Use Of Plastic Waste In Civil Constructions And Innovative .
MOJ Civil EngineeringReview ArticleOpen AccessUse of plastic waste in civil constructions andinnovative decorative material (eco-friendly)AbstractVolume 3 Issue 5 - 2017The project elucidates about the use of plastic in civil construction. The components usedinclude everything from plastic screws and hangers to bigger plastic parts that are used indecoration, electric wiring, flooring, wall covering and waterproofing. Plastic use in roadconstruction that have shown same hope in terms of using plastic waste in road construction.i.e. plastic roads. Plastic roads mainly use plastic carry bags, disposable cups and PETbottles that are collected from garbage dumps as important ingredients of the constructionmaterials. By using plastic waste as modifier, we can reduce the quantity of cement andsand by their weight, hence decreasing the overall cost of construction. At 5% optimummodifier content, strength of modified concrete we found to see the times greater than theplain cement concrete. Using plastic poisons our food chain under the plastic affects humanhealth. By the disposable plastics is the main source of plastic. For these plastic pollutionis not only the ocean also in desert. Plastic will increase the melting point of the bitumen.Rain water will not seep through because of the plastic in the tar. So, this technology willresult in lesser road repairs.Mohammed JalaluddinJayaprakash Narayan College of Engineering, IndiaCorrespondence: Mohammed Jalaluddin, B-Tech (CivilEngineering), M.E (Transportation Engineering), Department OfCivil Engineering,, Jayaprakash Narayan College of Engineering,Mahabubnagar, India, Tel 903-095-627-8,EmailReceived: May 19, 2017 Published: December 04, 2017Keywords: M2O, plain cement concrete, waste plastic, technology, construction, rainwaterIntroductionNowadays, human apply all of its potentiality to consume more. Theresult of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initialresources and increasing the landfill. In recent times, human fromthe one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price andfrom the other hand is following the way to get rid of the wastes. Thewaste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed,and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate methodfor exploitation of the nature. This paper introduces the developmentand low cost housing in India. At the present time, the possibility ofutilizing the renewable resources such as solar, geothermal has beenprovided for us more than before, and development of the renewableand alternative energies is making progress. Plastic have becomean essential part of our day to day life since their introduction overhundred years ago. The only way to reduce the hazards of plastic isreduce and reuse (Figure1).is resistant to acid, base, some solvents, oils, fats. PET is difficult tomelt and transparent and other properties are Table 2.Table 1 Properties of plasticFull FormPolyethylene terephthalateMolecular formulaC10H8O4Structure CompositionPolyester of Terephthalic acid andethylene glycolTable 2 Properties of soilSoil particleDiameter(mm)Gravel 2.0Sand0.05-2.0Silt0.002-0.05Clay 0.002Properties of plasticFigure 1 Types of plastic.Pet plasticIntroduction of PETPET is used for high impact resistant container for packaging ofsoda, edible oils and Peanut butter (Table 1). Used for cereal boxliners, Microwave food trays. Used in medicine for plastic vessels andfor Implantation. Plastic is heat resistant and chemically stable. PETSubmit Manuscript http://medcraveonline.comMOJ Civil Eng. 2017;3(5):359‒368.Plastic have many good characteristics which include versatility,light-ness, hardness, and resistant to chemicals, water and impact.Plastic is one of the most disposable materials in the modern world.It makes up much of the street side litter in urban and rural areas. Itis rapidly filling up landfills as choking water bodies. Plastic bottlesmake up approximately 11% of the content landfills, causing seriousenvironmental consequences.Due to the consequences some of the plastic facts are as follow:1.More than 20,000 plastic bottles are needed to obtain one tonof plastic.359 2017 Jalaluddin. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, whichpermits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.
