Examination Paper For TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques

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TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery TechniquesFinal exam December 17, 20161Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied GeophysicsExamination paper for TPG4150 Reservoir RecoveryTechniquesAcademic contact during examination: Jon KleppePhone: 91897300/73594925Examination date: December 17, 2016Examination time (from-to): 09:00 – 13:00Permitted examination support material: D/No printed or hand-written supportmaterial is allowed. A specific basic calculator is allowed.Other information:Language: EnglishNumber of pages (front page excluded): 4Number of pages enclosed: 0Informasjon om trykking av eksamensoppgaveChecked by:Originalen er:1-sidig 2-sidigxsort/hvitxfarger skal ha flervalgskjema DateSignature

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery TechniquesFinal exam December 17, 20162Symbols used are defined in the AttachmentQuestion 1 (10 points)This question relates to the group project work.a) Outline briefly the main objective of the Gullfaks I1 group project.b) How did your group proceed to reach the objective?c) Which sensitivity calculations did your group make, and did you observe significant variationsin reservoir behavior?SolutionThe students should give sufficient info to prove that they actively participated in the group work.Question 2 (10 points)Consider a cross-section for a homogeneous reservoir with defined WOC and GOC and ameasured reference oil pressure at a reference depth:a) Sketch typical capillary pressure curves used for equilibrium calculations of initial saturations.Label important points.b) Sketch typical initial water, oil and gas pressures vs. depth. Label important points used andexplain briefly the procedure used.c) Sketch the corresponding initial water, oil and gas saturation distributions determined byequilibrium calculations and capillary pressure curves. Label important points and explainbriefly the procedure used.d) Explain the concepts of WOC contact and free surface, using a sketchSolutiona)

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery TechniquesFinal exam December 17, 2016b)3c)At the WOC Po-Pw Pdow, and at GOC Pg-Po Pdog. Initial pressures are computed usingdensities and assuming equilibrium. At WOC Sw 1,0. At any z value, Pcow is computed from thedifference in Po and Pw, and the corresponding Sw is found from the Pcow-curve. At GOC Sg 0.At any z-value above the corresponding Sg is found from the Pcog-curved)

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery TechniquesFinal exam December 17, 20164Question 3 (7 points)Sketch typical Bo , Bw , Bg , µ o , µw , µ g , and Rso curves. Label axes, characteristic points and saturatedPµοPPPbp

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery TechniquesFinal exam December 17, 20165Question 4 (14 points)a) List all steps and formulas/equations/definitions used in the derivation of a one-phase fluidflow equation.b) Derive the following equation:1 P φµc Pr ()r r r k tShow all steps in the derivation.c) Which two main types of boundary conditions are normally used to represent reservoir fluidproduction and injection?d) Write the steady-state form of equation b) above, and solve for pressure as a function of radiusfor boundary conditions P(r re ) Pe and P(r rw ) PwSolutiona)--- 4 p -- Mass balance (continuity) Darcy s PVT relationship Pore volume relationshipb)--- 4 p --For a cylindrical geometry, the flow area is (for a full circle):A 2πrhThe mass balance:{uρA}r {uρA}r Δr t {φAΔrρ} .Substituting for area, assuming h to be constant, dividing by by rΔr, and taking the limit as Δrgoes to zero, we get the continuity equation for cylindrical flow:1 ( rρu ) (φρ) .r x tWe use the compressibility definitions for rock and fluid (at constant temperature):1 φcr φ Pcf 1 V1 ρor c f V Pρ Pto simplify the right hand side of the equation: P(φρ) ρφc t tAfter substituting for Darcy s equation on the left hand side and using the standardsimplification in regard to the density term on the left side:2 P 2Pc f 2 . x x

