COLOUR-EMOTION ASSOCIATIONS IN INTERIOR SPACES A .

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COLOUR-EMOTION ASSOCIATIONSIN INTERIOR SPACESA DISSERTATIONSUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OFINTERIOR ARCHITECTURE ANDENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN AND THE GRADUATESCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIALSCIENCES OF İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENTUNIVERSITYIN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THEREQUIREMENTSFOR THE DEGREE OFDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHYIN ART, DESIGN AND ARCHITECTUREByElif HelvacıoğluJuly, 2011

To my parentsOya & Kadir Helvacıoğlu

COLOUR-EMOTION ASSOCIATIONSIN INTERIOR SPACESA DISSERTATIONSUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OFINTERIOR ARCHITECTURE ANDENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN AND THE GRADUATESCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIALSCIENCES OF İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENTUNIVERSITYIN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THEREQUIREMENTSFOR THE DEGREE OFDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHYIN ART, DESIGN AND ARCHITECTUREByElif HelvacıoğluJuly, 2011

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ABSTRACTCOLOUR-EMOTION ASSOCIATIONS IN INTERIOR SPACESElif HelvacıoğluPh.D. in Art, Design and ArchitectureSupervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Nilgün OlguntürkJuly, 2011Colour as an effective design tool influences people’s emotions in interiorspaces. Depending on the assumption that colour has an impact on humanpsychology, this study stresses the need for further studies that comprise colourand emotion association in interior space in order to provide healthier spacesfor inhabitants. Emotional reactions to colour in a living room were investigatedby using self report measure. Pure red, green and blue were chosen to beinvestigated as chromatic colours, whereas gray was the achromatic colour usedas a control variable. The study was conducted at Bilkent University in Ankara,Turkey. Hundred and eighty people from various ages and academicdepartments participated in the study. Participants first watched a short videoshowing an overlook of a 3D model of a living room. Next, they were asked tomatch the distinct coloured living rooms with facial expressions of six basicemotions that covers anger, disgust, surprise, happiness, fear, sadness and inaddition with neutral. The results of the study indicated that the most statedemotions associated for the room with red walls were disgust and happiness,while the least stated emotions were sadness, fear, anger, and surprise. Neutraland happiness were the most stated emotions for the room with green walls andanger, surprise, fear and sadness were the least stated ones. The most statedemotion associated for the room with blue walls was neutral, while the leaststated emotions were anger and surprise. Neutral, disgust and sadness were themost stated emotions for the room with gray walls. Gender differences were notfound in human emotional reactions to living rooms with different wall colours.Keywords: Colour, Emotion, Associations, Interior Space.iii