Copyright: 2017 JalaluddinUse of plastic waste in civil constructions and innovative decorative material (eco-friendly)2.It is estimated that 100 million tons of plastic are produced eachyear.3.The average European throws away 36 kg. of plastics each year.4.Some plastic waste sacks are made from 64% recycled plastic.5.Plastics packaging totals 42% of total consumption and everyyear little of this is recycled. According to ENSO Bottles, in the1960’s plastic bottle production has been negligible but over theyears there was an alarming increase in bottles produced andsold but the rate of recycling is still very low.Plastics are produced from the oil that is considered as nonrenewable resource. Because plastic has the insolubility about300 years in the nature, it is considered as a sustainable waste andenvironmental pollutant. So reusing or recycling of it can be effectualin mitigation of environmental impacts relating to it. It has been proventhat the use of plastic bottles as innovative materials for building canbe a proper solution for replacement of conventional materials. Theuse of this material has been considered not only for exterior walls butalso for the ceiling of the building. The objective of this paper is toinvestigate the key and positive characteristics of this product and thebenefits obtained by using it in building. It also intends to compare thecharacteristics of some construction materials such as brick, ceramicand concrete block with bottle. One can use solar bomb (bottle filledwith bleaching powder solution) will be fitted on the roof for lightsource (Figure 2).360Decomposition: The main disadvantages of plastic bottles is the shearamount of time they take to decompose he averages plastic bottle takes500 years plastics decomposition can be agented by various factors,such as the types of plastic, the climate and acids in the landfill; plasticstill lasts a long time, filling landfills for an indefinite period.Non-renewable: Plastic is manufactured using oil by products andnatural gas material that could be used in numerous other applicationsor conserved was plastic usage lower. Natural gas for example, canbe used to heat houses and cook food. Using plastic in the volumewe currently do reduces the availability of these resources, which aregone forever when used up.Hard to use: The standard disposable plastic bottle is meant for oneuse, not many. Recycled plastic bottles are not refilled in mass theyglass beer bottles are, and flimsy plastic bottles do not lead themselveswell to at home re-usage. Water bottles, for example, are often reusedin the home but become less and less sturdy over time and areultimately thrown away.Difficult to recycle: Glass bottles can be meted and easily reused ascan tin cans. Recycling plastic is not so simple. Much of the plasticplaced in recycling boxes is not recycled at all, as most plastic cannotbe recycled those bottles that are recycled are not used to makenew bottles. Instead recycled plastic bottles are used to make nonrecyclable products, such as t-shirts, lactic lumber or parking lotbummers. This means more raw materials need to be used to createnew plastic bottles than is the case with easily recycled material, suchas glass or tin.Chapter-3: Basic construction materials andpropertiesIntroductionThis construction require some of the basic materials whichensures a stable, eco-friendly structure and also results in cheapconstruction as compared to brick wall. Materials uses for Bottle wallmasonry construction are:a. Soilb. Plastic bottlesFigure 2 PET bottle sales/recycled.c. CementChapter-2: Disadvantages of plastic bottlesd. Nylon ropeIntroductione. WaterPlastic bottles are certainly ubiquitous they bring us everythingfrom house hold cleaners to soft dryings to things so readily availableas water these bottles, while convenient, do have disadvantageswhen used on as wide a scale while most of these disadvantages areenvironmental in nature the consequences could have widespreadeconomical consequences in the long-term.Disadvantages of plastic bottlesI. DecompositionII. Non RenewableIII. Hard To UseIV. Difficult To RecycleSoil: Soil is the basic element in any construction project so beforeusing it in our project we have to study the basic properties of the soiland go through different tests, so as to check whether the soil sampleselected is suitable for the given project (Table 2).Soil texture: Soil texture can have a profound effect on many otherproperties and is considered among the most important physicalproperties. Texture is the proportion of three mineral particles, sand,silt and clay, in a soil. These particles are distinguished by size, andmake up the fine mineral fraction.Soil colloids: Soil colloids refer to the finest clay in a soil. Colloids arean important soil fraction due to properties that make them the locationof most physical and chemical activity in the soil. One such propertyis their large surface area. Smaller particles have more surface area forCitation: Jalaluddin M. Use of plastic waste in civil constructions and innovative decorative material (eco-friendly). MOJ Civil Eng. 2017;3(5):359‒368.DOI: 10.15406/mojce.2017.03.00082