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery TechniquesFinal exam December 17, 2016we get the following simple form of the cylindrical flow equation:1 P φµc P.r r r r k tc)--- 2 p -- Bottom hole pressure specified Production rate specifiedd)---2 p --The steady state form of the equation is:d dP r 0dr dr --- 2 p --Integrating twice, we get:P(r) C1 ln(r) C2 .Application of the BC s in order to find the integration constants yields(P P )P(r) Pw e w ln(r / rw )ln(re / rw )Question 5 (22 points)Consider a production well and derive expressions for surface gas production rate (Qgs), surfacewater production rate (Qws),, and surface oil production rate (Qos), for the two cases below. Youmay neglect capillary pressures.a) Undersaturated oil reservoir with 100% oil saturation and a reservoir flow rate of Qor .b) Saturated oil reservoir with oil, water and gas inflow and a reservoir flow rate of Qor .Solutiona)Oil in stock-tank: 1/ BoSurface volume of gas: Rso / BoSurface volume of water: 0.b)Reservoir rates:QoR PI λo (P Pbh )QgR PI λg (P Pbh )QwR PI λw (P Pbh )Combining the equations and eliminating (P Pbh ) , we get:QgR QoR λg / λoQwR QoR λw / λo6

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery TechniquesFinal exam December 17, 2016The surface rates then become:QoS QoR / BoQwS QoR λw / λo / BwQgR QoR λg / λo / Bw QoS RsoQuestion 6 (14 points)Solutiona) Discuss the terms "diffuse flow" and "segregated flow". Which factors determine these flowconditions?--- 2 p -- Diffuse flow if dynamic pressure gradients dominate the flowδPie. gΔ ρ (leads to uniform saturation distribution vertically)δx Segregated flow if gravity gradients dominate the flowδPie. gΔρ δxb) What do we mean with the term “Vertical Equilibrium” in reservoir analysis and under whatconditions is it a reasonable assumption?--- 2 p -- Fluids segregate vertically immediately (in accordance with capillary pressure)δPie. gΔρ (the “ultimate” segregated flow)δxMay be a reasonable assumption in high permeability reservoirs wheredynamic gradiens are small and vertical segregation takes place quicklyc) What do we mean with the term “Piston Displacement” in reservoir analysis and under whatconditions is it a reasonable assumption?--- 2 p --Oil saturation behind displacement front is equal to residual oil saturationMay be a reasonable assumpion for very favourable mobility ratios, such as forwater displacement of oil in many North Sea sandstone reservoirsd) What assumptions are made in the application of Buckley-Leverett analysis?--- 2 p -- Diffuse flow, no capillary dispersion at the displacement fronte) What assumptions are made in the application of the Dykstra-Parson’s method?--- 2 p -- Piston displacement, isolated layers, constant ΔP across layersf) What assumptions are made in the application of the Vertical Equilibrium (VE) method?--- 2 p -- Instantaneous segregation of fluidsg) What assumptions are made in the application of Dietz’ method for stability analysis?--- 2 p -- Vertical equilibrium, piston displacement, no capillary pressure7

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery TechniquesFinal exam December 17, 2016Question 7 (13 points)Solutiona) Start with Darcy’s equations for displacement of oil by water in an inclined layer at an angleα (positive upwards):kk A Po qo ro ρo gsin α µ o xqw kkrw A ( Po Pc ) ρ wgsin α µw x and derive the expression for water fraction flowing, f w , inclusive capillary pressure andgravity.Rewriting the equations asµ P q o o o ρ o gsinαkkro A xµ P P q w w o c ρ wgsin αkkrw A x xand then subtracting the first equation from the second one, we get1 µµ P qw w qo o c Δ ρgsin αkA k rwk ro xSubstituting forq qw qoqfw wqand solving for the fraction of water flowing, we get the following expression:kk A Pc 1 ro Δρgsinα qµo xfw k µ1 ro wµo krwb) Make typical sketches for water fraction flowing, f w , vs. water saturation, assuming capillarypressure and gravity may be neglected, for the following cases: a high mobility ratio a low mobility ratio for piston displacement8

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery TechniquesFinal exam December 17, 20169“High” mobility ratio“Low” mobility ratioPiston displacementfwSwirSorSw