ÖZETİÇ MEKÂNLARDA RENK-DUYGU İLİŞKİLENDİRMELERİElif HelvacıoğluGüzel Sanatlar, Tasarım ve Mimarlık FakültesiDoktora ÇalışmasıDanışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nilgün OlguntürkTemmuz, 2011Renk, etkili bir tasarım aracı olarak, iç mekânlarda insanların duygularınıetkiler. Rengin insan psikolojisine etkisi olduğu varsayımına dayanarak, buçalışma insanlara daha sağlıklı mekânların sağlanması için, iç mekânlarda renkve duygu ilişkisine dair çalışmaların geliştirilmesi gerekliliğini vurgular. Oturmaodalarında renge verilen duygusal tepkiler özbildirim ölçekleri kullanılarakincelenmiştir. Çalışma için kromatik renkler olarak saf kırmızı, yeşil ve maviseçilmiş iken, akromatik renk olarak gri kontrol değişkeni olarak kullanılmıştır.Çalışma Bilkent Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye’de yürütülmüştür. Çalışmayafarklı yaş ve akademik bölümlerden olmak üzere yüz seksen kişi katılmıştır.Katılımcılara öncelikle 3 boyutlu olarak modellenmiş bir oturma odasına bakışıgösteren kısa bir video izlettirilmiştir. Daha sonra katılımcılardan farklırenklerdeki oturma odalarını kızgınlık, iğrenme, şaşkınlık, mutluluk, korku,üzüntü ve ek olarak nötr duygularını temsil eden yüz ifadeleri ile eşleştirmeleriistenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre kırmızı duvarlı oda ile en çok eşleştirilenduygular iğrenme ve mutluluk iken, en az eşleştirilen duygular üzüntü, korku,kızgınlık ve şaşkınlıktır. Nötr ve mutluluk, yeşil duvarlı oda ile en çokeşleştirilirken, üzüntü, korku, kızgınlık ve şaşkınlık en az eşleştirilenduygulardır. Mavi duvarlı oda ile en çok eşleştirilen duygu nötr iken, en azeşleştirilen duygular kızgınlık ve şaşkınlıktır. Nötr, iğrenme ve üzüntü griduvarlı oda ile en çok eşleştirilen duygulardır. Farklı duvar renklerindekioturma odalarına verilen duygusal tepkilerde cinsiyete dayalı farklılıklarbulunmamıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Renk, Duygu, İlişkilendirme, İç mekân.iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI am heartily thankful to my advisor Assist. Prof. Dr Nilgün Olguntürk whointroduced me into a colourful world. I would like to express my gratitude toher for the continuous support of my Ph.D. study and research from the initial tothe final level. Without her motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge,this dissertation would not have been possible. I wish to keep up anycollaboration in our colourful world in the future.I am honoured to thank my committee member Prof. Dr. Halime Demirkanwhose encouragement, advice and crucial contribution throughout my graduateand Ph.D. studies I will never forget. I wish also show my appreciation toAssoc. Prof. Dr. Çiğdem Erbuğ as another member of my committee for hervaluable and generous suggestions during the preparation process of thisdissertation.I owe my deepest gratitude to Assist. Prof. Dr. Meltem Gürel and Assist. Prof. Dr.Güler Ufuk Demirbaş, for their critical comments regarding the finalization ofthe dissertation. Besides, I would like to express my appreciation to Dr. DilekGüvenç for her suggestions throughout the statistical analyses of the thesis.I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my dearest friend Segah Sakwho patiently was with me from the very beginning of my academic adventure.You were such a wonderful motivator even when coping seemed tough for me.I will never forget out entertaining conversations that evoked wonderful ideas.I owe my gratitude to İnci Cantimur for patiently helping me to create thevirtual spaces for my study. In addition, special thanks go to Aslı Çebi, SedenOdabaşıoğlu and Nalan İnalhars for their friendship and moral support.My deepest gratitude goes to my parents Oya and Kadir Helvacıoğlu for theirunconditional support. I am very honoured and lucky to have you as my parents.Thank you for giving me chances to prove and improve myself through all mywalks of life. Moreover, I would like to give my sincere thanks to my wonderfulfamily Cem and Didem Helvacıoğlu, Sibel and Bahtiyar Yıldız for their invaluablesupport and trust.Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my fiancé Alpaslan Güneş for hisunflagging love, trust and encouragement in my life. You will always be the mostspecial of my life.v

TABLE OF CONTENTSSIGNATURE PAGE .iiABSTRACT .iiiÖZET .ivACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .vTABLE OF CONTENTS .viLIST OF TABLES .xLIST OF FIGURES .xv1. INTRODUCTION2.11.1.Aim of the Study .31.2.The General Structure of the Dissertation .4EMOTION2.1.6About Emotion .62.1.1. Definition of Emotion .62.1.2. Related Phenomena .72.1.3. Emotion States and Traits .102.2.Process of Emotion .112.2.1. The Category of Emotion .112.2.2. Components of Emotions .132.2.3. The Sequence of Emotion .182.3.Influences of Emotion on Human Beings .222.4.Universals of Emotion .252.5.Measuring Emotion .262.5.1. Self Reports of Subjective Experience .282.5.2. Observer Ratings of Emotion .39vi

2.5.3. Facial Measures of Emotion .392.5.4. Vocal Measures of Emotion .402.5.5. Physiological Measures of Emotion .413.COLOUR BASICS433.1.Colour: A Definition .433.2.Basic Colour Terminology .443.3.Colour Order Systems .453.3.1. Munsell Colour System .463.3.2. Natural Colour System (NCS) .513.3.3. CIELAB .563.3.4. RGB Colour Model .613.4.The Nature of Colour .663.4.1. Colour in Physiology .663.4.2. Colour in Psychology .684.COLOUR AND EMOTION694.1.Symbolic Associations of Colour – Colour Meanings .694.2.Empirical Implementations of Colour and Emotion .765. COLOUR, INTERIOR SPACE AND EMOTION6.845.1.Interior Space .845.2.Emotional Response to Colour in Interior Spaces .85THE EXPERIMENT6.1.88Aim of the Study .886.1.1. Research Questions .896.1.2. Hypotheses .896.2.Method of the Study .906.2.1. Sample Group .90vii

