From Reference Levels To Results Reporting: REDD Under .

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19From reference levels to results reporting: REDD under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2020 updatFor more information, please contact:ISBN 978-92-5-133510-997892512020 updateISSN APER19ISSN 2664-1062Forestry – Natural Resources and Sustainable ProductionE-mail: FO-Publications@fao.orgWeb address: www.fao.org/forestry/enFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsViale delle Terme di Caracalla00153 Rome, ItalyFrom reference levels to resultsreporting: REDD under the UnitedNations Framework Convention onClimate Change

From reference levels to resultsreporting: REDD under theUnited Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change2020 updateFOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSRome, 2020

Required citation:FAO. 2020. From reference levels to results reporting: REDD under the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change.2020 update. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1635enThe designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of itsauthorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companiesor products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these havebeen endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflectthe views or policies of FAO.ISSN 2664-1062 [Print]ISSN 2664-1070 [Online]ISBN 978-92-5-133510-9 FAO, 2020Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercialShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; igo/legalcode).Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercialpurposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be nosuggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logois not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent CreativeCommons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer alongwith the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organizationof the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. Theoriginal [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.”Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation andarbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicablemediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the ArbitrationRules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL).Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party,such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuseand for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringementof any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user.Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications-sales@fao.org. Requests for commercial useshould be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensingshould be submitted to: copyright@fao.org.Cover photograph: EnvatoElements

iiiContentsAcknowledgementsAcronyms and abbreviationsChemical formulae/unitsExecutive summary1. Introduction1.1 Objectives and target audience1.2 Status of reference levels and REDD results submissions1.3 Reference levels and forest area (change) statisticsviviiviiiix11142. Summary of submitted reference levels2.1 What’s new from reference level submissions2.2 Objectives of reference level submissions2.3 Impact of technical assessment on reference level submissions2.4 Choices made by countries on reference level elements2.5 Proposed reference level values777910283. Summary of submitted REDD results3.1 What’s new from REDD results submissions3.2 REDD activities included for results reporting3.3 Uncertainties around emission reductions313131354. Green Climate Fund pilot programme for REDD results-based payments4.1 Summary of the pilot programme4.2 Overview of approved funding proposals and scorecard ratings4.3 How countries reinvest in their nationally determined contributions373739405. REDD reporting and the Paris Agreement5.1 REDD reporting and nationally determined contributions5.2 How national forest monitoring systems can boost transparency5.3 How results-based payments are made against REDD resultsreported to the UNFCCC454547486. Concluding remarks55Appendix I. UNFCCC guidance and modalities57Appendix II. Requirements and scorecard of Green Climate Fund pilotprogramme for REDD results-based payments59References61

ivBoxes1.2.3.4.5.6.7.What are forest reference emission levels and/or forestreference levels?How Viet Nam used multiple NFI cycles in REDD reportingIPCC 2019 refinement and how it influences REDD reportingShare of historical emissions from forest degradation anddeforestationProgress on REDD elements other than FREL/FRLsEcuador’s enhanced NDC and the role of REDD Myanmar’s commitment to emission reductions:from FRL toupdated NDC targets2182329384649Figures1.Geographical distribution of countries that have submitted a FREL/FRLand those that subsequently submitted REDD results to the UNFCCC2. Overview of FREL/FRL and REDD results submissions to the UNFCCC3. End year of the reference periods in submitted reference levels4. Belize’s FRL submission included two FRLs where one is onlyfor the purpose of receiving RBPs from the GCF(modified from Belize’s initial FRL submission 2020)5. Percentage of countries using threshold values for REDD forestdefinitions6. Scale of FREL/FRL submissions7. Average number of REDD activities included per FREL/FRL submissionper year of submission8. REDD activities included in FREL/FRL submissions translated into IPCCland-use subcategories9. The most common methodologies for assessing forest degradationand how their use has changed over time10. Scope of carbon pools and gases chosen by countries for theirFREL/FRL submissions11. Percentage of countries submitting a FREL/FRL that had undertakenor were establishing an NFI12. Percentage of FREL/FRL submissions including uncertainty estimatesaround EF, AD and aggregate uncertainty around emissions/removalsfor all submissions before 2020 and in 202023681111141517232526