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery TechniquesFinal exam December 17, 201610c) Make a typical sketch for water saturation vs. x for water displacement of oil in a horizontalsystem (Buckley-Leverett), assuming capillary pressure and gravity may be neglected, for thefollowing cases: a high mobility ratio a low mobility ratio for piston displacementExplain the physical meaning behind these curves in terms of break-through time, water-cut atbreak-through and recovery factor.--- 3 p --The higher the mobility ratio, the lower will be the water saturation at the front, and the breakthrough of water will happen earlier. The water-cut at break-through and also the oil recoveryfactor will thus be lower. The lower the mobility ratio the break-through time will be longer andwater-cut at break-through as well as oil recovery factor will be higher. Piston displacement givesa perfect displacement so that water-cut at break-through is 100% and all the movable oil willhave been recovered.}Piston displacement“Low” mobility ratioSw“High” mobility ratio}x

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery TechniquesFinal exam December 17, 201611Question 8 (10 points)The general form of the Material Balance Equation may be written as (se attached definitions ofthe symbols used):[) ](N p Bo2 R p Rso2 Bg2 W p Bw 2 B C r C w S w1g2 N ( Bo2 Bo1) ( Rso1 Rso2 ) Bg2 mBo1 1 (1 m) Bo1P2 P1 ) (1 S w1 Bg1 (Wi We ) Bw 2 Gi Bg2a) What is the primary assumption behind the use of the Material Balance Equation, and which"driving mechanisms" or "energies" are included in the equation?solutionPrimary assumption: Zero-dimensional system(homogeneous system/no flow inside reservoir)Driving mechanisms: -Expansion/contraction of reservoir fluids (including gas cap)-Expansion/contraction of reservoir rock-Aquifer influx-Gas/water injectionb) Reduce the equation and find the expression for oil recovery factor ( N p / N ) for the followingreservoir system: The reservoir is originally 100% saturated with oil at a pressure higher than the bubblepoint pressure The production stream consists of oil and gas No injection of fluids No aquifersolutionN p Bo2 R p Rso2 Bg2 W p Bw 2 [) ]( B C C w S w1g2 N ( Bo2 Bo1) ( Rso1 Rso2 ) Bg2 mBo1 1 (1 m) Bo1 rP P(21 ) 1 S w1 Bg1 (Wi We ) Bw 2 Gi Bg2[()] [ N p Bo2 R p Rso2 Bg 2 N (Bo2 Bo1 ) (Rso1 Rso 2 ) Bg2 Bo1Cr ( P2 P1 )RF N p (Bo2 Bo1 ) (Rso1 Rso 2 ) Bg2 Bo1Cr (P2 P1 ) NBo2 R p Rso2 Bg 2()c) Simplify the expression in b) for the following situations:i) P2 Pb pii) P2 Pb p, cr and cw may be neglected]

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery TechniquesFinal exam December 17, 2016solutionP2 Pb p[) ](12[N p Bo2 R p Rso 2 Bg2 N (Bo2 Bo1 ) ( Rso1 Rso 2 )Bg 2 Bo1Cr (P2 P1 ) RF N p Bo1 Bo2 Cr (P2 P1 ) 1 NBo2 Bo1 solutionP2 Pb p, cr and cw may be neglected[()] [N p Bo2 R p Rso 2 Bg2 N (Bo2 Bo1 ) ( Rso1 Rso 2 )Bg 2 Bo1Cr (P2 P1 ) RF N p ( Bo2 Bo1 ) ( Rso1 Rso2 )Bg 2 NBo2 R p Rso 2 Bg2[()]]]d) Make the following sketches for the reservoir in b): A typical curve for GOR vs. time for the reservoir . Explain details of the curve.solutionGORRso (P Pbp )Sg SgcP PbpP PbpSg 0Sg 0time

