Original Research The Effects Of Exposure To Low Frequency .
This article is protected by copyright. To share or copy this article, please visit copyright.com. Use ISSN#1078-6791. To subscribe, visit alternative-therapies.comoriginal researchThe Effects of Exposure to Low FrequencyElectromagnetic Fields on Male FertilityMahsa Darbandi; Sara Darbandi; Ashok Agarwal, PhD; Ralf Henkle, PhD;Mohammad Reza Sadeghi, PhDABSTRACTContext People are increasingly exposed to lowfrequency (LF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs), mainlyfrom electricity distribution networks and electronicdevices. Critics of this widespread exposure believe that itcan have detrimental effects on the human body. On theother hand, many in vivo and in vitro studies have claimedthat low frequency electromagnetic therapy can functionas a form of alternative medicine and that therapists cantreat disease by applying electromagnetic radiation orpulsed EMFs to the body or cells. It is not yet entirelyclear, however, whether LF-EMF is beneficial or harmful.Objectives This study aimed to examine the effects ofLF-EMFs on men’s reproductive functions, according tothe types of waveform and the frequency and duration ofexposure.Design The study reviewed all available research, bothhuman and animal, on the effects of LF-EMFs on malereproductive functions, covering the literature fromJanuary 1978 to June 2016. The documents were obtainedfrom PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, andany article that was irrelevant or a duplicate was excluded.A total of 61 articles were found, and 27 articles werereviewed.Setting This project was performed at the AvicennaResearch Center (Tehran, Iran).Mahsa Darbandi and Sara Darbandi are PhD students andresearchers in the Reproductive Biotechnology ResearchCenter at the Avicenna Research Institute Academic Centerfor Education, Culture, and Research in Tehran, Iran.Ashok Agarwal, PhD, is a professor in the Center forReproductive Medicine at Glickman Urological and KidneyInstitute of the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio. RalfHenkle, PhD, is a professor and head of the Department ofMedical Bioscience at the University of Western Cape inBelyille, South Africa. Mohammad Reza Sadeghi, PhD, is aprofessor in the Reproductive Immunology ResearchALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, [E-PUB AHEAD OF PRINT]Participants Literature included human and animalstudies conducted on rabbits, mice, rats, and boars.Intervention Among these studies, any article that wasirrelevant, a duplicate, or published with duplicate datawas excluded. At the end, 27 articles were checked.Outcome Measures Outcome measures included testingrelated to reproductive organ weights, reproductiveendocrinal hormones, fetal development, andspermatogenesis as well as sperm motility, morphology,and vitality.Results The reviewed studies provided contradictoryresults that were highly dependent on the exposureparameters, such as the shape and frequency of wave,intensity, duration, and timing of the exposure.Conclusions LF-EMF at 15 Hz with a peak intensity of8 Gauss, with a square waveform of 50 Hz frequency anda duration of a few hours or less can have a positive effecton sperm quality, motility, and fertility. Exposures at otherfrequencies either had no effects on the sperm’sperformance and quality or held biological hazard forcells. It appears that there is still little understanding ofhow EMF affects cellular functions. Therefore, morestandardized and controlled studies should be carried outto understand the effects of EMF on the body. (AlternTher Health Med. [E-pub ahead of print.])Center at Avicenna Research Institute Academic Center forEducation, Culture, and Research in Tehran, Iran.Corresponding author: Sara DarbandiE-mail address: saradarbandi@hotmail.comCorresponding author: Mohammad Reza SadeghiE-mail address: Sadeghi@avicenna.ac.irDarbandi—Low-frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Male Fertility