v13. Construction approaches chosen for FREL/FRLs14. Percentage of historical emissions in the FREL from forestdegradation of 21 countries15. REDD results reported (a) for all countries, (b) for all countriesexcept Brazil16. Contribution of REDD activities to total cumulative emissionreductions (excluding Brazil and Cambodia)17. Projection of emissions and emission reductions for Myanmar’srevised NDC (A)FOLU sector 2020 – 2030 (conditional)18. Projection of expected aggregate error over relative emissionreductions from (A)FOLU based on Myanmar’s FRL for NDCtarget 50% ER by 203019. Measurement, reporting and verification for REDD , andthe most relevant decisions of the UNFCCC28293435495057Tables1.Forest area and deforestation statistics (analysis of datafrom FAO, 2020)2. Global reduction in deforestation for Annex I, non-Annex Icountries and REDD countries3. REDD activities included in FREL/FRL submissions4. Methods used to assess deforestation by country5. Emission factors (positive values)/removal factors (negativevalues) used in Viet Nam’s initial FREL/FRL submission6. Emission factors (positive values)/removal factors (negativevalues) used in Viet Nam’s modified FREL/FRL submission: theuse of multiple NFI cycles provided emission/removal estimatesfor forest that remains in the same class in the change matrix7. Overview of REDD results submitted to the UNFCCC8. Emission reductions offered and RBPs granted under the GCFRBP pilot programme as at September 20209. Use of proceeds at outcome level by the six countries thatreceived REDD RBPs from the GCF10. UNFCCC-related requirements to participate in the GCF RBP pilotprogramme and where/how these should be made available451216191932394159

viAcknowledgementsThis paper was authored by Marieke Sandker (editor), Till Neeff, Leticia Guimaraes,Gael Sola, Lauri Vesa, Ángel Parra-Aguiar, Inge Jonckheere, Franz Arnold, AnatoliPoultouchidou, Kristin Devalue, Rocío Cóndor-Gólec and Erith Muñoz. Reviewerswere Astrid Agostini, Luca Birigazzi, Ellen Bruzelius-Backer, Maarten van der Eynden,Sandro Federici, Julian Fox, Javier García-Pérez, Lisa Hanle, Thomas Harvey, PeterIversen, Donna Lee, Marco van der Linden, Mette Løyche Wilkie, Dirk Nemitz,Timothy Pearson, Lucio Santos-Acuña, Rebecca Tavani, Kimberly Todd and XuehongWang. Copyediting by Caroline Lawrence and graphic design by Roberto Cenciarelli.

viiAcronyms and VNDCNFINFMSPSPRBPREDD activity dataagriculture, forestry and other land useaboveground biomassbelowground biomassbiennial transparency reportbiennial update reportCapacity-Building Initiative for TransparencyConference of the Parties (to the UNFCCC)emission factoremission reductionEnhanced Transparency Framework (under the Paris Agreement)Forest Carbon Partnership Facilityforestry and other land useGlobal Forest Resources Assessmentforest reference emission levelforest reference levelGreen Climate FundGlobal Environment FacilityGlobal Forest Observations Initiativegreenhouse gasinternational consultation and analysisintended nationally determined contributionIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Changeland use, land-use change and forestrymodalities, procedures and guidelinesmeasurement, reporting and verificationnationally determined contributionnational forest inventorynational forest monitoring systempermanent sample plotresults-based paymentReducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and therole of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancementof forest carbon stocks in developing countriesSISsafeguards information systemSMFsustainable management of forestsUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

