MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS ANALYSISReference ManualFourth EditionFirst Edition, October 1990 Second Edition, February 1995; Second Printing, June 1998Third Edition, March 2002; Second Printing, May 2003; Fourth Edition, June 2010Copyright 1990, 1995, 2002, 2010 Chrysler Group LLC, Ford Motor Company, General Motors CorporationISBN#: 978-1-60-534211-5i
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FOREWORDThis Reference Manual was developed by a Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) Work Group,sanctioned by the Chrysler Group LLC, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors Corporation SupplierQuality Requirements Task Force, and under the auspices of the Automotive Industry Action Group(AIAG). The Work Group responsible for this Fourth Edition were Michael Down (General MotorsCorporation), Frederick Czubak (Chrysler Group LLC), Gregory Gruska (Omnex), Steve Stahley(Cummins, Inc.) and David Benham.The manual is an introduction to measurement system analysis. It is not intended to limit evolution ofanalysis methods suited to particular processes or commodities. While these guidelines are intended tocover normally occurring measurement system situations, there will be questions that arise. Thesequestions should be directed to your authorized customer representative.This Manual is copyrighted by Chrysler Group LLC, Ford Motor Company, and General MotorsCorporation, with all rights reserved, 2010. Additional manuals can be ordered from AIAG atwww.aiag.org. Permission to reproduce portions of this manual for use within supplier organizations maybe obtained from AIAG at www.aiag.orgUTUTJune 2010iii
MSA 4th Edition Quick GuideType ofMeasurement SystemMSA MethodsChapterBasic VariableRange, Average & Range, ANOVA,Bias, Linearity, Control ChartsIIIBasic AttributeSignal Detection,Hypothesis Test AnalysesIIINon-Replicable(e.g., Destructive Tests)Alternate ApproachesIVComplex VariableRange, Average & Range, ANOVA,Bias Linearity Control ChartsIII, IVMultiple Systems, Gagesor Test StandsControl Charts ANOVA Regression AnalysisIII, IVMiscellaneousAlternate ApproachesIVOtherWhite Papers – available atAIAG website (www.aiag.org)NOTE: Regarding the use of the GRR standard deviationHistorically, by convention, a 99% spread has been used to represent the “full” spread ofmeasurement error, represented by a 5.15 multiplying factor (where GRR is multiplied by 5.15to represent a total spread of 99%).A 99.73% spread is represented by a multiplier of 6.0, which is 3 and represents the fullspread of a “normal” curve.If the reader chooses to increase the coverage level, or spread, of the total measurementvariation to 99.73%, use 6.0 as a multiplier in place of 5.15 in the calculations.Note: The approach used in the 4th Edition is to compare standard deviations. This is equivalentto using the multiplier of 6 in the historical approach.Awareness of which multiplying factor is used is crucial to the integrity of the equations andresultant calculations. This is especially important if a comparison is to be made betweenmeasurement system variability and the tolerance. Consequently, if an approach other than thatdescribed in this manual is used, a statement of such must be stated clearly in any results orsummaries (particularly those provided to the customer).iv
TABLE OF CONTENTSMSA 4th Edition Quick Guide .ivTABLE OF CONTENTS .vList of Tables. viiList of Figures . viiiCHAPTER I General Measurement System Guidelines.1Section A Introduction, Purpose and Terminology .3Introduction .3Purpose .4Terminology .4Section B The Measurement Process P.13Measurement Systems .13The Effects of Measurement System Variability.18Section C Measurement Strategy and Planning.25Section D Measurement Source Development .29Gage Source Selection Process.31Section E Measurement Issues .41Section F Measurement Uncertainty.63Section G Measurement Problem Analysis .65CHAPTER II General Concepts for Assessing Measurement Systems .67Section A Background.69Section B Selecting/Developing Test Procedures.71Section C Preparation for a Measurement System Study .73Section D Analysis of the Results.77CHAPTER III Recommended Practices for Replicable Measurement Systems .81Section A Example Test Procedures.83Section B Variable Measurement System Study Guidelines .85Guidelines for Determining Stability.85Guidelines for Determining Bias PF – Independent Sample Method .87Guidelines for Determining Bias – Control Chart Method.92Guidelines for Determining Linearity P.96Guidelines for Determining Repeatability and Reproducibility P .101Range Method.102Average and Range Method .103Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Method .123Section C Attribute Measurement Systems Study .131Risk Analysis Methods .131Signal Detection Approach.143Analytic Method P .145CHAPTER IV Other Measurement Concepts and Practices .151Section A Practices for Non-Replicable Measurement Systems .153Destructive measurement systems .153Systems where the part changes on use/test .153Section B Stability Studies .155Section C Variability Studies.161Section D Recognizing the Effect of Excessive Within-Part Variation.167Section E Average and Range Method – Additional Treatment.169Section F Gage Performance Curve P.177Section G Reducing Variation Through Multiple Readings .183Section H Pooled Standard Deviation Approach to GRR P .185APPENDICES.193v
