FEEDING LIVESTOCK DURING AND AFTER A DISASTER

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FEEDING LIVESTOCK DURING AND AFTER ADISASTERByDon Llewellyn, Ph.D., Regional Livestock Specialist, WashingtonState University Extension. Ely Walker, Graduate Student, Departmentof Animal Sciences, Washington State University. Linda McLean,Director/4-H, Washington State University Colville ReservationExtension. Mark Nelson, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department ofAnimal Sciences, Washington State UniversityFS241E Page 1 ext.wsu.eduFS241E

WSU EXTENSION FEEDING LIVESTOCK DURING AND AFTER A DISASTERFeeding Livestock During and After a DisasterIntroductionChickens.Feeding livestock during and after a disaster can presentlivestock owners and producers with a host of challenges. Thisis due, in part, to unfamiliar feeds that are donated or sourcedfrom outside the region of the emergency. Having a basicunderstanding of the nutrient requirements of your animals andtheir digestive systems, as well as the characteristics ofindividual feeds, is the foundation on which to build anemergency feeding program. Feed analysis is the mosteffective way to accurately balance an animal’s diet, whichmay be of increased importance after a stressful event, such asa disaster. In addition, being able to effectively transitionanimals to unfamiliar feeds and identify potential toxicitieswill go a long way in keeping animals healthy during times ofstress.Like pigs, chickens do best when fed high concentrate diets.Their beaks allow them to sort through feed very well, sopelleted feed is usually preferred. If pelleted feed is notavailable, a mash feed with small particle size (2–3 mm)should be fed. Similar to swine, chickens require moderateprotein, high-energy diets. Energy concentrates may make upto 75% of the diet. Calcium is a critical part of diets for layinghens as it is needed for eggshell formation. The NationalResearch Council’s (NRC) Nutrient Requirements of Poultrygives nutrient requirements for multiple classes of poultry andstages of production.Feeding Considerations forMonogastric vs. RuminantAnimalsIn the event of a disaster, livestock may need to be fedfeedstuffs that are available rather than what has normally beenfed. However, quickly changing the diet can be stressful forlivestock and lead to digestive issues if not done properly.Different species of livestock will have different nutrient needsbased on their digestive systems and stage of production (i.e.,age, growth, gestation, lactation). If alternative feeds are to beutilized, it is important to understand the nutrient content andany risks associated with each feed so that digestion problemscan be avoided. Perry et al. (2003) provide insight into thedifferences between monogastric and ruminant animals andhow those differences relate to overall nutrient requirementsand feeding strategies.Monogastric AnimalsPigs.Pigs cannot utilize fiber, like ruminants or horses, so theirdiets are made up of mostly concentrates. Swine are fedconcentrate diets in all phases of production. They need a highenergy, low-fiber diet with a moderate amount of protein.Nutritional needs will vary based on stage of production. TheNational Swine Nutrition Guide provides a source with tableson nutrient recommendations for swine in all stages ofproduction.FS241E Page 2 ext.wsu.eduRuminant AnimalsCattle.The microorganisms in the rumen of cattle allow them todigest and obtain most of their energy from roughages(forages and hay). However, these microorganisms aresensitive to change. If the diet changes from a high roughageto a high concentrate without adequate time for the animal toadjust, digestive upsets can occur. If forage is limited,concentrates may make up to 90% of the diet, but cattle requireroughage for proper rumen function. Cattle must betransitioned to a high-grain diet gradually or digestivedisturbances can occur. Depending on stage of production (i.e.,gestation, lactation) protein may need to be supplemented inforage-based diets to meet requirements. Protein also helpsimprove digestion of low-quality hay and other forages, moreinformation about this can be found in WSU Extensionpublication EM053E Feeding Beef Cattle I: The Realities ofLow-Quality Forages.The NRC’s Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle presents thenutrient requirements for beef cattle of many different types,sizes, and stages of production. The NRC’s NutrientRequirements for Dairy Cattle is available for free downloadas well.Small Ruminants/Pseudo-Ruminants(sheep, goats, llamas, and alpacas)Small ruminants and pseudo-ruminants, like cattle, are alsoprone to digestive upsets if major diet changes occur.Hay/forage will comprise most of their diet; however, in somecases they may need supplemental protein similar to cattle(Wieland and Noldan 2011; Van Saun 2016).

