Tribal Waste Journal: What Is An Integrated Waste .
Issue 7 September 2009 EPA530-N-09-002What is an Integrated WasteManagement Plan (IWMP)?Five Elements for a Successful IWMP lackfeet Nation Plans for a CleanerBToday and Greener Tomorrow ashoe Plan: A Roadmap forWRecycling Success
issue 7 september 20091 Solid Waste—12 Five Elements for a21 General Waste3 Waste Management:15 Goals: The Backbone of23 Tips for Funding an5 Blackfeet Nation Plans16 The Perks of a Waste25 Funding Opportunities7 Waste: What it is and Why17 The TSWAN Template:27 Today's Kids, Tomorrow's10 Washoe Plan: A Roadmap19 New IWMP Tool for AlaskaEndangering Our Healthand Our LandDeveloping an IntegratedPlan for Your Tribefor a Cleaner Today andGreener Tomorrowit Mattersfor Recycling SuccessSuccessful IWMPYour IWMPManagement PlanA Model for WasteManagement SuccessTribes and Native VillagesManagement InformationIntegrated WasteManagement Planfor Integrated WasteManagement PlansRecyclers
Solid Waste—Endangering OurHealth and Our LandTires, appliances, furniture, car batteries, and abandoned vehicles may litter reservations. Backyardburning of waste pollutes the air and poisons fish and wildlife. People from on and off reservationsmay be illegally dumping solid and hazardous waste on tribal lands. These are just some of thewaste issues that are pervasive problems on tribal lands. However, Integrated Waste ManagementPlans (IWMPs) may offer tribes an efficient and cost-effective way to reduce open dumping,effectively manage solid waste, and protect human health and the environment for this generationand the next.Open dumps are defined by theU.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA) as “areas wherewaste is disposed of withoutproper controls, including regularapplication of cover, controlledaccess to the site, and otherenvironmental controls.”able to illnesses stemming fromopen dump contamination.Open dumps create an unhealthyenvironment, with adverse healtheffects for both people andanimals. People who frequentlyvisit or rummage through opendumps can be hurt by sharpobjects. They also can come incontact with toxic materials orcontagious pathogens, whichcan lead to gastroenteritis; skinrashes and infections; or eye,nose, and ear infections. Opendumps also attract pests such asinsects, rats, bears, birds, andraccoons that can potentiallyhurt people and spread disease.People who depend on wildlife forsubsistence are especially vulner-In addition, illegal dumpingof solid waste (such as majorappliances, construction anddemolition debris, and householdgarbage) and hazardous waste(such as chemicals, pesticides,and medical waste) poses asignificant threat to the surrounding soil and ground water. Opendumps can catch fire and releaseparticulate matter and dioxinsinto the air and ecosystem. Somewaste can even harbor vectorsfor disease, such as mosquitoesbreeding in old water-filled tires.Burning waste can also releasedangerous chemicals into theTribal Waste JournalIn the past, people have disposedof their waste in open pits or byburning it. These practices areno longer considered safe oreffective because of what we nowknow about the types of wastegenerated today. The increasein plastics and other syntheticmaterials in the waste stream, inaddition to the growth in the sheervolume of waste, make opendumping and backyard burningdangerous to human health andthe environment.1
atmosphere where they are inhaled immediately or settle on plants and bodies of water. Once the chemicalsare released into the atmosphere they may enter the food chain. Air pollutants released by backyard burninginclude dioxins, fine particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,volatile organic compounds, and hydrogen chloride. The ash residue from burning also can contain dangerouslevels of toxic heavy metals, such as mercury, lead, chromium, and arsenic, which can contaminate water orenter the food chain.The impacts of improper solid waste management go beyond these health and environmental problems.Open dumps and backyard burning also degrade the land by destroying fish and wildlife habitat, and canthreaten the species themselves. Many tribes and villages depend on these natural resources for theireconomic survival. In the Pacific Northwest, for example, salmon are central to many tribes’ social, spiritual,and economic livelihood. Uncontrolled dumping and burning degrades other natural resources, such astimber, farm land, and recreational areas. In some cases, open dumping infringes upon or threatens culturallyor spiritually significant lands.IWMPs offer a comprehensive means of addressing all these problems by combining complementarywaste management alternatives, including waste prevention, recycling, composting, and disposal. Throughthe development of these plans, a tribe can assess its current and future waste management needs, setpriorities, and allocate resources accordingly. Understanding the tribe’s priorities will help ensure that thewaste management system offers the highest level of protection to human health and the environment.Thus, EPA suggests that all tribes consider developing such a plan, and offers the following tips, tools, andsuccess stories.Tribal Waste Journal2