Appendix A.195Analysis of Variance Concepts.195Appendix B.199Impact of GRR on the Capability Index Cp .199Formulas:.199Analysis: .199Graphical Analysis .201Appendix C.203Appendix D.205Gage R Study.205Appendix E.207Alternate PV Calculation Using Error Correction Term.207Appendix F .209P.I.S.M.O.E.A. Error Model.209Glossary .213Reference List .219Sample Forms .223Index .227vi
List of TablesTable I-B1: Control Philosophy and Driving Interest. 18Table II-D 1: GRR Criteria. 78Table III-B 1: Bias Study Data. 90Table III-B 2: Bias Study – Analysis of Bias Study P . 92Table III-B 3: Bias Study – Analysis of Stability Study for Bias. 95Table III-B 4: Linearity Study Data . 99Table III-B 5: Linearity Study – Intermediate Results . 99Table III-B 6: Gage Study (Range Method) . 103Table III-B 6a: Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility Data Collection Sheet .105Table III-B 7: ANOVA Table . 127Table III-B 8: ANOVA Analysis % Variation & Contribution . 127Table III-B 9: Comparison of ANOVA and Average and Range Methods . 129Table III-B 10: GRR ANOVA Method Report . 129Table III-C 1: Attribute Study Data Set. 134Table III-C 2: Cross tabulation Study Results . 136Table III-C 3: Kappa Summary . 137Table III-C 4: Comparisons of Appraisers to Reference . 138Table III-C 5: Study Effectiveness Table. 139Table III-C 6: Example Effectiveness Criteria Guidelines . 140Table III-C 7: Study Effectiveness Summary . 140Table III-C 8: Table III-C 1 sorted by Ref Value. 143Table IV-A 1: Methods Based on Type of Measurement System. 154Table IV-H 1: Pooled Standard Deviation Analysis Data Set . 189Table A 1: Estimate of Variance Components . 195Table A 2: 6 Sigma Spread . 196Table A 3: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) . 197Table A 4: Tabulated ANOVA Results . 198Table A 5: Tabulated ANOVA Results . 198Table B 1: Comparison of Observed to Actual Cp.201Table C 1:d 2* Table . 203Table F 1: Examples of the PISMOEA Model. 211vii
List of FiguresFigure I-A 1: Example of a Traceability Chain for a Length Measurement . 10Figure I-B 1: Measurement System Variability Cause and Effect Diagram . 17Figure I-E 2: Discrimination .46Figure I-E 3: Impact of Number of Distinct Categories (ndc) of the Process Distribution on Control andAnalysis Activities . 47Figure I-E 4: Process Control Charts . 49Figure I-E 5: Characteristics of the Measurement Process Variation . 50Figure I-E 6: Relationships between Bias and Repeatability . 62Figure III-B 1: Control Chart Analysis for Stability . 86Figure III-B 2: Bias Study – Histogram of Bias Study . 91Figure III-B 3: Linearity Study – Graphical Analysis .100Figure III-B 4: Average Chart – “Stacked”.107Figure III-B 5: Average Chart – “Unstacked”.107Figure III-B 6: Range Chart – “Stacked” .
The manual is an introduction to measurement system analysis. It is not intended to limit evolution of analysis methods suited to particular processes or commodities. While these guidelines are intended to cover normally occurring measurement system situations, there will be questions that arise. These
Measurement method: TN measurement of Ammonium Sulfate Aqueous Solution, prepared nitrogen concentration 10 mg/L Measurement results: TN 9.91 mg/L (C.V. 0.30 %) Example of TOC Measurement of Nickel Plating Solution Analysis instrument: TOC-LCPH Measurement method: TOC measurement of
JIS are possible. Moreover, the 6240B is capable of high-precision contact resistance measurement that cancels thermal EMF generated on metal contact surfaces. Source and Measurement Function The source and measurement functions are selectable from voltage source, current source, voltage measurement, cur-rent measurement and resistance measurement.
Type of Measurement Tool for Measurement Unit of Measurement Length Triple Beam Balance, Electronic Balance 3 Milliliter (mL), Liter (L), cm Temperature Spring Scale C. Metric System – 1. Which measurement would you use to measure the following items? A. Length of a piece of paper: B. Volume of a soda bottle: C. Your mass: D.
mental principles of measurement which underlie these studies. The book treats measurement as a coherent and integrated subject by presenting it as the study of measurement systems. A measurement system is
4 // Instrument Systems } IR Measurement Solutions Our systems are used to test IR sources in lab applications as well as during the production process. There is a wide range of measurements as shown below: Spectral and power measurement Time-resolved optical output measurement Angular-resolved measurement Single emitter uniformity (2D)
1.0 Mechanical Measurement Systems Measurement of mechanical systems has long been an issue for engineers. Having been trained to deal with mechanical systems, the use of electrical or electronic system to make measurements on these mechanical systems are far from obvious. For a me
Qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, non-financial indicator analysis, financial indicator analysis, internal performance analysis, external performance analysis, project-orientated analysis, organization-orientated analysis 8 [36] Area-based Knowledge measurement in products and processes,
more measurement principles and to a given measurement method, based on a measurement model and including any calculation to obtain a measurement result. MEASURING INSTRUMENT: Device intended to make measurements, alone or in conjunction with supplementary device(s). METROLOGY: Science of measurement and its application.