Copyright: 2017 JalaluddinUse of plastic waste in civil constructions and innovative decorative material (eco-friendly)a given volume or mass of particles than larger particles. Thus, there isincreased contact with other colloids and with the soil solution. Thisresults in the formation of strong friction and cohesive bonds betweencolloid particles and soil water, and is why a clay soil holds togetherbetter than a sandy soil when wet.Soil structure: Soil structure is the arrangement and binding togetherof soil particles into larger clusters, called aggregates or pads.Aggregation is important for increasing stability against erosion, formaintaining porosity and soil water movement, and for improvingfertility and carbon sequestration in the soil. Granular structureconsists of loosely packed spherical pads that are glued togethermostly by organic substances.Soil porosity: Many important soil processes take place in soilpores (air or water-filled spaces between particles). Soil texture andstructure influence porosity by determining the size, number andinterconnection of pores. Coarse textured soils have many large(macro) pores because of the loose arrangement of larger particleswith one another. Fine-textured soils are more tightly arranged andhave more small (micro) pores. Macro pores in fine textured soils existbetween aggregates. Because fine-textured soils have both macro- andmicro pores, they generally have a greater total porosity, or sum of allpores, than coarse-textured soils.Plastic bottle: In this paper plastic bottles are used as a fundamentalelement, so we have gone through every property of the PETE bottlesso as to ensure a stable structure.Properties of pete bottle: Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene(PETE) bottles are thermoplastic materials. This type of plastic arepolymers and with or without cross linking and branching, and theysoften on the application of heat, with or without pressure and requirecooling to be set to a shape. Following are properties of plastic bottle:a. Wax like in appearance, translucent, odorless and one of thelightest plastics.b. Flexible over a wide temperature.c. Heat resistance.d. Chemically stable.e. Do not absorb moisture.f.Transparent.Cement: Cement is the important binding material. In these paper it isuse to bind the plastic bottles to make the masonry wall more durableso that the quality of cement is check by following properties.Properties of cementFineness: Fineness or particle size of Portland cement affectsHydration rate and thus the rate of strength gain. The smaller particlesize, and the greater the surface area-to-volume ratio so that the morearea available for water cement interaction per unit volume. Theeffects of greater fineness on strength are generally seen during thefirst seven days.361ratio, type and grading of fine aggregate, curing conditions, size andshape of specimen, loading conditions and age.Setting Time: The initial setting time is defined as the length of timebetween the penetration of the paste and the time when the needlepenetrates 25mm into the cement paste.Nylon rope: Nylon rope has a very high tensile strength so that it isuse as the main binder for PETE bottles masonry.Properties of nylon Rope: Nylon rope is gotten from coal, Petroleum,air and water. It is a polyamide thermoplastic produced by seriesof condensation reaction between an amine and organic acids. theproperties of nylon as follow:a.Good abrasion resistance.b.Tough and strong but flexible too.c.High impact strength.d.Absorb water which causes reduction in strength and impactpropertiese.Resistant to most of the solvents and chemicalsf.High softening temperatures and thus molding becomesdifficult.Water: Water is in a similar way like cement, an active componentin mortar. For cement-sand mortar, without water no hydration canbe attained, hence no strength can be achieved. Water is responsiblefor the workability of a fresh mortar. 