BROCK Eleventh Edition BIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS

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Eleventh EditionBROC KBIOLOGY O FMICROORGANISM SMichael T. MadiganJohn M . Martinko

NI U NITChapter 1Chapter 2Chapter 3Chapter 4Chapter 5Chapter 6Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9Chapter 10IPRINCIPLES OF MICROBIOLOG YMicroorganisms and Microbiolog yAn Overview of Microbial LifeMacromoleculesCell Structure/ FunctionNutrition, Laboratory Culture, and Metabolism of MicroorganismsMicrobial GrowthEssentials of Molecular BiologyMetabolic RegulationEssentials of VirologyBacterial GeneticsU NIT I 41516Microbial Evolution and SystematicsProkaryotic Diversity : The BacteriaProkaryotic Diversity : The ArchaeaEukaryotic Cell Biology and Eukaryotic MicroorganismsMicrobial GenomicsViral DiversityChapter 25Chapter 26Chapter 27Chapter 28Chapter 2953 159361366970072 7761778MICROBIAL DISEASE SEpidemiologyPerson-to-Person Microbial DiseasesAnimal-Transmitted, Arthropod-Transmitted, and Soilborne Microbial DiseasesWastewater Treatment, Water Purification, and Waterborne Microbial DiseasesFood Preservation and Foodborne Microbial DiseasesE U N IT VIChapter 30Chapter 3129932 941944747 9502IMMUNOLOGY, PATHOGENICITY, AND HOST RESPONSE SMicrobial Growth ControlMicrobial Interactions with HumansEssentials of ImmunologyMolecular ImmunologyDiagnostic Microbiology and ImmunologyNIT V16620 523025 6METABOLIC DIVERSITY AND MICROBIAL ECOLOG YMetabolic DiversityMethods in Microbial EcologyMicrobial EcologyU NIT I VChapter 20Chapter 21Chapter 22Chapter 23Chapter 2410113 5EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY AND MICROBIAL DIVERSIT YU N IT IIIChapter 17Chapter 18Chapter 1921385581784788 590 692 3MICROORGANISMS AS TOOLS FOR INDUSTRY AND RESEARC HIndustrial MicrobiologyGenetic Engineering and Biotechnology94 1969

XX111PREFACECHAPTER 4CELL STRUCTURE/FUNCTIO NEU N I TII MICROSCOPY AND CELL MORPHOLOGYPRINCIPLES OF MICROBIOLOGY4 .14 .2CHAPTER 1MICROORGANISMS AND MICROBIOLOGY1I INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY31 .11 .21 .31 .4MicrobiologyMicroorganisms as CellsMicroorganisms and Their NaturalEnvironmentsThe Impact of Microorganisms onHumansII PATHWAYS OF DISCOVERY IN MICROBIOLOGY1 .51 .61 .71 .8The Historical Roots of Microbiology :Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, and CohnPasteur, Koch, and Pure CulturesMicrobial Diversity and the Rise ofGeneral MicrobiologyThe Modern Era of Microbiology335699111617CHAPTER 2AN OVERVIEW OF MICROBIAL LIFE21I CELL STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY 222.12 .22 .3Elements of Cell and Viral StructureArrangement of DNA in Microbial CellsThe Tree of LifeII MICROBIAL DIVERSITY2 .42 .52 .6Physiological Diversity ofMicroorganismsProkaryotic DiversityEukaryotic Microorganisms22242628283035CHAPTER 3MACROMOLECULES38I CHEMICAL BONDING AND WATER IN LIVINGSYSTEMS393 .13 .2Strong and Weak Chemical BondsAn Overview of Macromoleculesand Water as the Solvent of LifeII NONINFORMATIONAL MACROMOLECULES3942434345III