Introduction To RET - KTH
Introduction to RenewableEnergygy TechnologygyMarianne Salomón
OutlineDefinition of RenewableDefiniton of NonNon-renewablerenewableWorld Energy OutlookRenewable EnergyHydropowerBiomassWind EnergySolar EnergyGeothermal EnergyTidal EnergyWave EnergygyOcean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)Advantages of Renewable EnergyProblems and LimitationsCurrent TrendsPotential & ForecastsRenewable Energy Technology Course2
Renewable EnergyRenewable energygy is the term used tocover those energy flows that occurnaturally and repeatedly in theenvironment and can be harnessed forhuman benefitbenefit.The ultimate sources of most of thisenergy are the sun, gravity and theearth’s rotation.Renewable Energy Technology Course3
Nonrenewable EnergyNonrenewable energy is energy obtainedffromstatict ti storestoff energy thatth t remainibound unless released by humaninteraction.interactionExamples: nuclear fuels and fossil fuels (coal(coal,oil, natural gas). The energy is initially anisolated energy potential and external action isi d to iinitiateiih supplyl off energy fforrequiredthepractical purposes.Nonrenewable energy supplies are also calledfinite supplies.Renewable Energy Technology Course4
World Energy OutlookPredominance of fossil fuels (about 80%)World Primary Energy Demand by Fuel – reference scenarioSource: IEA World Energy Outlook 2009Renewable Energy Technology Course5
World Total Primary EnergySupply**Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, biofuels and waste, and heatSource: IEA (2011) World key energy statisticsRenewable Energy Technology Course6
Primary Energy ConsumptionRenewable Energy Technology CourseSource: IEA7
Incremental world primary energydemand by fuelfuel, 20002000-20102010Source: IEA - World energy outlook 2011Renewable Energy Technology Course
World electricity generation**Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, biofuels and waste, and heat.Source: IEA (2011) World key energy statisticsRenewable Energy Technology Course9
Electricity consumption percapitaRenewable Energy Technology Course10
Electricity useRenewable Energy Technology Course11
Millions of people withoutaccess to electricitySource: IEA WEO 2011Renewable Energy Technology Course12
Why Should We Use RenewableEnergyNon-renewable resources are limitedSecurity of SupplyIncrease in the world energy consumptionSustainabilityEnergyEnvironmentS i tSocietyEconomyRenewable Energy Technology Course13
Limited resourcesTechnology has improved very much over the last 10 to 15 years reserves increasedincreased.Estimated max for next 100 years. For Western Europe it isestimatedti t d tto lastl t ffor 10 years andd forf NorthN th AmericaAi aboutb t 25years.Renewable Energy Technology Course14
Security of supply - oilMiddle east holds 61% of the world oil reserves andRenewableEnergyTechnology CourseEurope&Eurasia 11% (source:BP,2012)15
Security of supply – naturalgasMiddle east holds 41% of the world natural gas reserves andRenewable Energy Technology CourseEurope&Eurasia 33% (source: BP 2012)16
Security of supplyPossible vulnerabilities:dependence on the resource in question.supplypp y and demand problems.pvulnerability and exposure of supply.variety of sources of disruptionVolatile prices: ”The price of crude oilby the barrel has seen a degree ofvolatility in recent weeks (BBC newsJuly 2012)““Crude oil prices are going up as Gulfof Mexico production goes down(Aug. 2012)Could oil reach 200/barrel withinfew years?Renewable Energy Technology Course17
Crude Oil Prices since 1861Renewable Energy Technology Course18Source: BP, 2012
Oil supplySource: BP, 2012Renewable Energy Technology Course19
Natural GasSource: BPRenewable Energy Technology Course20
Natural gas EuropeRenewable Energy Technology Course21
Growth in primary energydemandSource: International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2011Renewable Energy Technology Course22
Net oil import dependence in mainimporting countries/regionsReference scenario. Source: IEA WEO 2009Renewable Energy Technology Course23
SustainabilityDefinition: “Meeting the needs of thepresent generation without compromisingthe ability of future generations to meet theirneeds." Brundtland-1987The world has finite resources and a finitecapacity to absorb the ecological burdens thathumans may put on it was widely discussed bymany scientists during this periodperiod.Concerns raised from the exponential growth ofhuman population and the effect of this growthon the environment.Renewable Energy Technology Course24