WSU EXTENSION FEEDING LIVESTOCK DURING AND AFTER A DISASTERAdditional specific nutritional information for small ruminantsand pseudo-ruminants can be found here:Table 1. Protein and energy content of selected emergency feeds.GoatsSheepAlpacas and llamasMonogastric HerbivoresHorses.The stomachs of horses are similar to monogastrics with asingle chamber and acidic conditions. Unlike ruminants,fermentation occurs at the end of the digestive tract in horses,in the cecum. Horses are somewhat more sensitive to dietchanges than ruminants. They need high-quality hay (timothy,brome, orchardgrass, or alfalfa) to meet most or all of theirnutrient requirements. Caution must be exercised when feedingalfalfa to horses as digestive upsets can occur if too much isconsumed. Horses should not be fed moldy hay, as respiratoryand digestion problems could arise (Duberstein and Johnson2009). If horse feeds are being supplemented, a high-fiberconcentrate is best in order to avoid digestive issues. A rationformulation worksheet is available from the National Academyof Science at Nutrient Requirements of Horses. This programallows users to balance diets using a variety of feeds for horsesof different stages of production and workloads.Rabbits.Rabbits have a digestive system similar to horses and needhigh-quality hay. Rabbits can also be fed rabbit pellets.Feeding other grains or concentrates may lead to potentialdigestive issues, so if you have to feed them, do so in smallamounts (Krempels 2008). Nutrient Requirements of Rabbitsis available to download for free.Concentrates (grains and their byproducts)Concentrates can be classified into two main classes: energyconcentrates and protein concentrates (Table 1). Concentratesare energy dense and fed to both monogastric and ruminantanimals. Monogastric livestock (pigs and chickens) need highenergy diets and require high proportions of concentrate feeds(Stein and de Lange 2007).Ruminants can also utilize concentrates. Most concentrate feeduse by ruminants is in feedlots and dairies because of theincreased energy requirement for weight gain or milkproduction, respectively. However, for the grazing ruminant,concentrates are used to supplement the animals’ diet to meetnutrient needs (Hall et al. 2009).FS241E Page 3 ext.wsu.eduIt is important that pigs and chickens receive concentrate feedswith low fiber for more complete digestion. Higher fiber feedswork better for ruminants and hindgut fermenters. Ruminantsand hindgut fermenters need energy feeds that are more slowlydigested to prevent digestive upset. For example, potato wasteis a rapidly fermentable, high-moisture feed and should onlybe fed as a portion of a diet. Protein concentrates can also behigh in energy, but are fed as a protein, not an energy source.Feeding high-protein concentrates to meet energy requirementswould cause excessive protein in the diet which can beexpensive, decrease performance, and cause excessive nitrogenexcretion.Roughages (hays and otherfibrous feeds)Roughages are less energy dense than concentrates andgenerally higher in fiber (Table 2). Ruminants as well ashindgut fermenters, not in a feedlot or a dairy, will usually befed diets that are mostly roughages (Hall et al. 2009). Whilethey can be fed diets that are mostly concentrates, some