INFORMATIONAL MACROMOLECULES463 .53 .63 .73 .8Nucleic AcidsAmino Acids and the Peptide BondProteins : Primary and SecondaryStructureProteins : Higher Order Structure andDenaturationII CELL MEMBRANES AND CELL WALLS4.54.64.74.84 .9Cytoplasmic Membrane: StructureCytoplasmic Membrane: FunctionMembrane Transport SystemsThe Cell Wall of Prokaryotes :Peptidoglycan and Related MoleculesThe Outer Membrane of Gram-Negativ eBacterialII SURFACE STRUCTURES AND INCLUSIONS O FPROKARYOTES4 .104 .114 .124 .13Bacterial Cell Surface StructuresCell InclusionsGas VesiclesEndosporesIV MICROBIAL LOCOMOTION4 .144 .154 .16Flagella and MotilityGliding MotilityCell Motion as a Behavioral Response :Chemotaxis and 929597CHAPTER 5NUTRITION, LABORATORY CULTURE ,AND METABOLISM OF MICROORGANISMS 10 1I NUTRITION AND CULTURE OF MICROORGANISMS 10 25 .15 .25 .3Microbial NutritionCulture MediaLaboratory Culture of MicroorganismsII ENERGETICS AND ENZYMESPolysaccharidesLipids3 .33 .44 .34 .4Light MicroscopyThree-Dimensional Imaging :Interference Contrast, Atomic Force ,and Confocal Scanning LaserMicroscopyElectron MicroscopyCell Morphology and the Significanc eof Being Small565 .45 .5BioenergeticsCatalysis and EnzymesIII OXIDATION-REDUCTION AND ENERGY-RIC HCOMPOUNDS5 .65 .75 .8Oxidation-ReductionNAD as a Redox Electron CarrierEnergy-Rich Compounds and EnergyStorage10 210 510710810 811 011 211 211 411 6IV MAJOR CATABOLIC PATHWAYS, ELECTRONTRANSPORT, AND THE PROTON MOTIVE FORCE 11 75 .9Energy Conservation : Options117

Glycolysis as an Example ofFermentationRespiration and Membrane-AssociatedElectron CarriersEnergy Conservation from the ProtonMotive Force5 .105 .115 .12V CARBON FLOW IN RESPIRATION AND CATABOLICALTERNATIVESCarbon Flow in Respiration : The CitricAcid CycleCatabolic Alternatives5 .135 .14VI BIOSYNTHESISBiosynthesis of Sugars andPolysaccharidesBiosynthesis of Amino Acid sand NucleotidesBiosynthesis of Fatty Acids and Lipids5 .155 .165 .17II DNA STRUCTURE1181201231267 .27.37.4III DNA REPLICATION7.57.612 7127130130131132BACTERIAL CELL DIVISION6 .16 .26 .3Cell Growth and Binary FissionFts Proteins, the Cell Division Plane,and Cell MorphologyPeptidoglycan Synthesis and CellDivisionGROWTH OF BACTERIAL POPULATIONS6 .46 .56 .6Growth Terminology and the Concep tof Exponential GrowthThe Mathematics of Bacterial GrowthThe Growth CycleIII MEASURING MICROBIAL GROWTH6.76 .86 .9Direct Measurements of MicrobialGrowth : Total and Viable CountsIndirect Measurements of MicrobialGrowth : TurbidityContinuous Culture : The ChemostatIV ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON MICROBIALGROWTH: TEMPERATURE6 .106 .116 .12136136137139140140142142144144147148150Effect of Temperature on Growth150Microbial Growth at Cold Temperatures 152Microbial Growth at High Temperatures 154V ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON MICROBIALGROWTH : PH, OSMOLARITY, AND OXYGEN6 .136 .146 .156 .161357.77.87.9Microbial Growth at Low or High pHOsmotic Effects on Microbial GrowthOxygen and Microbial GrowthToxic Forms of Oxygen157158160163Restriction