Waste Management: Developing anIntegrated Plan for Your TribeManaging waste is a challenge because it poses unique problems, is pervasive throughout allaspects of life, and must often be handled with limited resources. Therefore, it is important foreach tribe to develop a strategy for handling waste that prevents harmful methods of wastedisposal and instead includes alternative solutions that lead to safer waste managementpractices that will work and will be sustainable in the long-run. To help develop such a strategy,the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends that every tribe create a detailed,comprehensive plan, known as an Integrated Waste Management Plan (IWMP).What Is an IWMP andWhy It Is Important?There are several reasons whyevery tribe should create andimplement an IWMP. A plan canserve as a roadmap for developingan effective waste managementprogram and can help guide yourIn addition, developing an IWMPis useful because it provides tribeswith a way to identify waste management funding needs, researchpotential funding sources, andtrack funding requests. Outliningthe necessary resources, includinga budget and schedule, will helpto ensure that the financial needsof tribes are understood, thusensuring the sustainability of thewaste management program. Furthermore, government agenciesthat provide financial assistance totribal communities for solid wastemanagement look for sustainableprograms and detailed financialplanning (see “Tips for Funding anIntegrated Waste ManagementPlan” on page 23).Geography, demographics,financial needs, cultural needs,and current waste managementpractices are all described in anIWMP. For these reasons, no twoIWMPs are exactly the same.Plans should be specific to eachtribe and based on the tribe’stechnical and financial resources,as well as its priorities. Therefore,each plan should provide thespecific information and guidancea tribe needs to make criticaldecisions regarding wastemanagement.Tribal Waste JournalAn IWMP is a document thatoutlines various aspects of wastemanagement, including the collection, storage, and disposal ofwaste, source reduction, recyclingand composting, facility management, and budgeting and financing.This plan identifies existing solidwaste systems, assesses needs,and sets forth the ways to design,implement, and monitor a moreeffective and sustainable solidwaste management program.tribe’s waste management efforts.In addition, the plan will help yourtribe identify successful strategiesfor managing both current andfuture waste streams. This willhelp your tribe anticipate and meetboth existing and future needs.3
No two IWMPs are exactly the same. Plans should be specificto each tribe and based on the tribe’s technical and financialresources, as well as its priorities.Key decisions that should beaddressed in the process ofplanning for and writing anIWMP include: Is waste management atop priority? What are the most challengingwaste management issues? What opportunities existfor waste reduction? What type of collectionsystem can the tribe use forwaste and recyclables? How much funding will beneeded to implement theprogram now and sustain it inthe future? What resources are available?Setting GoalsEvery IWMP needs a set ofgoals and objectives (see“Goals: The Backbone ofYour IWMP“ on page 15). Forexample, if illegal dumping isa problem in your community,a goal might be to reduce thenumber of illegal dump sitesby using enforcement tools.Solid WasteManagementHierarchyTribal Waste Journal4Goals may vary, but should beidentified and established atthe beginning of the planningprocess to help create a vision.They should also include targetsto measure progress. Generally,the goals should follow thehierarchy of waste management, which prefers sourcereduction, followed by reuse,recycling, and disposal. Othergoals and objectives may be: Protecting tribal members’health and safety. Obtaining tribal governments’support for funding andenforcement of waste management issues. Enhancing waste reductionprograms to achieve aminimum of 50 percent wastereduction. Coordinating and communicating with other jurisdictions andgovernment entities to carryout components of the plan. Creating convenient recyclingopportunities throughout thecommunity. Maintaining efficient andenvironmentally