This article is protected by copyright. To share or copy this article, please visit copyright.com. Use ISSN#1078-6791. To subscribe, visit alternative-therapies.comGenerally, electromagnetic energy has 3 major sources,namely (1) generation by the earth, sun, or the rest ofthe cosmos (geofields); (2) generation by livingorganisms (biofields); and (3) generation by technology(technofields).1 The frequencies, majored in Hz, generated bycomputers and cell phones are in the range of kilohertz (103),megahertz (106), and gigahertz (109). Side effects of exposure onliving organisms including humans have been reported.1-3However, the interaction between biofields and technofields atthe frequencies of 50 or 60 Hz that are used for powerlines, withthe frequency depending on their local standards, needs morefocus and is discussed in this review.1 Extremely low-frequency(ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have frequencies of3 to 30 Hz, and super low-frequency (SLF)-EMFs havefrequencies of 50 to 60 Hz, with that range of frequencies beingthe one that some practitioners claim is helpful.4Those therapists have asserted that electromagnetic therapythat applies electromagnetic radiation or pulsed electromagneticfields to the body, as a form of alternative medicine, can treatdisease.5,6 Despite a lack of scientific evidence, ELF therapy hasbeen proposed by practitioners for a variety of purposes,including cell growth promotion, epigenetic modification, painreduction, improved blood circulation, bone repair, increasedwound healing, sedative effects, enhanced sleep, arthritic relief,and male and female fertility.7-9In contrast, some studies have suggested a possibleassociation between exposure to low-frequency (LF)-EMFsand reproductive toxic effects, changes in the malereproductive system, fetal loss, and immune suppression.10-12Parameters used in standard semen analysis to evaluatemale fertility according to the World Health Organizationinclude sperm count, motility, and normal sperm morphology.13Approximately 8% of men explore medical help for problemsassociated with fertility annually worldwide.14 Considering thelimitation of the standard semen analysis, many studies havebeen performed to find new methods of effective diagnosisand treatment.15 As a result, a number of sophisticateddiagnostic techniques as well as some surgical and nonsurgicalmethods are available, including hormone therapy, in vitrofertilization (IVF), and intracytoplasmic sperm injection totreat an infertile man.16-27Some researchers believe that LF-EMFs have adverseeffects on testicular weight, sperm counts, sperm motility,daily sperm production, and DNA-strand breakage intesticular cells.28,29 However, the results of these studies havenot been supported by other studies.6,10,30-32 Some of thosestudies have shown beneficial effects for LF-EMFs on spermquality, male reproductive systems, and fertility.33-35In the light of many contradictory reports on the effectsof LF-EMF exposure on reproductive effects, this studyreviews existing studies with special emphasis on the effectsof LF-EMFs on male reproductive functions, according tothe types and frequency of waveform and the duration ofexposure. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this reviewwas the first to evaluate all studies on the effects of LF-EMFson men’s reproductive functions in terms of wave frequencyand duration of exposure.METHODSParticipantsThe current study is a literature review that includeshuman and animal studies on rabbits, mice, rats, and boars.ProceduresThe literature review was based on an electronic searchfor relevant studies that were available through PubMed,ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The search used thefollowing 9 terms to find articles: (1) LF-EMFs (spermatozoa);(2) ELF-EMFs (spermatozoa); (3) SLF-EMF (spermatozoa);(4) LF-EMF (reproduction); (5) ELF-EMF (reproduction);(6) SLF-EMF (reproduction); (7) LF-EMF (fertility);(8) ELF-EMF (fertility); and (9) SLF-EMF (fertility).Figure 1. This study covered research from January 1978 to June 2016. A total of 61 articles were selected. Among the articles,irrelevant, duplicate, or publications with duplicate