Energy, Its Impacts To Environment, And Energy Efficiency .
ODA-UNESCO Project:” Promotion of Energy Science Education for Sustainable Development in Laos:”Energy, its Impacts to Environment, and EnergyEfficiency Concept and fundamentalsPrepared by: Assoc. Prof. Sengratry KYTHAVONEDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringNational University of Laos1
What is EnergyEnergy is basically the capacity of a body todo work. The different forms of energy are:Mechanical energy, Thermal (or) Heatenergy, Chemical energy, Electrical energy,Nuclear energy, Electromagnetic energy,Gravitational energy.2
Energy: Classify by sourcesPrimary Energy & Secondary EnergyMajor primary and secondary sources of supplySourceCoalExtractionOpen ordeepminesSecondaryEnergyPrimary clearNatural gasPetroleumMiningEnrichmentGas wellTreatmentOilwellCrackingand refiningPowerstationElectricityNatural gasLPGPetrolDiesel/fuel oilsGERIAP-NPC 5Petrochemical3
Energy: Classify by sources usedRenewable EnergyNon-Renewable Energy4
Significance of renewable energy Clean energy. Harmless to the environment Unlimited and reusable Raise Employed and good economy system5
Energy: Classify by productionConventional and Non-Conventional EnergyConventional energy sourcesinclude fossil fuel energy andnuclear energy. It is a nonrenewable source of energy.Non conventional energysources include wind energy, tidalenergy, solar energy, bio energy &fuel cell energy. It is renewablesource of energy.6
Energy:Commercial and Non-Commercial Energy CommercialEnergy is energy available atprice, and industrial production. Examples are electricity, coal, lignite, oil, andnatural gas Non-Commercial Energy is energy notavailable in market for a price, and householdproduction. Examples are firewood, cattle dung andagricultural waste solar energy, animalpower, wind energy.7
Global Primary Energy Consumption8
World Energy Consumption60% of worldResourcesconsumed so far85% of raw energycomes from nonrenewable sourcesand hence notavailable forFuture generation9
Remaining resource of the worldTotalremainingProductionper yearEnough touse Mill. Mill. BarrelMill. Mill. m3Th. Mill. TonsMill. Tons26.22.44.3435Th. Mill. BarrelMill. Mill. m3Th. Mill. TonsTh. Tons40 Years61 Years227 Years 64 Years10
Impact of Energy Consumption on EnvironmentCarbon Dioxide gas can be produced from combustion process isEnergy Managementand ConservationOfficePromotion on Energy EfficiencygreenhouseandConservation For gasesLao PDR11
Impact of Energy Consumption on EnvironmentGreenhouse gases– Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs), OzoneThe effect is increasing temperatures on Earth12
CLIMATE CHANGEGreenhouse gases are increasing
Energy Managementand ConservationOfficePromotion on Energy Efficiencyand Conservation For Lao PDR14
CLIMATE CHANGELess visual but with major impactConsequences ofclimate change:Agriculture and food securityCrop yields, irrigation demands.ForestComposition, health and productivity.Water resourcesWater supply, water quality.Coastal areasErosion, inundation, cost of prevention. Temperatureincrease Sea level rise More rainSpecies and natural areasBiodiversity, modification of ecosystems.Human healthInfectious diseases, human settlements.
Why Energy Efficiency?Three top operating expenses are energy (bothelectrical and thermal), labour and materials;Energy would emerge as a top ranker for costreduction;If we are more efficient with the energy, wealready have there will be less pollution, lessreliance on foreign oil and increased domesticsecurity;Continue increasing of energy pricing;Energy security.16
Energy EfficiencyEnergy InputEnergyConversionDeviceUseful EnergyOutputEnergy Dissipatedto the SurroundingsUseful Energy OutputEfficiency Total Energy Input17
Efficiency of Some Common DevicesDeviceEfficiencyElectric Motor90Home Oil FurnaceHome Coal FurnaceSteam Boiler (powerplant)Power Plant (thermal)Automobile EngineLight Bulb-FluorescentLight Bulb -Incandescent655589362520518
Vehicle Efficiency – Gasoline Engine25% Of the gasoline is used to propel a car, the restis “lost” as heat. i.e an efficiency of 0.2519
What is Energy Efficiency?Efficiency of an energy conversionAHot water XEnergy Input, kJ boilerYEfficiency (%) Xx rgy (kJ)ExampletoEfficiency(%)Gas waterboiler70-90Electrical tomechanicalElectricmotor70-90Heat tomechanicalSteamturbine45Portion of Energy which ends up doing useful workEnergy efficiency means using less energy to perform thesame function.Example: Replacing traditional light bulbs with CompactFluorescent Lamps (CFLs) means you will use only 1/5th of theenergy to light a room20
Energy Conservation vs Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency uses less energy forsame output and reduces CO2 emissionsCompact fluorescent Lamp18WIncandescent Lamp100 WCO2 Emission – 110 g/hrFigure 1.14CO2 Emission – 20 g/hr
Energy transformation & energy conversionefficiencyOil generate heat -- Heat boils water -- Water turns to steam -- More the numberof conversionTurbine turns an electric generator -- stages, lesser theenergy efficiencyGenerator produces electricity -- Steam pressure turns a turbine -- Electricity powers light bulbs -- Light bulbs give off light and heat22