safe landfilloperations. Providing incentives toseparate, reduce, reuse,and recycle.Waste management is acomplex puzzle with manypieces. An IWMP will enable atribe to look at various aspectsof waste management anddetermine the best course ofaction for implementing andoperating an integrated program.Whether the goals are shortor long-term, a coordinatedand comprehensive plan willguide and focus efforts towardachieving success. Ultimately,an IWMP will help a tribereduce, manage, and disposeof waste through a systemthat offers the highest level ofprotection to the health of tribalmembers and the environment. Increasing public awarenessof solid waste issues througheducation and informationdissemination.SourceReductionand ReuseMost PreferredRecycling/CompostingIf you would like to follow thesuggestions of EPA’s solidwaste management hierarchy,your waste managementgoals should focus on sourcereduction and reuse as beingthe most preferred ways toaddress solid waste.Combustion andEnergy RecoveryLandfilling and Incinerationwithout Energy RecoverySource: EPA (www.epa.gov/garbage/faq.htm)Least Preferred
Blackfeet Nation Plans for a CleanerToday and Greener TomorrowIn Montana, the Blackfeet Nation has adopted a comprehensive approach to solid waste management that has led to a more efficient waste disposal program. To devise this comprehensiveapproach, the Blackfeet Nation developed an Integrated Waste Management Plan (IWMP). Thisplan helps the tribe meet its current and future waste management needs.The Blackfeet Nation Environmental Office created its IWMPseveral years ago, with assistancefrom EPA Region 8. In creatingthe plan, the Environmental Officegained a better understandingof the resources and programsthat existed, accomplishments,needs, and what resources werelacking, says Gerald Wagner,Director of the Blackfeet NationEnvironmental Office.The IWMP development processalso led to the determination that,ideally, the Blackfeet Nation’s solidwaste program should be carriedout by one full-time, fully fundedemployee. However, even withouta full-time employee dedicated toimplementing the IWMP, the staffhas been able to become moreorganized. These efforts haveallowed staff to respond to callsand inquiries about waste, ensureregulatory compliance, and investigate incidents of illegal dumpingas well as other crimes.Another outcome from developing an IWMP has been thatMr. Wagner is able to moreeffectively explain the solid wasteprogram to tribal members,especially those who believe thatwaste management servicesshould be free of charge. TheEnvironmental Office providestrash containers for a fee to construction sites, people undertaking renovations, special events,and more. The EnvironmentalOffice also charges fees forhauling the trash and may have toraise these fees in the future.“Many people have the mentalitythat they don’t have to payfor government services, andthis myth has to be dispelled,”explains Mr. Wagner. “The IWMPhelps us do that by letting peoplesee what they’re getting fortheir money.”Tribal Waste JournalAs part of the development oftheir IWMP, the environmentalstaff discussed various wastemanagement options, includingopening a new certified landfill.Public meetings were held togather the community’s input. Inthe end, when implementing theIWMP, the Blackfeet Nation choseto construct a transfer station tocollect, process, and haul trash toa certified offsite landfill.5
In addition, the plan has helped bring the Blackfeet Nation closer to having a waste management programthat is sustainable and protects human health and the environment. The goal of the Blackfeet Nation’s Environmental Office is to protect, preserve, and enhance the environment on its tribal lands through environmental stewardship. This plan is a large part of the Blackfeet Nation’s efforts to meet this goal.The IWMP also has been helpful in meetings with the Blackfeet community and elected officials to demonstrate what the Environmental Office is doing, future goals, and what resources are needed for managingwastes on tribal lands. In addition, the IWMP illustrates how every tribal member plays a role in keeping theBlackfeet Reservation, as well as Big Sky country, clean and safe. “Questions about solid waste need to berephrased to ask, ‘What are we going to do about the trash problem? What are we going to do about opendumping?” Mr. Wagner says. “Everyone has to be part of the solution.”For more information on the Blackfeet Nation’s activities, contact Gerald Wagner at 406–338–7421 orgwagner@3rivers.net.Tribal Waste Journal6The Integrated Waste Management Plan has helped bring theBlackfeet Nation closer to having a waste management programthat is sustainable and protects human health and the environment.