20% of the overall weight of thecement and soil was used to determine the quantity of water to be usedin the mix. A slump test and a flow test were conducted to evaluate theconsistency of the fresh mortar.Chataper-4: Literature reviewMojtaba et al.,1 Concluded that reusing the plastic bottles as thebuilding materials can have substantial effects on saving the buildingembodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls andreducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducingthe percentage of cement used. It is counted as one of the foundation’sgreen project and has caught the attention of the architecture andconstruction industry. Generally the bottle houses are bioclimaticin design, which means that when it is cold outside is warm insideand when it is warm it is cold inside. Constructing a house by plasticbottles used for the walls, joist ceiling and concrete column offers us45% diminution in the final cost. Separation of various components ofcost shows that the use of local manpower in making bottle panels canlead to cost reduction up to 75% compared to building the walls usingthe brick and concrete block.Soundness: Soundness is defined as the volume stability of thecement paste.Shilpi et al.,2 concluded that by utilizing PET bottles in constructionrecycled materials, thermal comfort can be achieved in very low costhousing, benefit in residents for those who cannot afford to buy andoperate heating and cooling systems. Plastic is non-biodegradable,toxic, highly resistant to heat and electricity (best insulator) andnot recyclable in true sense, plastic PET bottles use in bottle bricktechnique. This gives relief for the poor people of India to providecheap and best houses for living.3-5Strength: Cement paste strength is typically defined in three ways:compressive, tensile and flexural. These strengths can be affected by anumber of items including: water cement ratio, cement-fine aggregatePuttaraj et al.,6 examined that efficient usage of waste plastic inplastic-soil bricks has resulted in effective usage of plastic waste andthereby can solve the problem of safe disposal of plastics, also avoidsCitation: Jalaluddin M. Use of plastic waste in civil constructions and innovative decorative material (eco-friendly). MOJ Civil Eng. 2017;3(5):359‒368.DOI: 10.15406/mojce.2017.03.00082
Use of plastic waste in civil constructions and innovative decorative material (eco-friendly)its widespread littering and the utilization of quarry waste has reducedto some extent the problem of its disposal. Plastics are produced fromthe oil that is considered as non-renewable resource. Because plastichas the insolubility about 300 years in the nature, it is considered as asustainable waste and environmental pollutant. So reusing or recyclingof it can be effectual in mitigation of environmental impacts relatingto it. It has been proven that the use of plastic bottles as innovativematerials for building can be a proper solution for replacement ofconventional materials.4Pratima et al.,7 studied that plastic bottles wall have been lesscostly as compare to bricks and also they provide greater strength thanbricks. The PET bottles that are not recycled end up in landfills oras litter, and they take approximately 1000 years to biodegrade. Thishas resulted in plastic pollution problems in landfills, water ways andon the roadside, and this problem continues to grow along with theplastic bottle industry.Arulmalar et al.,8 studied that the initial perception on the use ofPET bottles in construction is changing day by day. A paradigm whichemerged as PET bottle bricks in the construction of load bearingwalls with steel trusses and prefabricated metal sheet is at presentwitnessing flat roofs with nylon 6 replacing steel reinforcement andintuitive vault construction.6 Even though research on the effectiveuse PET in developing new material as an option, solutions exploringthe application of PET bottles as structural members, foundation,retaining walls and secondary elements like street furniture, roaddividers, pavements and other landscape elements is to be looked into. The Governing bodies shall formulate policies to propagate thiseco centric approach via appropriate practices, research investigationson the properties of the materials and construction techniques.Vikram Pakrashi et al.,9 examined Eco-brick is a viable resourcefor construction purposes with a number of possible applications. Thebricks are relatively easily manufactured with controlled weight andpacking. Eco bricks have relatively good compressive strength, withvalues matching that of basic concrete cubes. The weight of Ecobrick was observed to hold a nearly relationship with load at failureand with specific strength. Eco-bricks have a relatively good specificstrength. They are lightweight but strong for the weight they bear.Andreas Froese