Zero-Emission Vehicles In California
Zero-Emission Vehicles in California:COMMUNITY READINESS GUIDEBOOKToward 1.5 MillionZero-Emission Vehicleson California Roadways by 2025
State of CaliforniaEdmund G. Brown, Jr., GovernorGovernor’s Office of Planning and ResearchKen Alex, DirectorProject Manager and Lead AuthorBen Rubin, OPRContributorsMichelle Chester, OPRJeffrey Mankey, OPREditing and LayoutCalifornia Center for Sustainable EnergyGuidebook ProductionCalifornia Plug-In Electric Vehicle CollaborativeCalifornia Fuel Cell PartnershipPublished fall 2013. First Edition.This Guidebook is intended to be an accessible informational resource that supportsthe expansion of zero-emission vehicles. It may be reproduced and distributed withoutpermission. Please acknowledge this Guidebook as a source of information when usingits content in other documents or presentations.
Working Group AcknowledgementsOPR is thankful for the time, expertise and dedication of the ZEV Community ReadinessGuidebook Working Group members who helped create this Guidebook.David Almeida, California Center for Sustainable EnergyRichard Battersby, University of California, DavisRocky Burks, California Commission on Disability AccessRoxana Bekemohammadi, California Air Resources BoardAyala Ben-Yehuda, University of California, Los AngelesJared Cacho, California Energy CommissionLisa Chiladakis, California Plug-In Electric Vehicle CollaborativeKurt Cooknick, American Institute of ArchitectsDennis Corelis, State of California, Division of the State ArchitectJoshua Cunningham, California Air Resources BoardJ.R. DeShazo, University of California, Los AngelesCatherine Dunwoody, California Fuel Cell PartnershipSusan Freedman, San Diego Association of Regional GovernmentsMichael Hanebutt, Governor’s Office of Planning and ResearchBob Hayden, City and County of San FranciscoDave Head, County of SonomaSharon Hoff, City and County of San FranciscoDon Howe, California Department of TransportationDon Hughes, Santa Clara CountyLinda Hui, Bay Area Air Quality Management DistrictElise Keddie, California Air Resources BoardAlex Keros, General MotorsJoe Krack, California Department of RehabilitationBarbara Lee, County of SonomaKristin Macey, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Division of Weights and MeasuresMia Marvelli, California Building Standards CommissionJim McGowan, California Building Standards CommissionRoberta McLaughlin, California Department of TransportationMichael Nearman, California Building Standards CommissionLaurie O’Brien, California Building Standards CommissionTyler Petersen, California Center for Sustainable EnergyJoel Pointon, Sempra UtilitiesBob Raymer, California Building Industry AssociationAndy Schwarz, Solar CityKaren Schkolnick, Bay Area Air Quality Management DistrictElan Shore, California Fuel Cell PartnershipMike Simpson, National Renewable Energy LaboratoryJohn Taecker, Underwriters LaboratoriesVienalyn Tankiamco, California Department of RehabilitationRichard Weinert, California Department of Housing and Community DevelopmentLiz Yager, County of Sonoma1
Publication AcknowledgementsThis Guidebook benefits from several helpful informational resources that preceded it.The publications listed below provided the basis for the information in this Guidebook.In many cases, the organizations, authors and contributors of these publications directlyhelped to shape the Guidebook.Bay Area Air Quality Management District:Bay Area and Monterey Area Plug-In Electric Vehicle Readiness PlanBay Area Climate Collaborative:Ready, Set, Charge, California!California Center for Sustainable Energy:San Diego Plug-In Electric Vehicle Readiness PlanCalifornia Fuel Cell Partnership:A California Roadmap: Bringing Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles to the Golden StateCalifornia Plug-In Electric Vehicle Collaborative:A Toolkit for Community Plug-In Electric Vehicle ReadinessGovernor’s Interagency Working Group on Zero-Emission Vehicles:2013 ZEV Action PlanSouthern California Association of Governments:Southern California Plug-In Electric Vehicle Readiness Plan2