Waste: What it is and Why it MattersCountless items and materials contribute to the waste stream. These items can be placed intotwo categories, based on the nature of the item and disposal requirements. The first category,general household and commercial waste, typically includes everyday products and items used athome and in the office. The second category of waste, known as “special waste,” includes itemsthat require special arrangements for disposal. The following provides more information on thesetwo categories of waste and related sub-categories.General Household &Commercial WasteGeneral household and commercial waste is generated from theeveryday items we use at homeand at work such as food scraps,newspaper, paper, cardboardboxes, bottles, cans, and muchmore. General household andcommercial waste consists ofthe items typically thought of as“garbage” or “trash.”However, for many tribal communities, their geographic locationand rural setting creates additional challenges for efficientlymanaging waste. Being locatedfar from any municipality or citycan make it difficult to properlydispose of waste. Part of thesolution could be to partner withneighboring communities to holdcollection events and includethese waste streams in their Integrated Waste Management Plans.The best option is, of course, togenerate less waste in the firstplace. Common waste preventionpractices include reusing plasticbottles, bags, containers, andcoffee mugs; substituting paperwith cloth napkins; and purchasingitems that are durable, made fromrecyclables, and packaged inless material.Special WasteWaste that requires specialhandling or consideration whenbeing disposed of is oftenreferred to as “special waste.”This waste is not normallycollected with other solid wasteand requires special planning forproper disposal. The followingtypes of waste are included inthis category.Tribal Waste JournalMany communities and businesses have created and implemented practices to reduce,recycle, and better manageeveryday waste. Recyclingprograms, where materials likeglass, metal, plastics, and paperare collected, separated, and sentto facilities that process them intonew materials or products, havebecome more common. In 2006,more than 8,660 curbside collection programs served roughlyhalf of the population in theUnited States.7
Partnering with neighboring communities to hold collection eventsand build other waste streams into their waste managementsystems can prove to be effective and efficient options.HouseholdHazardous WasteSome products used foreveryday household cleaningand upkeep contain corrosive,toxic, ignitable, and/or reactiveingredients. These products areconsidered to be “householdhazardous waste,” which can beharmful to humans and the environment if they are not disposedof properly. Often people do notrealize that leftover householdproducts, such as oil, batteries,cleaners, furniture polishes, andpaints, need to be disposed ofin a special manner. Improperdisposal, such as pouring thesewastes down the drain ordumping them in the backyard,can lead to explosions, fires, andcontamination of soil and groundwater. Hosting semi-annual orannual collection events andpartnering with other local communities to combine volumeand reduce hauling costs canhelp to effectively managehousehold hazardous waste.Construction andDemolition DebrisTribal Waste Journal8Construction and demolition(C&D) debris is generatedfrom a variety of constructionand demolition activities. Thequantity and type of C&D debriscan vary greatly dependingon the type of construction(e.g., office buildings, recreational facilities, schools, andresidences), and the type ofproject (e.g., new construction,remodeling, renovation, clearingof land, and road repair). C&Ddebris is generally bulky wasteand can include wood, brokenconcrete, steel, asphalt, brick,plaster, wallboard, and piping.Many components of C&Ddebris can be recycled includingasphalt, concrete, wood, metals,and even “mixed-waste” rubble.Recycling facilities for thesematerials vary by market (checkwith your local municipality tosee what items they accept forrecycling). In addition, someC&D debris may be consideredhazardous waste and shouldbe separated and disposed ofproperly.BatteriesBatteries of every shape andsize serve as a convenientpower