data were removed. In the end, 27 articles remained. A total of 9 key wordswere searched separately in Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect: (1) low-frequency electromagnetic field (spermatozoa);(2) extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (spermatozoa); (3) super low-frequency electromagnetic field (spermatozoa);(4) low-frequency electromagnetic field (reproduction); (5) extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (reproduction);(6) super low-frequency electromagnetic field (reproduction); (7) low-frequency electromagnetic field (fertility); (8) extremelylow-frequency electromagnetic field (fertility); and (9) super low-frequency electromagnetic field (fertility).Google Scholar 9210 studies for keyword 1 8720 studies for keyword 2 1400 studies for keyword 3 121 000 studies for keyword 4 57 800 studies for keyword 5 30 200 studies for keyword 6 24 300 studies for keyword 7 23 300 studies for keyword 8 16 500 studies for keyword 9PubMed 19 studies for keyword 1 15 studies for keyword 2 0 studies for keyword 3 145 studies for keyword 4 81 studies for keyword 5 0 studies for keyword 6 27 studies for keyword 7 17 studies for keyword 8 0 studies for keyword 9Darbandi—Low-frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Male FertilityScienceDirect 268 studies for keyword 1 132 studies for keyword 2 65 studies for keyword 3 5550 studies for keyword 4 2655 studies for keyword 5 926 studies for keyword 6 799 studies for keyword 7 442 studies for keyword 8 149 studies for keyword 9ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, [E-PUB AHEAD OF PRINT]
This article is protected by copyright. To share or copy this article, please visit copyright.com. Use ISSN#1078-6791. To subscribe, visit alternative-therapies.comThe search covered the years from January 1978 toJune 2016 and included English articles and publications inother languages with English abstracts. References withinrelevant articles were also obtained for review.Studies were included for review if they evaluatedLF-EMFs with frequencies 60 Hz (ie, ELF-EMFs andSLF-EMFs) and were excluded if they evaluated LF-EMFswith frequencies of 60 Hz.As a result of the search, 2 members of the research teamselected 61 articles after reading all the abstracts. With theparticipation of the full team, articles that were irrelevant,duplicates, or published based upon duplicate datasets wereexcluded, after which 27 articles remained.Outcome MeasuresOutcome measures included testing related to(1) reproductive organ weights, (2) reproductive endocrinalhormones, (3) fetal development, (4) spermatogenesis,(5) sperm motility, (6) normal sperm morphology, and(7) sperm vitality.RESULTSAs shown in Table 1, the results of the 27 reviewedarticles were highly dependent on the wave frequency,duration of exposure, and strength (amplitude) of the EMF.Effects Of SLF-EMF50-Hz Frequency. Roychoudhury et al36 found that54.50 and 40.29 mT (amplitude of the wave measuring thestrength of the magnetic field) of 50-Hz SLF-EMF inducedpositive alterations in sperm motility, fertility, and kindlingrate in rabbits, but that 21.33 mT had no effects. Tateno et al37exposed semen samples from healthy men to 20 mT of 50-HzSLF-EMF for 2 hours at 37 C under 5% CO2 in air and foundthat the sperm displayed no clastogenic effects causingchromosomal abnormalities or aberrations.Hong et al29 found that the exposure of mice to 6.4 mT of50-Hz sinusoidal SLF-EMF for 2 or 4 weeks had adverse effectson testicular weight, sperm count, motility, morphology, andreproduction, with no effects on testicular histology. Thoseresearchers also found that exposure to 0.2 mT or 3.2 mT ofsinusoidal SLF-EMF for 2 to 4 or either 2 or 4 weeks,respectively, had adverse effects on sperm count, morphology,and reproduction. In addition, that study and a second studiesby Hong et al28 found that exposure to 6.4 mT and 0.2 mT for4 weeks can induce DNA-strand breakage in testicular cellsand can reduce sperm chromatin condensation in mice.Iorio et al38 found that the exposure of humanspermatozoa to 50 Hz SLF-EMF