Environmental Factors And Technology In Growing Plants .

INSTRUCTOR’S MANUALPrinciples of Plant ScienceEnvironmental Factors and Technology in Growing PlantsDennis R. Decoteaui

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458.Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected byCopyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in aretrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, orlikewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department.Pearson Prentice Hall is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson is a registered trademark of Pearson plcPrentice Hall is a registered trademark of Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Education LTD.Pearson Education Singapore, Pte. LtdPearson Education, Canada, LtdPearson Education–JapanPearson Education Australia PTY, LimitedPearson Education North Asia LtdPearson Educaçion de Mexico, S.A. de C.V.Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1ISBN 0-13-112397-1

TABLE OF CONTENTSSectionChapter TitlePagevIntroductionOverview of the Plant SciencesChapter 1.Chapter 2.Chapter 3.Chapter 4.Introduction to the Plant SciencesPlants and SocietyPlants as IndustriesThe Sciences of Plants1358Basics of Plant Growth and DevelopmentChapter 5. Introduction to Plant Growth and DevelopmentChapter 6. An Overview of Photosynthesis and RespirationChapter 7. Plant HormonesChapter 8. Some Ecological Principles in Plant Growth andProduction10121518Environmental Factors that Influence Plant Growth and CropProduction TechnologiesChapter 9. Introduction to the Role of the Environment inPlant Growth and Development20Aerial FactorsChapter 10. Overview of the Aerial EnvironmentChapter 11. IrradianceChapter 12. TemperatureChapter 13. Atmospheric GasesChapter 14. Air PollutantsChapter 15. Mechanical Disturbances222428323538Rhizopshere FactorsChapter 16. Overview of the RhizosphereChapter 17. WaterChapter 18. NutrientsChapter 19. Soil OrganismsChapter 20. Allelochemicals4244485255iii

IntroductionThe textbook Principles of Plant Science: Environmental Factors and Technologyin Growing Plants provides a unique plant science text that emphasizes understanding therole of the environment in plant growth and development instead of the more traditionalfocus topics of analyzing the industries and surveying important crops. By emphasizingthe scientific principles associated with the biological effects that the variousenvironmental factors have on plant development, it is envisioned that the reader wouldbe better equipped to understand current and emerging technologies that modify theenvironment to improve plant production.The instructor’s manual to Principles of Plant Science: Environmental Factorsand Technology in Growing Plants is designed to facilitate the use of the text in plantscience (or horticulture) courses that would be taken before a student enrolls in thevarious advanced plant production courses such as agronomy, crop science, vegetablecrops, small fruits, pomology, and floriculture. The material may also be utilized forplant growth and development or applied introductory plant physiology courses taught atuniversities, junior colleges, or community colleges. To assist the instructor, the manualis divided according to the chapters in the textbook. Each chapter in the manual is thendivided into five sections: chapter outline, important concepts, important terminology todefine and understand, answers to end of chapter questions, and additional questions.The “chapter outline” section provides a brief overview of the chapter. The“important concepts” section presents major points or issues within the chapter, and the“important terminology” section is a listing of terms used in the chapter that may needfurther defining or explaining (the definition to many of these terms may be found in thev

glossary section at the end of the textbook). The “answers to the end of the chapter”section provides responses to the odd numbered questions at the end of the textbookchapter, and the “additional questions” section is a listing of supplementary questions thatcould be used for further discussion or testing.vi

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PLANT SCIENCESChapter outlineI.II.III.Plants in SocietyPlants in IndustriesPlants in ScienceImportant ConceptsEarly humans undoubtedly observed that plants were greatly affected by theenvironment. It envisioned that seasonal cropping cycles, serendipitous successfulplantings, beneficial uses of certain plants were noted by these early ancestors andpassed on to future generations.Agriculturalists have long known the importance of the environment on plant growthand early farmers were some of the first to manipulate or modify the growingenvironment to provide a more conducive environment for plant growth.As growing plants (and animals) became more specialized and agriculture continued toevolved, the understanding of the role of the environment in successful food and fiberproduction became more of a science. Botany, or the study of plants, developed asscience and investigations on the taxonomy, anatomy, morphology, physiology, andecology of plants were institutionalized as fields of advanced study at institutions ofhigher learning.The areas of plant study that placed major emphasis on the use of plants by humansor as agricultural products (or crops) became known as the plant sciences. The plantsciences evolved to specialized crop commodity fields such as agronomy, horticulture,and forestry, and specialized cross commodity fields such as plant pathology,entomology, integrated pest management.Important terminology to define and understandplant sciencehorticulturecropping cyclesmorphologybotanyintegrative pest managementgrowing gyAnswers to end of chapter questions1. Beneficial uses plants were noted by the early ancestors and passed on to futuregenerations as paintings, drawings, and written and oral stories.3. Plant science is a specialized area of study of botany that emphasizes the use ofplants in agricultural applications.1