Enzymes and HybridizationSequencing and Synthesizing DNAAmplifying DNA : The PolymeraseChain ReactionV RNA SYNTHESIS : TRANSCRIPTION7.107 .117.127 .13Overview of TranscriptionDiversity of Sigma Factors, ConsensusSequences, and Other RN APolymerasesTranscription TerminatorsThe Unit of TranscriptionVI PROTEIN SYNTHESIS7 .147 .157 .167.17The Genetic CodeTransfer RNATranslation : The Process of Protei nSynthesisFolding and Secreting ProteinsESSENTIALS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY7.1166AND GENE EXPRESSION167Macromolecules and GeneticInformation16716 917 217 417 617 617 718 218 218418 618818819 019 119219 319319 619 920 2METABOLIC REGULATION20 5I OVERVIEW OF REGULATION20 68 .1Major Modes of RegulationII REGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY20 620 7Noncovalent Enzyme InhibitionCovalent Modification of Enzymes20 720 9III DNA-BINDING PROTEINS AND REGULATIO NOF TRANSCRIPTION BY NEGATIV EAND POSITIVE CONTROL21 08 .28 .38 .48 .5DNA Binding ProteinsNegative Control of Transcription :Repression and InductionPositive Control of TranscriptionIV GLOBAL REGULATORY MECHANISMS8 .78 .88 .98 .10Global Control and the lac OperonThe Stringent ResponseOther Global Control NetworksQuorum SensingV OTHER MECHANISMS OF REGULATIONCHAPTER 716 9CHAPTER 88 .6157DNA Replication: Templates an dEnzymesDNA Replication: The Replication ForkIV TOOLS FOR MANIPULATING DNACHAPTER 6MICROBIAL GROWTHDNA Structure : The Double HelixDNA Structure : SupercoilingChromosomes and Other Geneti cElements8 .118 .12.1 28 .138 .14AttenuationSignal Transduction andTwo-Component Regulatory SystemsRegulation of ChemotaxisRNA Regulation and Riboswitches21 121 221 521 621 621 821922 122 222 222422 6228

CHAPTER 9ESSENTIALS OF VIROLOGYVIRUS AND VIRION9 .19 .2General Properties of VirusesNature of the VirionGROWTH AND QUANTIFICATION9 .39 .4The Virus HostQuantification of VirusesIII VIRAL REPLICATION9 .59 .69 .7General Features of Virus ReplicationVirus Multiplication : Attachmentand PenetrationVirus Multiplication : Production ofViral Nucleic Acid and ProteinIV VIRAL DIVERSITY9 .89 .99 .109 .119 .129 .13Overview of Bacterial VirusesVirulent Bacteriophages and T4Temperate BacteriophagesBacteriophage LambdaOverview of Animal VirusesRetrovirusesV SUB-VIRAL PARTICLES9 .14Viroids and Prions230231231232236236236WO-UNIT I IEVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY AN DMICROBIAL DIVERSIT YCHAPTER 1 1MICROBIAL EVOLUTION AN DSYSTEMATICS238EARLY EARTH, THE ORIGIN OF LIFE ,AND MICROBIAL DIVERSIFICATION23811 .123911 .224011 .324224224324524 6250251253253I11 .4II METHODS FOR DETERMINING EVOLUTIONAR YRELATIONSHIPS11 .511 .611 .7CHAPTER 10BACTERIAL GENETICS256MUTATION AND RECOMBINATION25710 .1 Mutations and Mutants10 .2 Molecular Basis of Mutation10 .3 Mutation Rates10 .4 Mutagenesis10 .5 Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis :The Ames Test10 .6 Genetic Recombination257259262263GENETIC EXCHANGE IN PROKARYOTES2682 68TransformationTransductionPlasmids : General Principles10 .10 Types of Plasmids and Their