et al.,10 concluded that when the bottles are filledwith soil or sand they work as bricks and form a framework for wallsor pillars. Different types of walls varying in size and orientation ofthe bottles are built. The compression strength and fracture behaviorof each wall are measured and compared. PET bottle walls can bearup to 4.3 N/mm² when the bottles are filled with sand which is theweakest filling material. The bottles bear one third of the load whilethe plaster bears two thirds. Plaster made of clay or a cement mixturefills the space between all bottles while a roof made of wood orcorrugated metal completes the house. As only regional products areused the houses are cheap and can be afforded even by poor families.Additionally the method has so far proven to be earthquake resistantand allows short construction periods.Copyright: 2017 Jalaluddinbottles to be built. These buildings were primarily made out of glassbottles used as masonry units and they were bound using mortar madeout of adobe, sand, cement, clay and plaster.Job Bwire & Arithea Nakiwala et al.,13 suggested that, bakedbricks, tiles, concrete and rocks, among other construction materials,have been essentials in construction. But did you know that a houseconstructed using plastic bottles can save you more and be just asstrong as or even stronger than brick homes? Water bottle housing isan innovation aimed at providing low cost housing, while contributingto environment management.14‒18Chapter-5BackgroundIntroduction: The first bottle house was constructed in 1902 byWilliam F.Peck in Tonopah; Nevda. The house was built with
new plastic bottles than is the case with easily recycled material, such as glass or tin. Chapter-3: Basic construction materials and properties Introduction This construction require some of the basic materials which ensures a stable, eco-friendly structure and also results in cheap construction as compared to brick wall.
3. Urban waste generation by income level and year 12 4. Waste collection rates by income 15 5. Waste collection rates by region 15 6. Waste composition in China 17 7. Global solid waste composition 17 8. Waste composition by income 19 9. Solid waste composition by income and year 20 10. Waste composition by region 21 11. Total MSW disposed of .
Integrated Solid Waste Management Generation-Source Perspective Residential Collection of Waste Segregation of Waste Recycling waste (organic & inorganic) Waste Exchange Discarded waste Treatment Recovery Final waste Final disposal Hazardous Waste for Treatment & Disposal 3R Services (Healthcare, Laboratory, etc.) Industrial &
Combat Plastic Pollution Create Solution. PROBLEM STATEMENT 8.3 billion tonnes of plastic have been . 13 million tonnes of plastic enter ocean each year 1 million plastic bottles, 10 million plastic bags bought every minute 50% of consumer plastics are single use, and 10% of all human-generated waste is plastic 100,000 marine animals killed .
Plastic bottles are responsible for 15% of total plastic consumption in Austria.13 According to the new BMK study, 300,000t of plastic - including 49,000t of plastic bottles - were put on the market in 2018. In total, 1.6 billion plastic bottles are placed on the market every year, which equals 181 plastic bottles per Austrian.14
Plastic waste Process modelling abstract Pyrolysis is widely seen as a promising technology for converting plastic waste into a wax/oil product which can be used as a heavy fuel oil substitute or as raw material by the petrochemical industry. A pyrolysis plant with a capacity of 100kg/h plastic waste is modelled in the process simulation software
biodegradable, they become waste. In Accra alone, about 300 tonnes of plastic waste is generated daily at a rate of 0.016 to 0.035 kg/person/day (Kortei & Quansah, 2016). As a group of students based in Accra, we continually experience the effects of the increase in plastic waste and the improper plastic management techniques practised
4. Identifying waste/garbage that can be reused and/or recycled 5. Describe waste/garbage disposal of the family 6. Recognize words related to waste management by sight 7. Read sight words related to waste management. 8. Read sentences illustrating proper waste management. 9. Practice proper waste management such as waste segregation and 3R 10.
The Tide Turners Plastic Challenge is a global youth movement to fight plastic pollution around the world. It is designed to inspire young adults to reflect upon their plastic consumption, . Plastic Tide Turners Challenge Badge Toolkit Plastic Tide Turners Challenge Badge Toolkit. Toolkit. and . and a . plastic pollution. The 2021. India.