with a square waveform of2.5 mT had no effects, but the 5-mT amplitude improved thesperm’s motility. That study found that 5-mT sine-waveexposure did not produce any effects on sperm motilityduring the first 3 hours of exposure, but after 21 hours,similar effects were induced.38 Another study by Iorio et al33found that that improvement had occurred by affectingmitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, [E-PUB AHEAD OF PRINT]An exposure to 5.0 mT of 50-Hz, sinusoidal, alternating,horizontal SLF-EMF in male mice for 9 and 2 weeks showedno effects on reproduction and development.39 The exposureof a mouse, spermatocyte-derived, GC-2 cell line to 1 mT,2 mT, and 3 mT, with 5 minutes on and 10 minutes off for72 hours, decreased the genome-wide methylation at 1 mTand increased genome-wide methylation at 3 mT.9In a study by Akdag et al,40 the evaluation of the effectson rats of 1.35 mT of 50 Hz of SLF-EMF on the sperm count,the malondialdehyde concentration, and the histology oftestes found no evidence of any adverse effects on themeasured parameters.40Bernabo et al41 showed that acute exposure to 1 mT of50-Hz sinusoidal SLF-EMF did not affect the viability andmorphology of boar sperm during the first hour of incubation,but at that point, the sperm displayed a reduced motility,reactivity, and oocyte-penetrating ability. In that study, thetreated spermatozoa also showed lower, resting, intracellularCa2 levels and mitochondrial function after the first hour. Inaddition, during the 2 or 4 hours of incubation in that study,morphological damages appeared on the plasma membraneand acrosome, and the functional parameters, such as viability,motility, acrosomal reaction, and fertilization rate decreased.Bahaodini et al42 exposed mice to 50-Hz sinusoidalSLF-EMF continuously for 85 days in a solenoid significantlydecreased the diameter of the seminiferous tubules and increasedthe number of the seminiferous tubules per unit area of testes.That study also found that sperm motility and testosterone levelswere reduced by exposure, but it had no effects on the weightand size of testes, sperm concentration, and viability.Furuya et al34 found that long-term exposure of mice to1 mT of 50-Hz sinusoidal SLF-EMF had an effect on theproliferation and differentiation of spermatogonia and causeda higher meiotic transformation, total germ-celltransformation, and concentration of serum testosterone.Another study on boars by Bernabo et al43 found thatan acute exposure for 1 hour to 0.75 mT to 2 mT of 50-HzSLF-EMF in vitro induced acrosomal damage in thespermatozoa and reduced IVF outcomes and embryodevelopment. Xu et al44 have suggested that in vitro exposureof the fresh semen of adult human males to 0.4 mT of 50-HzSLF-EMF inhibited the motility and activity ratio but didnot affect the pH value of the semen within 60 minutes ofexposure.De Bruyn et al45 found that long-term exposure torandomly varied, 50-Hz SLF-EMF, with variations between0.0005 and 0.077 mT, decreased the number of living sperm andthe quality of sperm movement. In 2 studies al-Akhras et al12,46found that the exposure of adult male rats to 0.025 mT of50-Hz sinusoidal SLF-EMF for 90 days decreased their seminalvesicle weight, sperm count, testosterone level, preputal glandactivity, and fertility rate; increased their serum levels ofluteinizing hormone; and had no effects on the weight of testesand the serum level of follicle-stimulating hormone.A study by Akdag et al31 found that long-term exposureof the tissue from the testes of male rats for 2 hours per day,Darbandi—Low-frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Male Fertility