6.2.2. Setting Description .926.2.3. Procedures .966.2.3.1.Selecting the Function .966.2.3.2.Specifying the Colours .986.2.3.3.Creating the Interior Space .1006.2.3.4.Phases of the Experiment .1017. FINDINGS7. 1.1051st Experiment Set – Red Room .1077.1.1. Red Room .1077.1.2. Gray Room .1107.2.2nd Experiment Set – Green Room .1127.2.1. Green Room .1137.2.2. Gray Room .1157.3.3rd Experiment Set – Blue Room .1187.3.1. Blue Room .1187.3.2. Gray Room .1208. DISCUSSION1239. CONCLUSION131REFERENCES136APPENDICES146APPENDIX A. Descriptions and Images of Action UnitsDefined in the Facial Acton Coding System (FACS)by Paul Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen .146Appendix A1. Descriptions and Images of Action Units .147Appendix A.2. Prototypical Patterns of FacialExpressions of Basic Emotions .154APPENDIX B. Descriptions of the Sample Group .155viii

APPENDIX C. Setting of the Experiment .157APPENDIX D. Interior Spaces Used in the Experiment .159APPENDIX E. The Questionnaire .162Appendix E.1. The Questionnaire (in Turkish) .163Appendix E.2. The Questionnaire (in English) .165APPENDIX F. Information about the Study .167Appendix F.1. Information about the Study (in Turkish) .168Appendix F.2. Information about the Study (in English) .169APPENDIX G. Facial Expressions of Basic Emotions used in theExperiment .170APPENDIX H. Data Analyses .172ix

LIST OF TABLESTable 4.1. Emotional associations of colour in the literature .83Table 6.1. Distribution of the departments .91Table 6.2. Selected colours from RGB additive colour model .100Table 6.3. Experiment sets showing the number of participants with thesequence of colours .103Table 7.1. The frequency distribution of emotions on the coloured rooms .106Table 8.1. Mostly associated emotions with gray room .129Table 8.2. Mostly associated emotions with chromatic rooms .129Table 9.1. Mostly associated emotions with living rooms .135Table A.1. Descriptions and images of action units .147Table A.2. Prototypical patterns of facial expressions (Ekman and Friesen,1978) .154Table B.1. Descriptive statistics showing the mean age of the sample group .156Table B.2. Sample’s distribution on the basis of age .156Table B.3. Computer usage of the sample group .156Table B.4. Computer Usage Frequency of the sample group .156Table H.1. Statistics of the sequence of showing coloured room forred room .173Table H.2. Independent Samples t-Test results for sequence differences onemotional reactions to red room .173x

Table H.3. Statistics for gender differences for red room .173Table H.4. Independent Samples t-Test for gender differences on emotionalreactions to red room .173Table H.5. Frequency of emotions associated with red room in respect tomale gender group .174Table H.6. Frequency of emotions associated with red room in respect tofemale gender group .174Table H.7. Chi-square goodness-of-fit test for emotion associationto red room .175Table H.8. Frequency of emotions associated with red room .175Table H.9. Statistics of the sequence of showing gray room .175Table H.10. Independent Samples t-Test results for sequence differences onemotional reactions to gray room .176Table H.11. Statistics for gender differences for gray room in the firstexperiment set .176Table H.12. Independent Samples t-Test for gender differences on emotionalreactions to gray room in the first experiment set .176Table H.13. Frequency of emotions associated with gray room in respectto male gender group in the first experiment set .177Table H.14. Frequency of emotions associated with gray room in respectto female gender group in the first experiment set .177Table H.15. Chi-square goodness-of-fit test for emotion associationto gray room in the first experiment set .178Table H.16. Frequency of emotions associated with gray room in the firstexperiment set .178xi

Table H.17. Paired Samples t-Test for emotional association differencesbetween red room and gray room .179Table H.18. Statistics of the sequence of showing coloured rooms forgreen room .179Table H.19. Independent Samples t-Test results for sequence differenceson emotional reactions to green room .179Table H.20. Frequency of emotions associated with green room in respect toshowing order (viewed after gray room) .180Table H.21. Frequency of emotions associat

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