Table of ContentsSummary of Acronyms.5Preface.7Purpose and Use of the Guidebook.9Helpful Information. 10Overview of Zero-Emission Vehicles. 11Benefits of Zero-Emission Vehicle Community Readiness. 14Current State Policy on Zero-Emission Vehicles. 17Funding and Financing for Zero-Emission Vehicle Readiness. 23Recommended Actions. 28Plug-In Electric Vehicle Readiness. 29Identifying Plug-In Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Needs in Communities. 31General Plans, Zoning and Building Codes for Plug-In Electric Vehicles. 36Plug-In Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Permitting. 42Single-Family Residential Charging. 44Charging and Permitting in Multi-Unit Dwellings. 47Workplace Charging. 52Retail and Public Sector Charging. 54Fast Charging. 55Working with Utilities for Plug-In Electric Vehicle Readiness. 57Plug-In Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and Equipment Accessibility . 60Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Readiness. 63Identifying Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Needs in Communities. 64Permitting Hydrogen Fueling Stations. 67Characteristics of Hydrogen as a Fuel. 71Growing the Zero-Emission Vehicle Market in Local Communities. 75Partnering with Community Stakeholders. 76Zero-Emission Vehicle Incentives and Outreach. 79Zero-Emission Vehicle Signs and Pavement Markings. 81Greening Fleets with Zero-Emission Vehicles. 87Economic Benefits of Zero-Emission Vehicle Readiness. 91Practical Tools and Templates. 92Featured Resources. 93Recommended Tools. 97Greening Fleets with Zero-Emission Vehicles: Example Ordinance. 98Zero-Emission Vehicle Infrastructure Permitting: CEQA Exemptions.101Plug-In Electric Vehicle Community Readiness Scorecard.105Plug-In Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Permitting Checklist.111Single-Family Residential Permitting Application Example.117Plug-In Electric Vehicle Load Calculator for Level 2 Charging.121Plug-In Electric Vehicle Checklists for Residents and Businesses.1253
Zoning Example for Installation of Plug-In Electric Vehicle Charging Stations.129Example Building Codes for Plug-In Electric Vehicle Charging.130Plug-In Electric Vehicle Parking Code Example.135Consumer Awareness Guides.137Hydrogen Safety Checklist.138Hydrogen Letter from the State Fire Marshall.142Appendices.144Governor’s Zero-Emission Vehicle Executive Order.145Resources for Zero-Emission Vehicle Readiness.147Glossary of Zero-Emission Vehicle Terms.153Compilation of Guidebook Hyperlinks.157Works Cited.1744
Summary of AcronymsThe following are key acronyms used throughout this Guidebook. Additional acronymsare explained directly within the Guidebook text.AC: alternating currentBEV: battery electric vehicleCEQA: California Environmental Quality ActDC: direct currentEVSE: electric vehicle supply equipmentFCEV: fuel cell electric vehicleMUD: multi-unit dwellingPEV: plug-in electric vehiclePHEV: plug-in hybrid electric vehicleZEV: zero-emission vehicle5
PrefaceZero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) promise to transform California by offering residents andvisitors new transportation choices. Across the state, ZEVs are improving air quality byreducing local pollution and greenhouse gas emissions while saving consumers moneyand helping new companies grow and create jobs. California cities and towns arealready home to tens of thousands of plug-in electric vehicles, and the state currentlyrepresents 30 to 40 percent of the national market.Plug-in Electric Vehicle SalesNote: Approximation assumes CA sales were 60% of U.S. sales in 2011 and 33% in 2012 and 2013. Reference: www.hybridcars.comZEVs include plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs).PEVs are currently widely available and include both pure battery electric vehicles and plugin hybrid electric vehicles, which use both a battery and a conventional engine to powerdriving. FCEVs, which make electricity from hydrogen and oxygen on board the vehicle, areon California’s roads in smaller quantities through limited vehicle leasing programs. Majorautomakers have announced plans to deploy FCEVs more widely in California as early as2015. State government supports the development of both vehicle technologies.More InfoGovernor Brown’sExecutive Order aboutZEVs and the ZEVAction Plan.7Accelerating the market for ZEVs is a cornerstone of California’s long-termtransportation strategy. Recognizing the great benefits of ZEVs, as well as thechallenges to expanding the ZEV market, Governor Edmund G. Brown issued anExecutive Order in March 2012 to “encourage the development and success of zeroemission vehicles.” The Governor’s Executive Order directs state government to meeta series of milestones toward a long-term target of 1.5 million ZEVs on California’sroadways by 2025. The Governor’s Office followed up this Executive Order with itsCalifornia ZEV Action Plan, which details more than 100 specific actions that stategovernment is taking to accelerate the ZEV market.