This article is protected by copyright. To share or copy this article, please visit copyright.com. Use ISSN#1078-6791. To subscribe, visit alternative-therapies.comTable 1. Results of 27 Articles Regarding Frequency, Duration of Exposure, and Strength of EMFs50-Hz FrequencyAmplitude54.50 mTDuration20 minEffect ExplanationInduced alterations of spermatozoa motility, fertility, and kindling rateSpeciesRabbits3640.29 mT21.33 mT20 mT6.4 mT (sinusoidal)6.4 mT (sinusoidal)5 mT (square)5 mT (sine)5 mT (sine)5 mT (sinusoidal,alternating,horizontal)3.2 mT (sinusoidal)3 mT2.5 mT (square)1.35 mT20 min20 min2h2-4 wk4 wk3h3h21 h2-9 wk 00 0 0Induced alterations of spermatozoa motility, fertility, and kindling rateHad no effect on spermatozoa motility, fertility, and kindling rateHad no clastogenic effect on human sperm chromosomally, abnormality, and aberrationHad adverse effects on testicular weight, sperm count, motility, morphology, and reproduction with no effect on testicular histologyInduced DNA strand breakage in testicular cells and reduced sperm chromatin condensationImproved sperm motilityDid not produce any significant effect on sperm motilityInduced sperm motilityHad no adverse effects on reproduction and 29Humans38Humans38Humans38Mice392 or 4 wk72 h3h2 h/d for 2 mo00Had adverse effects on sperm count, morphology, and reproductionIncreased genome-wide methylationHad no significant effects on sperm motilityHad no significant effects on sperm count, malondialdehyde concentration, or the histology of testesMice29Mice9Humans38Rats401 mT1 mT (sinusoidal)1 mT (sinusoidal)1 mT (solenoid)72 h1h2-4 h85 d 0-Mice9Boars41Boars41Mice421 mT13, 26, 39 or 52 d 0.75 to 2 mT0.5 mT1hLong-termexposure (2 h/d,7 d/wk, for 10 mo)1h4 wk2-4 wkLong-termexposure (2 h/d, 7d/wk, for 10 mo)Long-term90 d0Increase genome-wide methylationHad no effects on sperm viability and morphology, but reduced motility, reactivity, and oocyte-penetrating abilityHad morphological damages and decreased viability, motility, acrosomal reaction, and fertilization rateDecreased the diameter of the seminiferous tubules, increased number of seminiferous tubules per unit area of testes, reduced spermmotility and testosterone levels, but had no effect on the weight and size of testes and sperm concentration and viabilityHad a possible effect on the proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonia, and had higher meiotic transformation, total germ-celltransformation, and concentration of serum testosteroneInduced progressive acrosome damage and reduced the IVF outcome and embryo developmentHad no effect on sperm count and morphology0Inhibited the motility and the activity ratio, but did not affect the pH value of the semenInduced DNA strand breakage in testicular cells and reduced sperm chromatin condensationHad adverse effects on sperm count, morphology, and reproductionHad no effect on sperm count and 12,4690 d0Decreased the number of living sperm and the quality of movement of spermDecreased seminal vesicle weight, sperm count, testosterone level, preputal gland activity, and fertility rate, and increased serum LHlevel. Had no effect on testes weight and serum FSH levelHad no adverse effects on testes weight, implantation, viable fetus, fertility, and reproduction32 wk60 hLong-term for 2generations60 h00-Had no effects on testes growthHad no adverse effect on time to pregnancy, semen quality, and reproductive hormonesDecreased the number of living sperm and the quality of movement of spermRats32Humans48Mice450Humans48Amplitude2 mT (sinusoidal)2 mT (sinusoidal)1 mT1 mTDuration72 h8 h/10 d8-73 d for 30 min27 d, 3 /d and 30minEffect00-0.5 mT0.5 mT8 wk15 d for 21 h/d00.1 and 0.5 mT0.014 and0.2 mT8 wk16 wk-Had no adverse effect on time to pregnancy, semen quality, and reproductive hormones60-Hz FrequencyExplanationHad no effects on meiotic chromosome aberrations in spermatocytes or sperm morphological characteristics of germ cellsHad no effects on meiotic chromosome aberrations in spermatocytes or sperm morphological characteristics of germ cellsDisturbed spermatogenesis and produced infertilityHas adverse effects on the testis development, number, diameter
original research ABSTRACT Context People are increasingly exposed to low . that applies electromagnetic radiation or pulsed electromagnetic fields to the body, as a form of alternative medicine, can treat . low-frequency electromagnetic field (fertility); and (9) super low-frequency electromagnetic field (fertility).
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