advisory Group (PWTAG 2009).May Revision 0046 Sport England 2013
Swimming PoolsDesignGuidance NoteAir temperatures and humidityHowever, where such additional air supply systemsare considered, care should be taken to avoidcooler air dropping into bather areas and causingdiscomfort.Pool hallTemperature and humidity control is required in thepool hall to maintain comfortable conditions forbathers. Air temperatures are usually kept at onedegree above the pool water temperature tominimise evaporation, relative humidity and airvelocity values as follows: Air temperature:(assuming 29 Cwater temperature)approx 30 C Relative humidity:60% 10% Air velocity:Approx. 0.1 m/s in theoccupied areas of thepool hall Changing and clothes storage areasThe airflow should be evenly distributed anddesigned to remove smells, particularly in changingareas and toilet areas. There should be no draughtscaused by airflow. In order to provide comfortableconditions as people change and move back intothe public areas, the following conditions shouldbe provided: Air temperature: Min fresh air supply: 10 air changes / hourThis should be arranged as a separate systemfrom that for the main pool hall. Some additionalfresh air supply within the system could bebeneficial in vanity areas where people would bein their normal clothing.Min fresh air supply: 4-10 air changes / hourThere should be even distribution and extractionof warm air from the pool hall so there are nodraughts on the pool surrounds or in the shallowend where people may be standing up.Baby changing accommodation should haveseparate rates of ventilation.The above conditions assume that the mean radianttemperature is approximately equal to or slightlyhigher than the air temperature. The atmosphericconditions within an enclosed space are neverhomogeneous and vary with time and location.They are particularly influenced by bather activity.Electrical servicesCare should be taken that moisture and smellsfrom the pool hall cannot pass to adjoining areas.Effective moisture vapour barriers are required andgaps should be sealed to avoid potential damageto the building elements, particularly whereservices and ducts pass through walls. A negativepressure difference between the pool hall andadjoining areas, such as changing areas, can beused to help contain the pool environment.Light fittingsSpecial care should be taken with electricalservices in view of the damp warm and corrosiveatmosphere 8. Mains voltage must not beaccessible within the pool hall.For general lighting design issues, see ‘MainDocument’ Section 5.0 Developed DesignConsiderations - Pool Hall - Artificial Lighting.There are particular issues with underwaterlighting:See PWTAG 2009 for the importance of theventilation system in removing airborne disinfectantby-products and contaminants from the pool halland ensuring an adequate distribution of fresh air.Spectator areaSpectators in adjacent seating and viewing areaswill require a lower temperature created by anincreased fresh air supply as follows: Air temperature:approx 25 C 7 Relative humidity:60% 10% Air velocity:approx 0.3 m/s Min fresh air supply: 10 air changes/hour Size/type needs to suit the pool beingilluminated Reliability Expected lamp life / replacement cost Ease of re-lamping Water safety – no fittings should exceed 20Voperating current / need for transformerslocated relatively close to each fitting.Where movable floors are used, the underwater lightfittings will need to be flush with the pool wall.Some underwater light fittings may also sufferfrom high temperatures at the glass lens, and inorder to avoid the risk of bather injury, the7 20 C is recommended for ancillary areas. See HSE document8 IEE guide and HSE Electricity at work regulation 1989.HSG179 Managing Health and Safety in Swimming Pools.May Revision 004approx 24-25º C7 Sport England 2013
Swimming PoolsDesignGuidance Noteoperational temperature of the surface of the glassshould never become so hot as to be uncomfortableor dangerous. Ensure adequate ventilation rates to all plantroom areas. If ozone treatment is used, providean automatic ozone detection alarm systemand consider the need for similar systems forchlorine and carbon dioxide Ensure adequate floor drainage in the plantroom and provide a hosepipe point Provide an accessible balance tank toaccommodate water displaced by bathers (fordeck level pools only). Access via a lateralaccess way from the plant room is preferredto manholes in the pool surround floor Provide holding tanks if required for the maindrainage system to deal with the quantity offilter backwashing water (can be separate fromplant room) Allow space for new technology such ashousings for underwater camera control panels The location, size and distribution of the plantwithin the building needs to be considered early inthe design process along with the operation andmaintenance factors.Provide adequate space for a workbench,desk and chair, tools, maintenance