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Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV):A Third Pillar to Solar PV Sector?

Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV): A Third Pillar to Solar PV Sector? The Energy and Resources Institute 2019The material in this publication is copyrighted. Content from this policy brief may be used for non-commercial purposes, providedit is attributed to the source. Enquiries concerning reproduction should be sent to the address:The Energy and Resources InstituteDarbari Seth Block, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003, IndiaAuthorsMohit Acharya, Associate Fellow, Renewable Energy Technologies, TERISarvesh Devraj, Associate Fellow, Renewable Energy Technologies, TERIReviewersDr. Ashvini Kumar Senior Director, Renewable Energy Technologies, TERIMr. Amit Kumar, Senior Director, Rural Energy and Livelihoods, TERIAcknowledgmentsThis report has been produced by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) as a part of the Energy Transmission Commission (ETC)India progrgamme.We are grateful for the supports of the sponsors of ETC India: Bloomberg Philanthropies, Hewlett Foundation, Shakti Foundation,Oak Foundation, the Children›s Investment Fund Foundation, and Growald Family Fund.This work has benefited from the insights of numerous stakeholder with whom we consulted, notably Solar Energy Corporation ofIndia Ltd (SECI), NHPC Ltd, The World Bank, and Yellow Tropus Pvt Ltd, among others.CitationMohit Acharya and Sarvesh Devraj (2019),»Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV): A Third Pillar to Solar PV Sector ?, TERI DiscussionPaper:Output of the ETC India Project (New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute).Editorial and design: Ipshita Mitra, Sudeep PawarPUBLISHED BYThe Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)FOR MORE INFORMATIONMr. Mohit AcharyaTERI, Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India Tel.: 91 11 2468 2100 or 2468 2111 Fax: 91 11 2468 2144 or 2468 2145Email: mohit.acharya@teri.res.in Web: www.teriin.org2

Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV): A Third Pillar to Solar PV Sector?DisclaimerThe Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) has taken adequate precautions to ensure that the data/information presentedin this report is accurate, reliable, and complete; however, it is limited to the extent of quality of data/information availablewith the sources, which have been cited all along the report. It is, therefore, imperative on the part of the readers/users ofthis report to take commercial decisions based on their own verification and due diligence, and TERI owns no responsibilityfor the inadvertent errors and omissions of whatever kind that could emerge during this process.By reading this report, the users confirm their awareness and agreement to this disclaimer and associated terms referredelsewhere.3

Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV): A Third Pillar to Solar PV Sector?4

Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV): A Third Pillar to Solar PV Sector?ContentsExecutive Summary . 91.Floating Solar PV – Understanding the Need. 13Why Floating Solar PV? .14What is Floating Solar PV?.15Floating Solar PV – Benefit.152.Global Market Overview. 19Global Scenario.20Indian Scenario.24Cost of Floating Solar PV Plants.24Supporting Frameworks for FSPV.263.Floating Solar PV as Technology Overview. 29PV Modules.30Inverters.30Floating Platform.31Anchoring and Mooring System: .33Cabling.34Unconventional Concepts in FSPV.344.Floating Solar PV – India Potential. 39Potential Assessment Tool.40Setting Priorities.435.Floating Solar PV – Potential Environment and Social Impact. 456.Floating Solar PV – Project Design Guidelines. 47Initial Site Assessments.49Bathymetry/Hydrography and Soil Testing.49Environmental and Social Impact Assessment .51Project Design.51Installation and Commissioning.54Technical Specification and Standards.547.Challenges. 59Technology Challenges.60Environmental and Social Aspects .60Installation Challenges.61Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Challenges .61Quality.618.Conclusion. 635

Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV): A Third Pillar to Solar PV Sector?List of FiguresFigure 1:Schematic representation of a typical large-scale floating PV system with its key components. 15Figure 2:Major components of floating solar PV. 30Figure 3:(A) Central inverter placed on floating platform at China. (B) String inverter. 31Figure 4:Hydrelio design. 31Figure 5:Floating platform. 32Figure 6:Seahorse technology. 32Figure 7:Stingray technology . 33Figure 8:Floaters design. 33Figure 9:Floaters design. 33Figure 10: A–200 kWp grid-connected single axis based floating solar PV plant in Suvereto, Italy. 34Figure 11: Dual-axis-tracking Technology. 35Figure 12: Phase I of 4MWp floating solar PV plant at wastewater treatment facility, Jamestown Australia. 35Figure 13: A pilot installation in Colignola (Pisa) on an artificial basin by Koine Multimedia. 36Figure 14: A pilot installation based on liquid solar array technology by Sunengy in hydro dam in India. 36Figure 15: Floating platform. 36Figure 16: Floating platform. 37Figure 17: Schematic of forces on submerged FSPV plant. 37Figure 18 : 0.57 kWp submerged floating solar PV based plant. 37Figure 19: Potential impact of deploying large-scale floating solar PV. 46Figure 20: (A) A historical bathymetric map of Bellandur Lake. (B) Sediment accumulation in Bellandur Lake. 49Figure 21: Impact of improper bathymetry and/or hydrography surveys. 50Figure 22: Instruments for conducting bathymetric/hydrographic surveys. 50Figure 23: Drag forces in ground-mounted solar PV (only for representational purpose). 52Figure 24: Schematic of drag forces developed in floating solar PV plant. 53Figure 25: Japan’s 13.7MWp floating solar PV plant before (A) and after (B). The red circle indicates that theanchoring and mooring line remained intact. 53Figure 26: Drag forces on floating solar PV plant (a representational image). 546

Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV): A Third Pillar to Solar PV Sector?List of ChartsChart 1:State-wise estimated potential of Floating Solar PV. 11Chart 2:Year-on-Year installation of grid-connected solar PV. 14Chart 3:Global installations of Floating Solar PV. 21Chart 4:Project developers-wise installed capacity in China . 22Chart 5:Project developers-wise installed capacity in Japan . 22Chart 6:Project developers-wise installed capacity in the Republic of Korea. 22Chart 7:Project developers-wise installed capacity in Taiwan, China. 22Chart 8:Project developers-wise installed capacity in the UK. 23Chart 9:Floating solar PV installations in India. 24Chart 10: Global investment cost for floating solar PV plants. 25Chart 11: Investment cost for floating solar PV projects in India. 25Chart 12: Cost break up for floating solar PV plants. 26Chart 13: Flow chart of the steps followed for assessing the floating solar PV potential . 40Chart 14: Floating Solar PV locations across the country . 41Chart 15: State wise estimated potential of FSPV. 42Chart 16: Priority-wise Floating Solar PV potential – Priority I (A), Priority II (B), and Priority III (C). 44Chart 17: A flow chart of floating solar PV project design. 48Chart 18: A flow chart of steps in floating solar PV project design. 51List of TablesTable 1:Type of waterbodies on which floating solar PV is installed in top five leading countries. 23Table 2:Percentage for calculating usable area. 41Table 3:Angle of tilt with respect to wind speed . 52Table 4:Technical standards for various components of floating solar PV plants . 557

Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV): A Third Pillar to Solar PV Sector?8

Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV): A Third Pillar to Solar PV Sector?Executive Summary9

Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV): A Third Pillar to Solar PV Sector?India has done a remarkable job in terms of deploymentof renewable energy-based installations, growing almost3.5 folds in the last 5–6 years, with most of the capacitycoming from onshore wind and solar photovoltaic (PV)based installations. At present India’s grid-connectedsolar PV sector is majorly dominated by the ground-basedinstallations (93%1) while the balance is contributed byrooftop the based solar PV installations. The installationcost of utility-scale solar PV in the country has declined by84%2 between 2010-2018, making India world’s topmostcountry in achieving the lowest installation cost for utilityscale solar PV. It is well know that solar PV deploymentis quite land intensive and scaling up the project sizesrequires large chunk of contiguous land parcels, whichbecomes challenging in many situations. In order to keeppace of development commensurate with the nationaltargets for solar capacity additions, alternatives arerequired to be explored and established. Floating solar PV(FSPV) or floatovoltaics is one such alternative, which hasstarted getting traction worldwide and is expected to growstrongly over the coming years. It is estimated that theannual capacity addition may rise from the current installedof 1.314 GWp in 2018 to 4.6 GWp by 2022. Presently, Chinais the leading international market followed by Japan andSouth Korea. India also has very bright prospects to developFSPV projects due to availability of large water bodies.As a technology, FSPV is in a very early stage of developmentin India. Till now, only a few projects with cumulativecapacity of 2.7 MW have been installed. However, over 1.7GW capacity projects are reported to be in various stagesof development. FSPV market appears to inch forward tomake its presence felt in India and the tariffs discoveredthrough bids have already shown rapid reductions. So farlarge-to-medium size man-made inland waterbodies seemsto have attracted initial interest to install FSPV based powerplants, but all these waterbodies were created to servevarious purposes like – irrigation, water supply, fishing,hydroelectric, navigation, etc., and this warrants greatdeal of diligence to balance out various usages o

Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV): A Third Pillar to Solar PV Sector? India has done a remarkable job in terms of deployment of renewable energy-based installations, growing almost 3.5 folds in the last 5–6 years, with most of the capacity coming from onshore wind and solar photovoltaic (PV)

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