Human effects on theenvironmentStratospheric ozone depletionGreenhouse gas emissionsGlobal warmingAcid rainUnsafe drinking waterHazardous/solid waste disposalLoss of plant and animal species, and humanhealth and well-being.Environmental protection has usually taken the formof end-of-pipe solutions that often requiredconsiderable money and natural resources affectindustry profitRenewable Energy Technology Course25
Population Growth - EmissionsRenewable Energy Technology Course26
CO2 concentration in theatmosphereSource: Boyle, G. 2004Renewable Energy Technology Course27
CO2 concentrations - forecastSource: Boyle, G. 2004Renewable Energy Technology Course28
CO2 emissions by RegionSource: IEA key energy statistics 2011Renewable Energy Technology Course29
Global warmingRenewable Energy Technology Course30
Climate changeSource: IPCCRenewable Energy Technology Course31
Global Warming - ForecastRenewable Energy Technology Course32
Climate change IISource: IPCCRenewable Energy Technology Course33
Climate Change ScenariosSource:Souce Nationala o a GeographicGeog ap cRenewable Energy Technology Course34
Climate change forecastFrom the national geographichtt //http://www.youtube.com/watch?v 2 ZQRIsn2pA&fet b/ t h? 2 ZQRI 2 A&fature PlayList&p 779E289383DA723Ehttp://www youtube com/watch?v Phttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v P0 gDXqYeQ&feature PlayList&p 779E289383DA723E&index 4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v 6rdLu7wiZOE&feature PlayList&p 779E289383DA723E&index 3http://www youtube com/watch?v skFrR3g4BRQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v skFrR3g4BRQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v 7nRf2RTqANghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v O8qmaAMK4cMhttp://www youtube com/watch?v O8qmaAMK4cMRenewable Energy Technology Course35
Renewable energySource: Boyle, G. 2004Renewable Energy Technology Course36
HydropowerIs one of the prevailing energy-producingtechnologies.It pprovides about 20% of the world’selectricity. In the ”developing world” theproportionpprises upp to 40%.Hydrologic CycleRenewable Energy Technology Course37
Electricity Production fromHydropowerRenewable Energy Technology Course38
Hydropower PotentialRenewable Energy Technology Course39
Hydropower Potential by RegionRenewable Energy Technology Source:Course Global Energy Network Institute40
Hydropower potential inEuropeSource: 2012 UNEP/GRID-ArendalUNEP/GRID ArendalRenewable Energy Technology Course41
Solar EnergyThe amount of solar energygy incidenton the earth every year is:Equivalent to 160 times the energy storedin the world’s proven reserves of fossilfuelsEquivalent to more than 15 000 times theworld'sworlds annual use of fossil and nuclearfuels and hydropowerRenewable Energy Technology Course42
Solar energyThree different technologiesgcontributeto the capture and application of solarenergy: solar photovoltaics (PV) andconcentrating solar power (CSP) toprovide electricity,electricity and solarcollectors to provide directly usableh t (or( cooling).li )heatRenewable Energy Technology Course43
Solar EnergyRenewable Energy Technology Course44
Solar energy irradiation on the earthevery yearRenewable Energy Technology Source:Course Global Energy Network Institute45
Solar ThermalSolar energygy can be used directlyy fordifferent purposes such as:Space or water heating at relative lowtemperatures by absoption in solarcollectors.collectorsPassive heating in buildings designed totake advantage of solar energyenergy.Generation of electricity by concentratingthethattth solarl energy iin parabolicb li mirrorsithheat up the water to several thousand CRenewable Energy Technology Course46
Solar Thermal CollectorsRenewable Energy Technology Course47
Solar Thermal ProductionRenewable Energy Technology Course48Parabolic concentrators
Solar heating and coolingpotentialRegional solar heating and cooling generation inth buildingstheb ildisectort andd iindustryd tRenewable Energy Technology Course49
PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics (PV)( )convert directly thesolar energy intoelectricity in a solidstate device madefrom silicon.It is based on thephotovoltaic effect.Renewable Energy Technology Course50