BiologicalSignificance10 .11 Conjugation : Essential Features10 .12 The Formation of Hfr Strains an dChromosome Mobilization10 .13 Complementation10 .14 Transposons and Insertion Sequences10 .710 .810 .9III BACTERIAL GENETICS AND GENE CLONINGEssentials of Molecular CloningPlasmids as Cloning VectorsBacteriophage Lambda as a CloningVector10 .18 In Vitro and Site-Directed Mutagenesis10 .1510.1610 .17IV THE BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME10 .19Genetic Map of the Escherichia coliChromosome26626727 1274Evolution of Earth and Earliest Lif eFormsPrimitive Life : The RNA World an dMolecular CodingPrimitive Life : Energy and CarbonMetabolismEukaryotes and Organelles :EndosymbiosisEvolutionary ChronometersRibosomal RNA Sequences as a Too lof Molecular EvolutionSignature Sequences, PhylogeneticProbes, and Microbial CommunityAnalysesIII MICROBIAL EVOLUTION11 .811 .9Microbial Phylogeny Derived fromRibosomal RNA SequencesCharacteristics of the Domain sof LifeIV MICROBIAL TAXONOMY AND ITS RELATIONSHI PTO PHYLOGENY11 .1011 .1111 .1211 .13Classical TaxonomyMolecular TaxonomyThe Species Concept in MicrobiologyNomenclature and Bergey 's Manual29 930030030 330 430 730 930930931 231431431 631 831 832 032 432 6CHAPTER 1 2PROKARYOTIC DIVERSITY : THE BACTERIA 32 9276278I THE PHYLOGENY OF BACTERIA279282284II PHYLUM I : PROTEOBACTERIA28728728829029229429412 .1Phylogenetic Overview of Bacteria33 133 133 233 2Purple Phototrophic BacteriaThe Nitrifying Bacteria33 5Sulfur- and Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria33 7Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacteria34 0Methanotrophs and Methylotrophs34 2Pseudomonas and the Pseudomonads34 5Acetic Acid Bacteria34 8Free-Living Aerobic Nitrogen-FixingBacteria34812 .10 Neisseria, Chromobacterium, and Relatives 35012 .11 Enteric Bacteria35 112 .12 Vibrio and Photobacterium35512 .212 .312 .412 .512 .612 .712 .812 .9

12 .1312 .1412 .15RickettsiasSpirillaSheathed Proteobacteria : Sphaerotilusand Leptothrix12 .16 Budding and Prosthecate/Stalke dBacteria12 .17 Gliding Myxobacteria12 .18 Sulfate- and Sulfur-ReducingProteobacteriaIII PHYLUM 2 AND 3 : GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAAND ACTINOBACTERIA35735912 .37 Aquifex, Thermocrinis, and RelativesXV PHYLUM 17 AND 18 : NITROSPIRA AN DDEFERRIBACTER36212 .38 Nitrospira, Deferribacter, and Relatives36 3367CHAPTER 1 3371I PHYLOGENY AND GENERAL METABOLISM12 .2012 .2112 .2212 .2312 .24IV PHYLUM 4 : CYANOBACTERIA ANDPROCHLOROPHYTES12 .25 Cyanobacteria12 .26 Prochlorophytes and Chloroplasts13 .137413 .237437913 .538313 .638638839013 .7Habitats and Energy Metabolism o fCrenarchaeotes13 .9 Hyperthermophiles from Terrestria lVolcanic Habitats : Sulfolobales an dThermoproteales13 .10 Hyperthermophiles from SubmarineVolcanic Habitats : Desulfurococcales394397399401IV PHYLUM NANOARCHAEOTA13 .1112 .28 Planctomyces : A Phylogenetically12 .29 Verrucomicrobium and ProsthecobacterVIII PHYLUM 8 : THE FLAVOBACTERIA12 .30 Bacteroides and FlavobacteriumIX PHYLUM 9 : THE CYTOPHAGA GROUP12 .31Cytophaga