viiiChemical formulae/unitsCO2CO2eqhamtCO2eq/yrUSDcarbon dioxidecarbon dioxide equivalenthectare(s)metre(s)tonne(s) of carbon dioxide equivalent per yearUnited States dollar(s)

ixExecutive summaryThis report provides an update on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation andDegradation Plus1 (REDD ) forest reference (emission) levels (FREL/FRLs) and REDD results submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC), and relevant developments under the Green Climate Fund concerningREDD results-based payments. It illustrates the choices countries have made whenconstructing their FREL/FRLs and areas for improvement identified during technicalassessments. Such information can help countries to learn from each other’s experiencesand thus facilitate South–South knowledge exchange on REDD .As of September 2020, the following FREL/FRL milestones had been achieved: Fifty countries had submitted 60 FREL/FRLs to the UNFCCC for technicalassessment. These FREL/FRL submissions collectively cover a forest area of approximately1.35 billion ha (33 percent of global forest area) and the countries that submitteda REDD FREL/FRL to the UNFCCC are responsible for around 75 percentof global deforestation. 82 percent of the FREL/FRLs were national in scale, and 80 percent used historicalaverage emissions/removals to construct their FREL/FRL. Deforestation is the most frequently included REDD activity in FREL/FRLsand the scope of activities in FREL/FRLs is expanding over time The reporting of uncertainties in FREL/FRL submissions is increasing over time.As of September 2020, the following REDD results milestones had been achieved: Thirteen countries had reported REDD results to the UNFCCC through 17results submissions (in the REDD technical annex of their biennial update reports). Results have been reported for all REDD activities, although no single countrycovered all REDD activities. The majority of all reported results came from reducing emissions from deforestation(98 percent). The combined REDD results reported total 9.03 billion tonnes of carbon dioxideequivalent (tCO2eq). Most of these (90.4 percent) are emission reductions reportedby Brazil. The net annual emission reductions from emitting REDD activities reported consiston average of a 34 percent reduction against the FREL, meaning emissions overthe results period are on average 34 percent lower than emissions in the FREL. The1The plus stands for the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement offorest carbon stocks in developing countries.

xemission reductions per country range from –32 percent (or an increase in emissionsagainst the FREL) to 69 percent reduction against the FREL. The net annual removal increase from plus activities reported consist on averageof 7 percent increase against the FRL, meaning removals over the results periodare on average 25 percent higher than removals in the FRL. The removal increasesper country range from –83 percent (or a drop in removals compared against thehistorical period) to 85 percent removal increase against the FRL.The following milestones have been achieved as a result of the UNFCCC technicalassessment and technical analysis: The UNFCCC had published 45 FREL/FRL technical assessment reports, and14 technical analysis reports of REDD results. For 43 of the 45 finalized technical assessments (96 percent), countries had submitteda modified FREL/FRL, and 33 of these 43 modified FREL/FRL submissions(77 percent) changed the FREL/FRL value as a result of the technical assessment.Finally, as of September 2020, the following Green Climate Fund results-based paymentmilestones had been achieved: Six funding proposals (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Indonesia and Paraguay)for REDD results-based payments had been approved by the Green ClimateFund, totalling USD 361 million.

FAO/Anne BranthommexiiFrom reference levels to results reporting: REDD under the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change – 2020 update