Understanding energy costsTypical summary of energy bill by a companyType ofenergyOriginalUnitUnit CostElectricity 350,000 kWh Kip 700/kWhMonthly billEquivalent costUS 245,000,00030,625Fuel Oil100 klKip 6,000,000/kl 600,000,00075,000Coal1,000 tonsKip 300,000/ton300,000,00037,500Total:1,145,000,000 143,125Electricity (1 kWh)Heavy fuel oil (calorific value, GCV)Coal (calorific value, GCV)1 kcal 4.187 KJ 860 kcal/kWh (3600 kJ) 10000 kcal/litre (42000 kJ/litre) 4000 kcal/kg (18*106 kJ/ton)23
Energy Conservation OpportunitiesEnergy distributionEnergy generationEnergy usage by processesFuel substitution24
Maximizing system efficiencyEliminate steam leakages by trap improvementsMaximize condensate recovery;Adopt combustion controls for maximizingcombustion eration compressors, boilers, t, wherever significant energy efficiencymargins exist.25
Matching Energy Usage to RequirementMismatch between equipment capacity and userrequirement often leads to inefficiencies due topart load operations, wastages etcExamples : Eliminate throttling Eliminate damper operations Fan resizing for better efficiency. Moderation of chilled water temperature forprocess chilling needs26
Optimizing Input Energy RequirementShuffling of compressors to match needs.Periodic review of insulation thicknessIdentify potential for heat exchanger networking andprocess integration.Optimization of transformer operation with respect toload27
Fuel and Energy SubstitutionFuel substitutionNatural gas is increasingly the fuel of choice as fuel andfeedstock in the fertilizer, petrochemicals, power andsponge iron industries.Replacement of coal by coconut shells, rice husk,etcReplacement of fuel oil by CNG or other fuel.Energy substitutionReplacement of electric heaters by steam heatersReplacement of steam based hot water by solar systems28
EE BenefitsIndustryNationGlobe Reduced energy bills IncreasedCompetitiveness Increasedproductivity Improved quality Increased profits! Reduced energyimports Avoided costs canbe used for povertyreduction Conservation oflimited resources Improved energysecurity Reduced GHG andother emissions Maintains asustainableenvironment
Mill. Mill. Barrel 150 Mill. Mill. m3 984.2 Th. Mill. Tons 3.95 Mill. Tons Production per year 26.2 Th. Mill. Barrel 2.4 M
2. Energy and the environment 3. Energy Production 4. Energy Consumption 5. Energy and Sustainable Development 6. Energy, development and the need for statistics 7. Energy-environment statistics are key 8. Applying the FDES to energy statistics 9. Energy-environment common indicators 1. Cross-cutting issues applications of the FDES Water and .
work/products (Beading, Candles, Carving, Food Products, Soap, Weaving, etc.) ⃝I understand that if my work contains Indigenous visual representation that it is a reflection of the Indigenous culture of my native region. ⃝To the best of my knowledge, my work/products fall within Craft Council standards and expectations with respect to
2.2 Impacts of sea-level rise and remote climate 9 2.3 Impacts of extreme weather events 11 3. Climate impacts on food security 15 3.1 Climate change and food production 15 3.2 Climate change impacts on food access and livelihoods 16 3.3 Climate change impacts on nutrition and utilis
the environmental impacts of transport, and the effectiveness of key strategies and initiatives in reducing the impacts of transport on the environment. Conclusions The environmental impacts of the transport system are significant and growing. Minimising these impacts has been a legislated objective since 2010, but it is clear that
on work, power and energy]. (iv)Different types of energy (e.g., chemical energy, Mechanical energy, heat energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy, sound energy, light energy). Mechanical energy: potential energy U mgh (derivation included ) gravitational PE, examples; kinetic energy
wood biomass energy can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, generate jobs, and increase energy security. . electric and gas transmission lines were chosen as the focus since these energy types have the most potential to . Conservation impacts analysis - The potential impacts of future energy development were assessed for forest and .
wood biomass energy can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, generate jobs, and increase energy security. . electric and gas transmission lines were chosen as the focus since these energy types have the most potential to . Conservation impacts analysis - The potential impacts of future energy development were assessed for forest and .
Forms of energy include radiant energy from the sun, chemical energy from the food you eat, and electrical energy from the outlets in your home. All these forms of energy may be used or stored. Energy that is stored is called potential energy. Energy that is being used for motion is called kinetic energy. All types of energy are measured in joules.