State government has made it their priority to help California communities become“ZEV ready,” since it is vital to encouraging more ZEV drivers. When purchasing orleasing a ZEV, in addition to traditional factors that influence automobile purchase, suchas vehicle cost and performance, potential ZEV drivers must also consider whether theirhome, community and state can accommodate ZEV usage. Governor Brown’s ExecutiveOrder recognizes this consideration and calls for California’s major metropolitan areasto complete infrastructure plans, improve permitting and complete other actions toaccommodate ZEVs by 2015.California communities of all sizes have already taken important actions toaccommodate local ZEV usage. Many local governments have facilitated the buildingof electric vehicle charging stations and hydrogen fueling stations. Some local electedleaders have educated their constituents on the benefits of these types of cars, andbuilding departments have improved permitting to expedite this new infrastructure.This Guidebook showcases many of these actions and shares additional information tohelp communities become ZEV ready.8Office of Planning & Research – State of California
Purpose and Use of the GuidebookSeveral state agencies and ZEV experts have collaborated to prepare this Guidebook,which provides helpful information to local and regional governments, communityleaders and residents. Its purpose is to help communities across the state support theirresidents and businesses making the switch to ZEVs.The Guidebook highlights many aspects of ZEV readiness, including necessaryinfrastructure, planning and zoning, permitting guidelines, greening local fleets andencouraging consumers through incentives and outreach. California communities are invarious stages of enabling ZEV usage, so communities and stakeholders will likely finddifferent uses for this Guidebook.State government supports expansion of both plug-in electric vehicles and fuel cellelectric vehicles. However, much of the information in this Guidebook focuses onplug-in vehicles, as these vehicles are currently commercially available, and severalopportunities and challenges for PEV infrastructure have already emerged.In addition to promoting ZEVs, state agencies strongly support the developmentand use of low-carbon fuels to meet California’s goals for clean air and reducedvehicle emissions. The state has also prioritized the planning and building of moreenvironmentally sustainable communities that reduce unnecessary vehicle traveland traffic congestion. The Guidebook, however, focuses on zero-emission vehicles,recognizing the timely opportunity to accelerate the ZEV market.The guidebook is divided into three main sections:Background informationRecommended actions for local communitiesPractical tools and templatesEach recommendation in the Guidebook includes a brief snapshot of the issue, a seriesof key steps that communities can take related to that topic and, when applicable,a featured resource that provides more information. Examples and case studies areincluded throughout the document. The Guidebook is written as a “living document”that can be updated as new resources become available and as ZEV technology and themarket for these vehicles evolve.9
Helpful InformationThis section of the Guidebook includes background informationon zero-emission vehicles:Overview of Zero-Emission VehiclesBenefits of Enabling Zero-Emission VehicleInfrastructure in CommunitiesCurrent State Policy on Zero-Emission VehiclesFunding and Financing for Zero-EmissionVehicle Readiness
Overview of Zero-Emission VehiclesSnapshot: Zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) are vehicles with no harmful tailpipeemissions and include plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles(FCEVs). Zero-emission vehicle technology is developing rapidly with several vehiclemodels presently available and more in development.Zero-Emission Vehicle Ecosystem: Consumers report that ZEVs are fun to drive,more affordable to operate over time than conventional vehicles, more convenient torefuel and require less maintenance. Unlike other vehicle purchases, the decision tobuy a ZEV will not be made based only on a particular vehicle’s cost, appearance andperformance. The decision will also be significantly influenced by the infrastructure andpolicies within a community that exist to support ZEV usage. In other words, a potentialZEV driver will consider whether their homes, communities and regions are “ZEV ready.”This consideration can include several questions:How long does it take to charge my plug-in electric vehicle? How much will it cost?Do I need charging equipment in my home? If so, is it easy and affordable to add this?Where can I find a hydrogen fueling station in my community?How easy is it to fuel my car with hydrogen?How many charging and fueling stations are available in my area? Are stationssufficient to enable the use of my ZEV in my everyday life?Will I enjoy any special benefits by driving a ZEV — such as carpool/HOV lane accessor preferred parking?In addition to infrastructure, community readiness includes ZEV-related policies,incentives and communication that inform the total ZEV customer experience. All of theseelements are important to “ZEV readiness” and addressed throughout the Guidebook.More InfoMore Info: The U.S.Department ofEnergy summarizesZEV technology andinformation about howthe vehicles operate.Plug-In Electric Vehicles: A PEV can operate on battery power and recharges fromthe electrical grid. Two types of PEVs are currently commercially available: batteryelectric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Each technology offers a range ofattributes and functions for consumers.Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) run completely on electricity stored in batteriesand have an electric drive motor to operate the vehicle. These vehicles may also bereferred to as all-electric vehicles or electric vehicles (EVs). Many BEV models arealready available in California and more are coming soon. Currently, most BEVs havea range of 50–100 miles on a single charge.Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) combine an electric drive system with aninternal combustion gasoline engine. These vehicles plug into the electrical grid torecharge the onboard battery, but also have a refillable gasoline tank. PHEVs operate inelectric mode first and then switch to or blend with gasoline power as necessary. Thesevehicles release emissions when running on their internal combustion engines andrequire maintenance comparable to a traditional gasoline vehicle. PHEVs typically havean electric range between 10 and 40 miles, because they have smaller battery packsthan those used in BEVs. However, PHEVs may be driven for hundreds of miles on theirinternal combustion engine in a single driving experience after the battery is depleted.11
PEV Charging: Charging any PEV is fairly simple, similar to the way people charge theircordless lawn and garden equipment. In fact, many PEV drivers simply charge their PEVevery day by plugging into a standard 120-volt wall outlet.PEV charging stations come in many shapes, sizes and brands and are built and sold bya range of companies. Charging equipment is often referred to by industry experts aselectric vehicle supply equipment or EVSE. PEV charging is broadly separated into levelsbased on the
Elise Keddie, California Air Resources Board. Alex Keros, General Motors Joe Krack, California Department of Rehabilitation. Barbara Lee, County of Sonoma Kristin Macey, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Division of Weights and Measures. Mia Marvelli, California Building Standards Commission
emphasizes plug-in electric vehicles, the transition to a zero-emission vehicle fleet will . there is much to learn from every region's experience in the rollout of zero-emission vehicles. Developing the new zero-emission vehicle market will require global scale, in the tens of millions of vehicles, to achieve .
a. 100% of in-state sales of new passenger cars and light-duty trucks will be zero-emission by 2035; b. 100% zero-emission Medium and Heavy Duty (MHD) vehicles in the state by 2045 and by 2035 for drayage trucks; and c. 100% zero-emission off-road vehicles and equipment operations by 2035. SB 100 established a new statewide goal to
ZERO EMISSION VEHICLES AUSTRALIA 8-16 CELL LITHIUM BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The BMS stores calibration for the shunt zero point in memory. If the current displayed is not zero when it should be, you can tap and hold to bring up Options buttons, then tap Zero Current (while no current is flowing) to recalibrate the zero point. Temperature Sensing
and Port Drayage Trucks 90M Zero-Emission Transit, School, and Shuttle Bus 130M Zero-Emission Freight and Marine Projects 70M Light-Duty Zero-emission Infrastructure 10M VW Mitigation Funds for California VW Mitigation Trust Consent Decree Volkswagen Settlement Lead Agency Beneficiary Mitigation Plan Five Funding Categories CARB
prospects and fuel use and emission reduction potential of zero-emission propulsion options for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles (Moultak, Lutsey et al. 2017). Those authors also discuss the current state of technology and commercial status for zero-emission options, including battery electric and hydrogen fuel cell, as well as electric
vehicle technology that will be available to meet the California Air Resources Board Zero Emission Vehicle Regulation and the governor’s Zero Emission Vehicle Mandate. More specific actions to bring fuel cell electric vehicles to California markets are specified in the governor’s Zero Emission Vehicle Action Plan.
FACTSHEET - Tax implications of ultra low emission vehicles Ultra low emission vehicles (ULEVs) are vehicles that produce less than 75 grams of carbon dioxide (CO 2) for every kilometre travelled. These vehicles benefit from a number of tax benefits for both private and business ULEV users.
2017 ZERO S / SR / DS / DSR 2017 ZERO S ZERO SR ZERO DS ZERO DSR TORCYCLES.COM YCLES.COM 88-08708.06 OWNER’S MANUAL OWNER’S MANUAL Zero Owner's Manual (S and