manualsand so on Ensure flues, air intakes, ventilation and extractlouvers/cowls are positioned away from publicand residential areasThe plant room spaces should: Ensure safe access to all plant/equipmentrequiring regular inspection Allow for control equipment and underwaterpool windows associated with computerassisted underwater pool supervision Be connected to all emergency alarms.Sizes of plant roomsPlant rooms should be located in close proximity tothe areas they serve in order to reduce service runs,system losses, and minimise fan power. Theyshould also be sized to give good access to theequipment that they house and allow for operation,maintenance, replacement and deliveries.Typically, the pool water treatment plant roomshould be between 15-30% 9 of the water area thatit serves.An economical solution is to locate the air-handlingplant at high-level, providing there is adequateaccess. A ‘rule of thumb’ to calculate the overallarea required is to allow approximately 15% of thepool building area.Plant room spaces Allow the plant and equipment to be installed,commissioned, operated and maintainedsafely and efficiently Allow for service access and removal/replacement of all individual elementsincluding bulky items such as filters, whichmay require extra wide access doors orremovable panels Minimise service runs, with water treatmentplant located close to the deep end of the pooltank Locate pool water circulation pumps at thesame level as the bottom of the deepest waterso that they are continually flooded Access to plant roomsAccess to the plant room should be available bothinternally, via a controlled access point, andexternally, via a delivery entrance. All doorsleading to the plant room must have secure lockingmechanisms fitted to prevent access by untrainedstaff and members of the public.If an external service yard is provided, the externalaccess should incorporate the provision of a steelshutter door system. The door should be fittedwith a high-security locking system and beconnected to the centre’s security alarm. The idealopening size is 3.0 m wide by 3.0 m high tofacilitate filter replacement. There should also bean additional side door for external access to theplant room, to reduce wear and tear on the steelshutter and the probability of it being left openduring a period of frequent use.Allow for the delivery and storage of chemicalsin a separate, ventilated area, ideally at groundfloor level. Include appropriate safetyarrangements such as bund walls for chemicalstorage tanks and dosing equipment andemergency drencher and eye wash facilities.The acid and chlorine stores will requireseparate ventilation systemDoors in the plant room should be of a heavy-dutynature and have a minimum opening width of 1.0 m(1.5 m preferred).9 PWTAG / Sports Council Guidance Note: Swimming poolsBuilding Services.May Revision 0048 Sport England 2013
Swimming PoolsDesignGuidance NoteAir distribution systems in the pool hallThere is a marked move away from supplying airthrough overhead ducted systems to the use ofducts incorporated at low-level into the pool tankdesign. These systems either sit adjacent to thepool water overflow system or are set at low-levelaround the perimeter of the pool hall. If locatedunder glazed curtain walling, they have theadditional benefit of reducing the condensationthat can form on the windows.Low-level systems need to be designed to preventingress of water due to flooding from the poolsurround or ground water. This can impact uponthe pool hall environment and result in damage tothe air handling plant. Integrating drainage systemsmay not resolve the problem as traps will inevitablydry out allowing the passage of foul air into thebuilding.Overhead ducting is still specified in some pooldesigns and as with direct lighting units, it canprove difficult to avoid positioning directly overwater and maintenance becomes very problematic.The ductwork fixings must be carefully selected asthere have been several cases of ducting sectionsfalling from height due to corrosion and subsequentfailure of the fixings studs etc. Regular inspectionof all ventilation ductwork and fixings must takeplace. This requires suitable access.May Revision 0049 Sport England 2013
However, water purification based on Ultra-Violet (UV) and to a lesser extent Ozone (O3) equipment is commonly added into modern public pool installations. They both involve additional equipment within the plant room areas, to treat the circulating water and make subseque
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Issue of orders 69 : Publication of misleading information 69 : Attending Committees, etc. 69 : Responsibility 69-71 : APPENDICES : Appendix I : 72-74 Appendix II : 75 Appendix III : 76 Appendix IV-A : 77-78 Appendix IV-B : 79 Appendix VI : 79-80 Appendix VII : 80 Appendix VIII-A : 80-81 Appendix VIII-B : 81-82 Appendix IX : 82-83 Appendix X .
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