source in everythingfrom children’s toys toemergency radios, but oncea non-rechargeable battery nolonger produces power, it isconsidered a special wasteand requires proper disposal.Batteries contain heavymetals such as mercury, lead,cadmium, and nickel, which cancontaminate the environment.When burned, these metalscan be released into the air orcan concentrate in the ash. Allbatteries can and should berecycled. The Web site of theRechargeable Battery RecyclingCorporation, a nonprofit organization, can help you find anearby battery and cell phonerecycling location by zip code.Also, be sure to visit Earth 911’sWeb site, www.earth911.org/consumer/index.php, to locateone of the more than 50,000recycling or reuse locationsnationwide.TiresScrap tires from cars, trucks,and farm equipment, whenimproperly disposed, can pose athreat to human health and theenvironment. Placing scrap tiresinto a landfill or dumping theminto a large pile creates multiplethreats, such as the potentialfor large, difficult-to-extinguishfires that release smoke andtoxic oils. The shape of tires alsocollects and holds rainwater,creating an ideal habitat forbreeding of mosquitoes androdents that can carry diseases.For more information onscrap tires and how to recyclethem, visit ons.htm.Used OilUsed motor oil is insoluble, slowto deg
waste management program. Fur-thermore, government agencies that provide financial assistance to tribal communities for solid waste management look for sustainable programs and detailed financial planning (see “Tips for Funding an Integrated Waste Management Plan” on page 23). Geography, demographics, financial needs, cultural needs,
Tribal Chair, Robert Pino, Srt . Pauma Band of Luiseño Indians Tribal Chair, Temet A. Aguilar Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel Tribal Chair, Virgil Perez Rincon Band of Luiseño Indians Tribal Chair, Bo Mazzetti Inaja-Cosmit Band of Indians Tribal Chair, Rebecca M. Osuna San Pasqual Band of Mi
3. Urban waste generation by income level and year 12 4. Waste collection rates by income 15 5. Waste collection rates by region 15 6. Waste composition in China 17 7. Global solid waste composition 17 8. Waste composition by income 19 9. Solid waste composition by income and year 20 10. Waste composition by region 21 11. Total MSW disposed of .
Integrated Solid Waste Management Generation-Source Perspective Residential Collection of Waste Segregation of Waste Recycling waste (organic & inorganic) Waste Exchange Discarded waste Treatment Recovery Final waste Final disposal Hazardous Waste for Treatment & Disposal 3R Services (Healthcare, Laboratory, etc.) Industrial &
Brahmavar. Results have reported as frequency and proportion. Independent t test was used to compare the self-esteem of tribal and non-tribal student. Study' found that more than two third of the tribal student had low self-esteem. There was statistically significant difference (p 0.01) in self-esteem between tribal and non-tribal students.
4. Identifying waste/garbage that can be reused and/or recycled 5. Describe waste/garbage disposal of the family 6. Recognize words related to waste management by sight 7. Read sight words related to waste management. 8. Read sentences illustrating proper waste management. 9. Practice proper waste management such as waste segregation and 3R 10.
Ed Hermes, Law & Order Tribal Edition: How The Tribal Law and Order Act Has Failed To Increase Tribal Court Sentencing Authority, Arizona State Law Journal (Summer 2013). Pg. 685. 4 year and a fine of 5,000, or both; (8) deny to any person within its jurisdiction
LCA- Waste LCA introduced in waste management in mid 1990s Waste LCA is system based, often focusing on a service: e.g. management of waste from city From “bin-to-grave” or “curbside to grave” The waste in itself is often considered a “zero-burden-boundary” – Waste is the starting point, it exists
This tutorial can also be used to learn Python programming language from scratch. Prerequisites You should have a basic understanding of Computer Programming terminologies. A basic understanding of any of the programming languages is a plus. Execute Python Programs For most of the examples given in this tutorial you will find Try it option, so just make use of it and enjoy your learning. Try .