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery TechniquesFinal exam December 17, 2016 13A typical curve for oil recovery factor, N p / N , vs. cumulative gas-oil ratio, R p . Explaindetails of the curve.RF N p (Bo2 Bo1 ) (Rso1 Rso 2 ) Bg2 Bo1Cr (P2 P1 ) NBo2 R p Rso2 Bg 2( RF )A(for a given set of P1 and P2 )B RpRFRF @ R p Rso1RF AB RpRpe) Reduce the equation for the following reservoir system: The reservoir is originally at bubble point pressure and has a gas cap The production stream consists of oil and gas No injection of fluids No aquifersolution[) ](N p Bo2 R p Rso2 Bg2 W p Bw 2 B C r C w S w1g2 N ( Bo2 Bo1) ( Rso1 Rso2 ) Bg2 mBo1 1 (1 m) Bo1( P2 P1) B1 S g1 w1 (Wi We ) Bw 2 Gi Bg2[()] N p Bo2 R p Rso2 Bg 2 B C Cw Sw1N (Bo2 Bo1 ) (Rso1 Rso 2 ) Bg2 mBo1 g 2 1 (1 m) Bo1 rP2 P1 ) (1 Sw1 Bg1

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery TechniquesFinal exam December 17, 2016f)14Make the following sketches: A typical curve for reservoir pressure vs. time for a large gas cap. A typical curve for reservoir pressure vs. time for a small gas cap.solutionPLarge gas capSmall gas captimeg)Reduce the equation for the following reservoir system: The reservoir is originally at a pressure higher than the bubble point pressure andcontains oil and water The production stream consists of oil, water and gas No injection of fluids Water flows into the reservoir from an aquifer.solutionN p Bo2 R p Rso2 Bg2 W p Bw 2 [() ] B C C w S w1g2 N ( Bo2 Bo1) ( Rso1 Rso2 ) Bg2 mBo1 1 (1 m) Bo1 rP P(21 ) 1 S w1 Bg1 (Wi We ) Bw 2 Gi Bg2 C Cw S w1 N p Bo2 ( Rp Rso2 ) Bg 2 W p Bw2 N ( Bo2 Bo1 ) ( Rso1 Rso2 ) Bg 2 Bo1 rP2 P1 ) We Bw2 ( 1 S w1

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery TechniquesFinal exam December 17, 201615h) Make the following sketches: A typical curve for reservoir pressure vs. time for a reservoir with a strong aquifer. A typical curve for reservoir pressure vs. time for a reservoir with a weak aquifer.solutionPStrong aquiferP PbpP PbpWeak aquifertime

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery TechniquesFinal exam December 17, 2016Attachment - Definition of symbolsBgBoBwCrCwΔPGiGORGpkk rok rwk rgmMeNN oµwγFormation volume factor for gas (res.vol./st.vol.)Formation volume factor for oil (res.vol./st.vol.)Formation volume factor for water (res.vol./st.vol.)Pore compressibility (pressure-1)Water compressibility (pressure-1)P2 P1Cumulative gas injected (st.vol.)Producing gas-oil ratio (st.vol./st.vol.)Cumulative gas produced (st.vol.)Absolute permeabilityRelative permeability to oilRelative permeability to oilRelative permeability to oilInitial gas cap size (res.vol. of gas cap)/(res.vol. of oil zone)End point mobility ratioOriginal oil in place (st.vol.)Gravity numberCumulative oil produced (st.vol.)PressureCapillary pressure between oil and waterCapillary pressure between oil and gasInjection rate (res.vol./time)Cumulative producing gas-oil ratio (st.vol./st.vol) G p / N pSolution gas-oil ratio (st.vol. gas/st.vol. oil)Gas saturationOil saturationWater saturationTemperatureBulk volume (res.vol.)Pore volume (res.vol.)Producing water cut (st.vol./st.vol.)Cumulative aquifer influx (st.vol.)Cumulative water injected (st.vol.)Cumulative water produced (st.vol.)Density (mass/vol.)PorosityGas viscosityOil viscosityWater viscosityHydrostatic pressure gradient (pressure/distance)16

Examination paper for TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques Academic contact during examination: Jon Kleppe Phone: 91897300/73594925 Examination date: December 17, 2016 Examination time (from-to): 09:00 – 13:00 Permitted examination support material: D/No printed or hand-written support material is allowed. A specific basic calculator is allowed.

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