WSU EXTENSION FEEDING LIVESTOCK DURING AND AFTER A DISASTERroughage in the diet is required for proper digestive tract healthand function.Table 3. Recommended daily feed and water consumption of selectedlivestock.Alfalfa is a unique roughage because it is relatively nutrientdense. High-quality alfalfa may be best for horses and rabbits,but can also be fed to ruminants. Feeding too much alfalfa canlead to issues like colic in horses or bloat in cattle, so it needsto be monitored and limited.In ruminants, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is a predictor ofvoluntary intake because it provides bulk or gut fill. Thehigher the percentage of NDF in the diet, the less the animalwill eat (Rasby and Martin 2008). Acid detergent fiber (ADF)is the least digestible plant components. ADF is inverselyrelated to digestibility; therefore, the lower the percentage ofADF value, the higher the digestibility.Table 2. Crude protein, NDF, ADF, and TDN content of selected forages.WaterWater is the most important nutrient of any livestock diet.Animals need access to fresh water at all times (Table 3). It isimportant to account for the amount of water your livestockconsume, so that if the animals’ current water supply is lost, inthe event of an emergency or disaster, you are prepared withan adequate alternative water source.ToxicityAn excess of certain nutrients in a livestock diet can causetoxicity and lead to health problems and sometimes evendeath. Understanding the components of a feed before it is fedis important. For example, distiller’s grains and corn glutenfeed or meal can be high in sulfur. If dietary sulfur is too high,toxicity can occur in ruminants and pseudo-ruminants. Toavoid problems, know how much sulfur a diets contains,including sulfur in the water supply.FS241E Page 4 ext.wsu.eduBy-product feeds can also be high in potassium, phosphorus,and micronutrients (Lehmkuhler and Burris 2011). Sheep areespecially sensitive to copper in the diet; feed that iscommonly fed to other livestock may lead to copper toxicity insheep. If feed tags or labels are available, producers shouldread them before feeding to avoid running into toxicity issues.Information on how to read a feed tag is available in the WSUExtension publication FS138E Feed-ology: How to Read aFeed Tag.Nitrates can also pose problems for livestock. Plants canaccumulate high levels of nitrates when under stress, such asheat, drought, and soil fertility imbalance. Feeding roughageshigh in nitrates can lead to nitrate poisoning. Forage that hasany risk of nitrates should be tested (Norberg and Llewellyn2014). Further information on nitrate poisoning in ruminantscan be found in WSU Extension publication FS139ENitrate Poisoning in Ruminants. Additionally, prussic acidmay pose issues to cattle, most commonly those grazingsorghum, Sudan grass, or sorghum-Sudan grass hybrids. Moreinformation about prussic acid poisoning is available in WSUExtension publication FS129E Prussic Acid Poisoning inLivestock. Hay should also be free of mold as it can pose manyrisks like respiratory problems, especially to horses. If moldyhay has to be fed, then it should be moistened to reduce dustand mixed with other mold-free feed. Feeding moldy hayshould only be done as a last possible alternative and undervery careful management (Nix 2011).

WSU EXTENSION FEEDING LIVESTOCK DURING AND AFTER A DISASTERDigestive upsetsconcentrate. Animal feeds high in energy and low in fiber.Animals are very sensitive to changes in their diets. Acidosis,bloat, colic, and laminitis or founder can occur if livestockare fed improperly. Acidosis occurs in ruminant animals whenthe pH in the rumen drops and becomes too acidic. This canoccur if animals are transitioned too quickly or fed too much ofa highly fermentable feedstuff, such as those with highamounts of starch (i.e., grains and other concentrates). Thesecan also cause laminitis or colic in horses, and ulcers in pigs(Constable 2015). Bloat can also occur if ruminants are fed toomuch highly digestible feed or too much of a legume likealfalfa, clover, or green lush forages such as wheat pasture.founder. See laminitis.Transitioning Livestock Dietslaminitis. Inflammation of the hoof.monogastric. Animals with a simple, single-chambered, acidsecreting stomach.neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The plant cell wallcomponents. NDF is sometimes used to predict intake inruminants.pseudo-ruminant. Animals that have a similar digestiveprocess to ruminants, but do not have a four-chamberedstomach.Changing a diet incorrectly can lead to digestive problems orpoor animal performance. If a diet change must be made, it isbest to do so in a gradual manner. New feed should beintroduced in small amounts, and mixed in with a familiarfeed. The diet can then be transitioned, slowly reducing theamount of familiar feed and increasing the amount of newfeed. It is best if the diet is transitioned over a couple of weeksto allow the animal to adjust to the new feed (Chiba 2014).Transition time will depend on what feedstuffs are being fed,but in many cases the transition can take place in 10–14 days.roughage. Animal feed high in fiber and lower in energy thanmost concentrates.ConclusionsAlmond, G.W. 1995. How Much Water Do Pigs Need?Proceedings of the North Carolina Healthy Hogs Seminar.North Carolina State University.Feeding livestock during or after a disaster can presentchallenges to owners and producers. However, successfullyselecting and feeding unfamiliar feeds can be achieved ifcaution is exercised. Understanding your animals’ nutrientrequirements, the nutrient composition of feeds in the diet, aswell as how they digest their feed will go a long way inkeeping them healthy during times of stress. Transitioningslowly to unfamiliar feeds is the highest priority. For moreinformation on selecting and utilizing emergency feeds or todiscuss specific feeds and feeding considerations, contact yourlocal WSU Extension office or your veterinarian.Glossaryacid detergent fiber (ADF). The highly indigestible part offorage, which includes lignin, cellulose, silica, and insolubleforms of nitrogen.acidosis. Increased acidity in the rumen. Prolonged periods ofacidosis can lead to increased acidity of blood.bloat. Excess accumulation of gas in the stomach.colic. Abdominal pain caused by gastrointestinal disorders.FS241E Page 5 ext.wsu.eduruminant. Class of animals with a multi-chambered stomachconsisting of the reticulum, rumen, omasum, and abomasum.voluntary intake. Amount of feed consumed when intake isnot restricted.ReferencesChiba, L. 2014. Beef Cattle Nutrition and Feeding. AnimalNutrition Handbook. University of Auburn.Constable, P. 2015. Grain Overload in Ruminants. Diseases ofthe Ruminant Forestomach: Merck Veterinary Manual. MerckAnimal Health.Duberstein, K.J., and E.L. Johnson. 2009. How to Feed aHorse. Understanding the Basic Principles of Horse Nutrition.University of Florida.FEMA. (Federal Emergency Management Agency). 2013.The Care of Livestock and Horses in a Disaster. Animals inDisasters, Module A, Unit 8.Hall, J.B., W.W. Seay, and S.M. Baker. 2009. EssentialNutrients. Virginia Cooperative Extension Publication 400011. Virginia Cooperative Extension.Krempels, D. 2008. What Should I Feed My Bunny? ProperRabbit Maintenance Diet. University of Miami.