11. Introduction1.1 OBJECTIVES AND TARGET AUDIENCEBuilding on the considerable amount of work invested in Reducing Emissions fromDeforestation and Forest Degradation, and the role of sustainable management of forests,conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD ) over the past decadeand beyond, significant progress has been observed in recent years. REDD is includedin Article 5 of the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change, and forests and land-usemitigation measures are featured in many nationally determined contributions (NDCs).The aim of this paper is to inform countries about recent developments in themeasurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of REDD activities under the UnitedNations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It provides anupdate on submissions on forest reference (emission) levels (FREL/FRLs) and REDD results reporting; a summary of experiences with the UNFCCC technical assessmentand technical analysis (TA) processes; and progress made on results-based payments(RBPs) through the Green Climate Fund (GCF) pilot programme for REDD RBPs,launched in October 2017. Box 1 explains what FREL/FRLs are and what the differenceis between a FREL and a FRL.This report complements and updates From reference levels to results reporting:REDD under the UNFCCC (FAO, 2017a; 2018a; 2019) and builds on three previousUN-REDD/FAO publications: Technical considerations for forest reference emission leveland/or forest reference level construction for REDD under the UNFCCC (FAO, 2015a);Strengthening national forest monitoring systems for REDD (FAO, 2018b); Nationalforest monitoring systems: monitoring and measurement, reporting and verification(M&MRV) in the context of REDD activities (FAO, 2013); and Emerging approachesto forest reference emission levels and forest reference levels for REDD (FAO, 2015b).1.2 STATUS OF REFERENCE LEVELS AND REDD RESULTS SUBMISSIONSAs of September 2020, 50 countries had submitted 60 FREL/FRLs to the UNFCCC,comprising 16 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, 19 in Africa, and 15 inAsia and the Pacific (Figure 1). For the 60 FREL/FRL submissions, 45 TA reports hadbeen published by September 2020.Seventeen 2 submissions of REDD results were included in the technical annexes ofthe biennial update reports (BURs) of 13 countries. Of these, technical analyses werecompleted for 14 submissions by September 2020 as part of the international consultationand analysis (ICA) process (Figure 2).2Brazil’s latest BUR contains a technical annex with REDD results for the Amazon (2016–2017) anda technical annex with REDD results for the Cerrado (2011–2017), which here are considered as twoREDD results submissions.

From reference levels to results reporting: REDD under the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change – 2020 update2Box 1What are forest reference emission levels and/or forestreference levels?Forest reference (emission) levels are benchmarks for assessing each country’sperformance in implementing REDD (Decision 12/CP.17, p.7). They are expressedin tCO2eq and should be established transparently, taking into account historicaldata while they may adjust for national circumstances (Dec4/CP15p7). A FREL/FRL is one of the four elements developing country Parties should develop ifthey wish to participate in REDD (Decision 1/CP.16, p.71), the other elementsbeing a national strategy or action plan, a robust and transparent national forestmonitoring system and a safeguards information system. Upon submission to theUNFCCC, a FREL/FRL undergoes a technical assessment (see Appendix I). Modalitiesfor FREL/FRLs are provided in Decision 12/CP.17, II, while guidelines and proceduresfor the technical assessment of FREL/FRLs is specified in Decision 13/CP.19.The UNFCCC does not define the difference between a FREL and a FRL. Inthis publication it is assumed that a FREL includes only net emitting activities,while a FRL also or only includes plus activities. As such, a FRL can be expressedin net removals or net emissions.Asia-Pacific(15 countries)Africa(19 countries)Latin America(16 countries)Map: FAO, 2020FREL/FRL submittedFREL/FRL submitted results submittedOther countriesFigure 1. Geographical distribution of countries that have submitted a FREL/FRL (lightblue) and those that subsequently submitted REDD results (dark blue) to the UNFCCC

Introduction3FREL/FRL submissions to the laysiaMexico201320142015BrazilBelizeBhutanBurkina FasoBrazilColombiaDRCDominican RepublicIndiaEcuadorLao PDREquatorial ladeshMongoliaLiberiaMozambique igeriaPakistanNigeriaPanamaSudanSuriname Solomon IslandsTogoChileCongoCosta RicaEthiopiaIndonesiaParaguayPeruViet NamZambiaBrazilCambodiaCôte d’IvoireGhanaHondurasMadagascarNepalPNGSri LankaUg

This report provides an update on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation Plus 1 (REDD ) forest reference (emission) levels (FREL/FRLs) and REDD results submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and relevant developments under the Green Climate Fund concerning REDD results-based payments.

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