Electricity Production with PVRenewable Energy Technology Course51
PVs in Europe – Sahre of theinstalled capacity in 2011MWMWMWRenewable Energy Technology CourseSource: The European Wind Energy Association, 201252
Solar Energy PotentialRenewable Energy Technology Course53
Wind EnergyWind energygy offers thepotential to generatesubstantial amounts ofelectricity without thepollution problems ofmost conventionalfformsoff energyRenewable Energy Technology Course54
Wind EnergyRenewable Energy Technology Course55
Wind Energy in EuropeThe EU’s total installedpower capacityit was895’878 MW, with windpower increasing itsshare to 10.5% (93,957MW).MW)The wind capacityinstalled (2011) would,in a normal year,pproduce 204 TWh ofelectricity, representing6.3% of electricityticonsumptionRenewable Energy Technology Course56
Wind share of total electricityconsumption in Europe (2011)Renewable Energy Technology CourseSource: The European Wind Energy Association, 201257
Wind Energy PotentialRenewable Energy Technology Course58
Offshore Wind EnergyRenewable Energy Technology Course59
BiomassBiomass is one of themajor world fuelsources, especially inthe third world, wher itprovides 40% of therequirements.Biomass is alsoimportant in some ofthe forestrich part offorest-richthe industrial nations.Renewable Energy Technology Course60
Biomass – CO2 NeutralBiomass is considered CO2 neutralSource: ONRLRenewable Energy Technology Course61
Biomass ConversionDirect nPyrolysisy yV iVariousGaseous andLiquid Fuels,Tars ationEthanolEnergyand HeatBiologicalConversionRenewable Energy Technology Course62
Biofuels - EthanolCorn ethanol (USA)Sugarcane ethanol (Brazil) USA Production cost 1.09 Brazil Production cost 0.87 /gallon /gallon Energy Balance - 1 unit fossil Energy Balance - 1 unit fossil fuelfuel energy produces 1.3 units ofenergy produces 8 units of energyenergy from ethanolfrom ethanolRenewableCourse Greenhouse gases - 22%lessEnergy Technology Greenhousegases - 56% less 63than gasoline (lbs/gallon)than gasoline (lbs/gallon)
Bioethanol in SwedenEthanol from wheat - Agroetanol (Norrköping)The plantThl t producesdannuallyll 50 millionilli litliters off ethanolthlintended for gasoline replacement and 45 000 tonnes ofprotein feed (DDGS).Th steamThetandd electricall t i l power neededd d tto operatet ththeplant both originate from renewable sources. The steam,which is primarily used for destillation and drying of feed, isproduced in the biobio-fuelledfuelled power plant close byby.CellulosicSEKAB (Ö(Örnsköldsvik)Ceu os c Ethanola o -Ss ö ds )It has a capacity of 300-400 litres of ethanol per 24 hours.Current raw material used in the development process iswood chips from pine trees,trees but other raw materials suchas bagasse from sugarcane, wheat and corn stover,energy grass and recycled waste are also of future interestfor the projectproject.Renewable Energy Technology Course64
BiodieselEnergygy balance of biodiesel pproductionfrom canola oil - 1 unit fossil fuelenergy produces 22.55 units of energyfrom biodieselGGreenhousehgases - 68% lless ththangasoline (lbs/gallon)Renewable Energy Technology Course65
Biomass PotentialRenewable Energy Technology Course66
Biomass in EuropeSource: European Biomass Association 2011Renewable Energy Technology Course67
Geothermal EnergyGeothermal energyresultslt fromfheath t storedt d inirock by th earth’s naturalheat flow.flowGeothermal energy canbe directly used inindustrial processes,space heating, domesticand leisure applicationsand electricity production.Suitable for base loadgenerationRenewable Energy Technology CourseSource: Boyle, G. 200468
Geothermal EnergyRenewable Energy Technology Course69
Geothermal Energy in EuropeRenewable Energy Technology CourseSource: Global Energy Network Institute70
Geothermal installed capacityin EuropeSource: European Geothermal Energy Council, 2012Renewable Energy Technology Course71
Geothermal DH InstalledCapacity in Europe (2010)Renewable Energy Technology Course72
Tidal EnergyTidal energy is the result of the interactionof the gravitational pull of the moon and, toa lesser extent, the sun, on the seas.Tidal energy traditionally involves erectinga dam across the openingpg to a tidal basin.The dam includes a sluice that is openedto allow the tide to flow into the basin; thesluice is then closed,and as the sea leveldrops.Renewable Energy Technology CourseSource: Boyle, G. 200473