and RelativesX PHYLUM 10 : GREEN SULFUR BACTERIA401402XI PHYLUM 11 : THE SPIROCHETES42 042 142 242 242 643 043 243 343 4Heat Stability of BiomoleculesHyperthermophilic Archaea, H 2 ,and Microbial Evolution43 443 643 944144 144 244 244 4404CHAPTER 1 4404EUKARYOTIC CELL BIOLOGY AN DEUKARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS447I44 8405405EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE/FUNCTION14 .140740741112 .35 Chloroflexus and Relatives42 040312 .33 SpirochetesXIII PHYLUM 13 : THE GREEN NONSULFUR BACTERIA13 .1213 .13403XII PHYLUM 12 : DEINOCOCCI12 .34 Deinococcus/ThermusNanoarchaeumV EVOLUTION AND LIFE AT HIG HTEMPERATURES40212 .32 Chlorobium and Other Green SulfurBacteriaExtremely Halophilic ArchaeaMethane-Producing Archaea:MethanogensThermoplasmatales : Thermoplasma ,Ferroplasma, and PicrophilusHyperthermophilic Euryarchaeota :Thermococcales and MethanopyrusHyperthermophilic Euryarchaeota :The ArchaeoglobalesIII PHYLUM CRENARCHAEOTA39412 .27 The ChlamydiaVII PHYLUM 7 : THE VERRUCOMICROBIA41 613 .8399Unique Stalked BacteriumPhylogenetic Overview of th eArchaeaEnergy Conservation and Autotrophyin ArchaeaII PHYLUM EURYARCHAEOTA13 .313 .4V PHYLUM 5 : CHLAMYDIAVI PHYLUM 6 : PLANCTOMYCES/PIRELLULA41 6PROKARYOTIC DIVERSITY : THE ARCHAEA 41 912 .19 Nonsporulating, Low GC, Gram-PositiveBacteria : Lactic Acid Bacteriaand RelativesEndospore-Forming, Low GC,Gram-Positive Bacteria : Bacillus,Clostridium, and RelativesCell Wall-Less, Low GC, Gram-PositiveBacteria : The MycoplasmasHigh GC, Gram-Positive Bacteria(Actinobacteria) : Coryneformand Propionic Acid BacteriaActinobacteria : MycobacteriumFilamentous Actinobacteria :Streptomyces and other Actinomycetes41 541114 .214 .341241214 .4XIV PHYLUM 14-16 : DEEPLY BRANCHINGHYPERTHERMOPHILIC BACTERIA41412 .36 Thermotoga and Thermodesulfobacterium41414 .5Eukaryotic Cell Structure an dthe NucleusRespiratory and FermentativeOrganelles : The Mitochondrion an dthe HydrogenosomePhotosynthetic Organelle : TheChloroplastEndosymbiosis : Relationships ofMitochondria and Chloroplasts toBacteriaOther Organelles and Eukaryotic CellStructures44 844945 145 2453

ESSENTIALS OF EUKARYOTIC GENETICS ANDMOLECULAR BIOLOGY14 .614 .714.8Replication of Linear DNAOverview of Eukaryotic GeneticsRNA Processing and RibozymesIII EUKARYOTIC MICROBIAL DIVERSITY14 .9 Phylogeny of the Eukarya14 .10 Protozoa14 .11 Slime Molds14.12 Fungi14 .13 Algae16 .10455455456458460460463467469472CHAPTER 15MICROBIAL GENOMICSGENOMIC CLONING TECHNIQUES15 .115 .215 .3Vectors for Genomic Cloning an dSequencingSequencing the GenomeAnnotating the GenomeMICROBIAL GENOMES15.415 .515.6Prokaryotic Genomes : Sizes and ORFContentsProkaryotic Genomes : BioinformaticAnalyses and Gene DistributionsEukaryotic Microbial GenomesIII OTHER GENOMES AND THE EVOLUTION OFGENOMES15 .715 .815 .9Genomes of OrganellesEvolution and Gene FamiliesGenomic MiningIV GENE FUNCTION AND REGULATION15 .10 Proteomics15 .11 Microarrays and the Transcriptome47 9480VIRUSES OF PROKARYOTES16 .116 .216 .316 .416 .516 .616 .716 .816 .916 .1416 .15492495496497497498S02503T7Mu : A Double-Stranded TransposableDNA BacteriophageViruses of Archaea51051251351351551752 352 452 552 6METABOLIC DIVERSITY53 1I THE PHOTOTROPHIC WAY OF LIFE53 348549252 1METABOLIC DIVERSITY AND MICROBIA LECOLOG Y17.117.248649052 0W. UNIT II I485508Plant VirusesPositive-Strand RNA Viruses ofAnimals : Poliovirus and CoronavirusesNegative-Strand RNA Viruses ofAnimals : Rabies, Influenza, andRelated Viruses16 .13CHAPTER 1 7503RNA BacteriophagesIcosahedral Single-Stranded DNA505BacteriophagesFilamentous Single-Stranded DNA507BacteriophagesDouble-Stranded DNA Bacteriophages :VIRUSES OF EUKARYOTES16 .12480483484CHAPTER 16VIRAL DIVERSITY16 .11Double-Stranded RNA Viruses :ReovirusesReplication of Double-Stranded DNAViruses of AnimalsDouble-Stranded DNA Viruses:HerpesvirusesDouble-Stranded DNA Viruses :Pox VirusesDouble-Stranded DNA Viruses :AdenovirusesViruses Using Reverse Transcriptase :Retroviruses and Hepadnavirus17.317.417 .517 .617 .7PhotosynthesisPhotosynthetic Pigments and Thei rLocation Within the CellCarotenoids and PhycobilinsAnoxygenic PhotosynthesisOxygenic PhotosynthesisAutotrophic CO 2 Fixation : Th eCalvin CycleAutotrophic CO 2 Fixation : Revers eCitric Acid Cycle and theHydroxypropionate Cycle53 353 453 753 854 3545547II CHEMOLITHOTROPHY : ENERGY FROM THEOXIDATION OF INORGANIC ELECTRON DONORS 54 8Inorganic Electron Donors an dEnergetics17.9Hydrogen Oxidation17 .10 Oxidation of Reduced Sulfu rCompounds17 .11 Iron Oxidation17.12 Nitrification and Anammox17 .8III THE ANAEROBIC WAY OF LIFE : ANAEROBI CRESPIRATIONSAnaerobic RespirationNitrate Reduction and theDenitrification Process17.15 Sulfate Reduction17.16 Acetogenesis17.17 Methanogenesis17.18 Ferric Iron, Manganese, Chlorate, an dOrganic Electron Acceptors17.1317.14W THE ANAEROBIC WAY OF LIFE : FERMENTATION SAND SYNTROPHYFermentations : Energetic and Redo xConsiderations17.20 Fermentative Diversity17 .21 Svntrophy54854 955055355 555 755 755 856 056 356 456 857117 .1957 1573575

V HYDROCARBON OXIDATION AND THE ROLE OF 0 2IN THE CATABOLISM OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS17.22 Molecular Oxygen (02) as a Reactantin Biochemical Processes17.23 Hydrocarbon Oxidation17.24 Methanotrophy and Methylotrophy17.25 Hexose, Pentose, and PolysaccharideMetabolism17 .26 Organic Acid Metabolism17 .27 Lipids as Microbial NutrientsVI NITROGEN FIXATION17.28 Nitrogenase and the Process ofNitrogen Fixation17.29 Genetics and Regulation of N2Fixation577577578579581584585586586590CHAPTER 1 8METHODS IN MICROBIAL ECOLOGY593CULTURE-DEPENDENT ANALYSES OF MICROBIALCOMMUNITIES59459418 .1Enrichment and Isolation18 .2 Isolation in Pure Culture598MOLECULAR (CULTURE-INDEPENDENT)ANALYSES OF MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES60018 .3 Viability and Quantification UsingStaining Techniques60060218 .4 Genetic Stains18 .5 Linking Specific Genes to Specific604Organisms Using PCR18 .6 Environmental Genomics (Metagenomics)606III MEASURING MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES IN NATURE 60760818 .7 Radioisotopes