WSU EXTENSION FEEDING LIVESTOCK DURING AND AFTER A DISASTERLardy, G., and V. Anderson. 2009. Alternative Feeds forRuminants.Lehmkuhler, J.W., and W.R. Burris. 2011. Distillers GrainCoproducts for Beef Cattle. Kentucky Cooperative ExtensionPublication ASC-186. University of Kentucky College ofAgriculture.Markwick, G. 2002. Water Requirements for Sheep and Cattle.New South Wales Department of Primary Industries.Nix, J. 2011. Moldy Hay. Crystalyx.Norberg, S., and D. Llewellyn. 2014. Nitrate Poisoning inRuminants. Washington State University Extension PublicationFS139E. Washington State University.Perry, T.W., A.E. Cullison, and R.S. Lowrey. 2003. Feeds &Feeding. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Print.Preston, R.L. 2010. What’s The Feed Composition Value ofThat Cattle Feed? BEEF Magazine.Rasby, R., and J. Martin. 2008. Understanding Feed Analysis.University of Nebraska-Lincoln.Stein, H., and K. de Lange. 2007. Alternative Feed Ingredientsfor Pigs. Proceedings of the London Swine Conference103–117.Van Saun, R.J. 2016. Feed Analysis: It’s All About Energy.Penn State Extension.Wieland, B., and N. Noldan. 2011. Getting Started with Sheep.Small Farms. University of Minnesota Extension.FS241E Page 6 ext.wsu.edu

WSU EXTENSION FEEDING LIVESTOCK DURING AND AFTER A DISASTERCopyright Washington State UniversityWSU Extension bulletins contain material written and produced for public distribution. Alternate formats of our educationalmaterials are available upon request for persons with disabilities. Please contact Washington State University Extension for moreinformation.Issued by Washington State University Extension and the U.S. Department of Agriculture in furtherance of the Acts of May 8 andJune 30, 1914. Extension programs and policies are consistent with federal and state laws and regulations on nondiscriminationregarding race, sex, religion, age, color, creed, and national or ethnic origin; physical, mental, or sensory disability; marital statusor sexual orientation; and status as a Vietnam-era or disabled veteran. Evidence of noncompliance may be reported through yourlocal WSU Extension office. Trade names have been used to simplify information; no endorsement is intended. PublishedSeptember 2016.FS241E Page 7 ext.wsu.edu

Small Ruminants/Pseudo-Ruminants (sheep, goats, llamas, and alpacas) Small ruminants and pseudo-ruminants, like cattle, are also prone to digestive upsets if major diet changes occur. Hay/forage will comprise most of their diet; however, in some cases they may need supplemental protein si

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