Tidal Energy Project in UKRenewable Energy Technology CourseSource: IPG, 200474
Tidal Energy PotentialRenewable Energy Technology Course75
Wave EnergyOcean waves are generated by wind passingove stretches of water.The total power of waves breaking on theworld'sworlds coastlines is estimated at 2 to 3million megawatts. In favorable locations,wave energy density can average 65megawatts per mile of coastline.Renewable Energy Technology Course76
Wave Energy PotentialRenewable Energy Technology CourseSource: Global Energy Network Institute77
OTECOTEC, or ocean thermal energy conversion, is an energytechnology that converts solar radiation to electric power.OTEC systems use the ocean's natural thermal gradient (thefact that the ocean's layers of water have differenttemperatures) to drive a powerpower-producingproducing cyclecycle. As long as thetemperature between the warm surface water and the colddeep water differs by about 20 C (36 F), an OTEC system canproduce a significantpgamount of ppower.The oceans are thus a vast renewableresource with the potential to help usresource,produce billions of watts of electric power.y, the oceans absorb enoughg heatEach day,from the sun to equal the thermal energycontained in 250 billion barrels of oil.Renewable EnergySource:TechnologyCourseBoyle, G.200478
Sea Surface TemperatureRenewable Energy Technology Course79
HydrogenAlthough it is not a renewable energy, hydrogen is an energycarrier that an be produced from it and has gained relevance inthe past years.Renewable Energy Technology Course80
Solar Energy The amount of solar energy incident on the earth every year is: Equivalent to 160 times the energy storedEquivalent to 160 times the energy stored in the world’s proven reserves of fossil fuels Equivalent to more than 15 000 times the worldworlds's annual use of fossil and nuclear annual use of fossil and nuclear fuels and hydropower
Ret Gen Cetin Dogan Ret Gen Ibrahim Firtina Ret Gen Ergin Saygun Ret Adm Ozden Ornek Ret Adm Ahmet Feyyaz Ogutcu Sledgehammer Operation 2 (AA, 26 February) 26 Feb 2010 13 provinces including Istanbul, Konya, Batman, Sirnak, Elazig, Mardin, Diyarbakir 17 serving and 1 retired mi
eligible retirement age, and requested transfer to RET-1. RET-2: Members who are retired but are not receiving retired pay. To be in a RET-2 status members must have a minimum of 20 years of satisfactory TQS and request transfer to RET-2. Members in a RET-2 status typically have not reached the minimum eligib
Alpine Buick GMC South Ret 41,000 0 0 0 0 0 41,000 13750 Grant St Northeast Ret 38,000 8,500 0 0 0 0 29,500 Washington Plaza Northeast Ret 128,257 0 0 0 0 0 28,111 Belmar West Ret 118,050 0 0 0 0 0 27,611 2896 Fairfax St Central Ret 27,000 0 0 0 0 0
ret dave tonolli janesville wald pemb 32 467 243 710 65.77% ret rex haugen pelican rapids 34 467 289 756 61.77% ret gregg preston ff hillcrest academy 27 ## 463 198 661 70.05% ret ken novak sr. hopkins 35 459 231 690 66.52% ret tim anfenson st michael albertville 30 & 458 306
MG Walter Tagawa, USAR, Ret (J ) MG Antonio Taguba, USA, Ret (F ) MG Stephen Tom, USAR (C ) MG Ming T. Wong, USA, DC. CG William Beaumont Army Med. Ctr. (C ) MG Garrett S. Yee, USAR, (C ) BG Clarence M. Agena, USAR, Ret. (J ) BG Antonio A. Aguto, USA BG John Aiona, USA, Ret (P ) BG Joseph Chavez, HIARNG (P ) BG Paul Y. Chinen, USA, Ret. (J )
Analysis of Performance Measures That Affect NBA . Salaries. SIMON LOUIVION : FELICIA PETTERSSON. Degree Projects in Applied Mathematics and Industrial Economics: Degree Programme in : Industrial Engineering and Management : KTH : Royal Institute of Technology year 2017 Supervisors at KTH: Henrik Hult, Kristina Nyström . Examiner at KTH: Henrik Hult. TRITA-MAT-K 2017:15 ISRN-KTH/MAT/K--17/15 .
By navigating to KTH intra IT website (https://intra.kth.se/it), then choosing \MS Dreamspark Pre- mium" (or followthis link), press the \Microsoft Dreamspark Premium" login button. 2 Log in using your KTH credentials, then search for Microsoft Visual Studio. At the time of writing this tutorial, the product was presented on the rst page.
RET Cable Assembly ATCB-B01-060 Addtional Products: ATJB200-A01-007 Seven-Way Junction Box ATGK-001 RET Grounding Kit (used for cable runs over 60m) 602299 Grounding Kit (used for grounding RET components) **Component includes 602299 grounding kit. Example RET cable lengths shown. Coax cables are not shown. *If the actuators are daisy-chained