Additional questions1. What are some of the different ways that the plant sciences can be divided?2. What does the success of most agricultural businesses depend upon?3. What role did the land grant universities have on the developing field of the plantsciences?2

CHAPTER 2. PLANTS AND SOCIETYChapter outlineI.II.III.IV.V.History of AgricultureThe First Cultivated PlantsDevelopment of Agricultural CropsTimeline for Domestication of Important CropsContemporary Crop Improvement ProgramsImportant ConceptsAbout 10,000 years ago, man changed from primarily gathering food to producingfood. Eventually, through cultivation of plants and domestication of animals,humans were able to produce sufficient food to free them from the constant searchfor their next meal and humans began to live together in towns and villages.Since many of the earliest uses of agricultural plants were medicinal, herbals are someof the earliest and most important plant science manuals.A plant’s center of origin is the geographical area where a species is believed to haveevolved through natural selection from its ancestors. This is also the plant’s centerof diversity where a pool of genes exists for use by plant breeders in cropimprovement programs.During the development of agriculture and plant domestication some plants weredomesticated earlier or easier than others were.Early plant gatherers applied self-serving criteria to decide which plants to gather. Ofutmost importance was size. As a result of continually choosing the largest fruit ofthe wild plants through the years, many of the crops that under went domesticationhave bigger fruits than their wild ancestors had. An another criterion used by plantgatherers was taste. Many wild seeds are bitter tasting, yet their fruits are sweet andtasty.Today’s plant breeding and genetic programs continue to utilize the basic concepts ofgenetics and controlled plant crosses. Many of today’s crop improvement programsalso utilize the modern concepts of molecular genetics, tissue culture and geneticengineering.Important terminology to define and understanddomesticationcenters of originseed dispersalplant breedingmass selectionhybridmonasteriesartificial selectionself-pollinatedgeneticsphenotypegenetic engineeringherbalsnatural selectiongerminationplant crossescross pollinationtissue cultureAnswers to end of chapter questions1. Through cultivation of plants and domestication of animals, humans were able toproduce sufficient food to free them from the constant search for their next meal.3

With the development of a dependable food source, humans began to live togetherand villages and towns came into existence.3. Dispersal may occur by the plants or their seeds being blown about in the wind orfloating in the water. Some plants are carried by animals by enclosing the seedswithin tasty fruit and advertising the fruit ripeness by color or smell. Other plantsproduced fruit that are adapted to being eaten by a particular animal. Many wildplants have specialized mechanisms that scatter seeds and generally make themunavailable to humans.5. These crops may have been domesticated earlier because they came from wildancestors that had many characteristics that were advantageous for the process ofdomestication. Some of these advantages include seeds that were edible in the wildand could be readily stored, and plants that were easily grown from sowing, grewquickly, were self-pollinated. Overall few genetic changes were required of thesecrops to go from wild plants to domesticated plants.Additional questions1. What is a plant’s center of origin, and what is the importance of knowing thecenter of origin?2. What may have been the role of human latrines and garbage dumps of primitivesocieties in the domestication of plants?3. What is genetic engineering?4

CHAPTER 3. PLANTS AS INDUSTRIESChapter outlineI.II.III.IV.Historical Periods of the US and the Development of Plantrelated Agricultural IndustriesA. Colonists and Early SettlersB. Post Civil WarC. Pre-World War IID. Post-World War IIE. Relatively Recent TimesUS Agriculture and Crop ProductionAgricultural Segments of Crop Production IndustriesA. Cereal or grain cropsB. Forage cropsC. Fiber cropsD. TobaccoE. Oilseed cropsHorticultural Segments of Crop Production IndustriesA. Vegetable cropsB. Commercial Production1. Fresh Market2. ProcessingC. Fruit and nut cropsD. Nursery and greenhouse cropsE. Niche cropsF. Home gardensImportant ConceptsThe share of consumer expenditures for food in the U.S. is the lowest in the world(only approximately 12% of the disposable income for an average consumer).American Colonists were largely self supporting, growing vegetables for their own use.The change from hand power to horses characterized the first American agriculturalrevolution.Many products that were developed prior to or during the civil war increased theproductivity of each laborer in harvesting, planting, and cultivating fields. Theincreased productivity of farm workers led to surpluses of agricultural products andthus lower prices. This affected the livelihood of many farm workers and the supplyof available labor at times exceeded the demands, resulting in unemployment.Large population centers became largely dependent upon special producers for theirfood supply, and as a result, commercial production of crops developed nearpopulation centers.For much of the early 1900s, American agricultural policy was guided by thephilosophy that society would best be served by traditional family size, owneroperated farms.5