and Microelectrodes61018 .8 Stable IsotopesCHAPTER 19MICROBIAL ECOLOGYMICROBIAL ECOSYSTEMSPopulations, Guilds, and Communities19 .119 .2 Environments and Microenvironments19 .3 Microbial Growth on Surfaces andBiofilm613614614615617SOIL AND FRESHWATER MICROBIAL HABITATS 61961919 .4 Terrestrial Environments62319 .5 Freshwater Environments624III MARINE MICROBIOLOGYMarine Habitats and Microbia lDistribution19 .7 Deep-Sea Microbiology19 .8 Hydrothermal VentsIV THE CARBON AND OXYGEN CYCLES19 .9 The Carbon Cycle19 .10 Syntrophy and Methanogenesis19 .11 Carbon Cycling in Ruminant AnimalsV OTHER KEY NUTRIENT CYCLES19 .12 The Nitrogen Cycle19 .13 The Sulfur Cycle19 .14 The Iron CycleVI MICROBIAL BIOREMEDIATION19 .15 Microbial Leaching of Ores19 .16 Mercury and Heavy MetalTransformations19 .17 Petroleum Biodegradation19 .18 Biodegradation of XenobioticsVII MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS WITH PLANTS19 .19 The Plant Environment19 .20 Lichens and Mycorrhizae19 .21 Agrobacterium and Crown Gall Disease19 .22 Root Nodule Bacteria and Symbiosi swith Legumes64064 164 264 464764764 965 165 365 565 665 665 966 1UNIT I VIMMUNOLOGY, PATHOGENICITY,AND HOST RESPONSE SCHAPTER 20MICROBIAL GROWTH CONTROL669I PHYSICAL ANTIMICROBIAL CONTROL20 .1 Heat Sterilization20 .2 Radiation Sterilization20.3 Filter SterilizationII CHEMICAL ANTIMICROBIAL CONTROL20 .4 Chemical Growth Control20 .5 Chemical Antimicrobial Agents fo rExternal UseIII ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS USED IN VIVO20 .6 Synthetic Antimicrobial Drugs20 .7 Naturally Occurring Antimicrobia lDrugs : Antibiotics20 .8 ß-LactamAntibiotics : Penicillin sand Cephalosporins20 .9 Antibiotics from ProkaryotesIV CONTROL OF VIRUSES AND EUKARYOTICPATHOGENS20 .10 Antiviral Drugs20 .11 Antifungal DrugsV ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG RESISTANCE AND DRU GDISCOVERY20 .12 Antimicrobial Drug Resistance20 .13 The Search for New AntimicrobialDrugs67 167 167 367 567 767 767 968 168 168 568 668 768 868 869 169 269 269 719 .6625627628632632634637CHAPTER 2 1MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS WIT HHUMANSI BENEFICIAL MICROBIAL INTERACTION SWITH HUMANS21 .1Overview of Human-Microbia lInteractions70070 1701

21 .221 .321 .421 .5Normal Microbial Flora of the SkinNormal Microbial Flora of the OralCavityNormal Microbial Flora of t

Chapter 3 Macromolecules 38 Chapter 4 Cell Structure/ Function 55 Chapter 5 Nutrition, Laboratory Culture, and Metabolism of Microorganisms 101 Chapter 6 Microbial Growth 135 Chapter 7 Essentials of Molecular Biology 166 Chapter 8 Metabolic Regulation 205 Chapter 9 Essentials of Virology 230 Chapter 10 Bacterial Genetics 256 U NIT I I

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Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. ISBN: 0131443291. . See Figure 8-24 in Madigan, Michael, and John Martinko. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. ISBN: 0131443291. Attenuation is mediated by the tight coupling of .

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