Native Willow Varieties For The Pacific Northwest

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vallisPlant Materials Cen terOregonNative WillowVarieties for thePacific Northwest

NativeWillowVarieties forthe PacificNorthwestDale C. DarrisConservation ag ronomistU.S. Departmentof AgricultureSoil Conservation ServiceCorvallis Plant Materials CenterCorvall is, OregonScott M. LambertPlant Materials SpecialistU.S. Departmentof Agricu ltureSoil Conservation ServiceSpokane, WashingtonPrefaceContentsThe use of native plants for restoration andre vegetation is receiving renewed popularinlereslnatioll widc. Thisdocumcntdescribes six willow varieties that aresuitable for suc h purposes, if prudentlyand intelligently applied. They are:- 'Clalsop' hooker willow- ' Multnomah' Columbia Rive r willow. 'Nehalem' Pacific willow- ' Placer' erect willow. ' Plumas' sitka willowIntroduction.These willows were developed and are'Plumas' sitka willow .locally adapted plant materials that canhe lp stabilize eroding streambanks.improve water quality. and enhance orrestore degraded wi ldlilfe habitat in thePacific Non hwesl.'Rogue' arroyo willow . . 12- ' Rogue' arroyo willowpromoted in response to the need forAlthough the authors have described eachwillow species " natural range" in ge neralterms. the reader is encouraged to useofficial publications on local nora andothe r appropriate botanical references ifmore specific information on biogeography is desired. More attention is giveninstead to the concept of "area of adaptation" that. as used herein. encompasses aregion of similar climate. soils. andtopography within which a variety orstrain is known or anticipated to do well.Although all the willows in this publication are considered either nati ve to all or atleast a pan of western Washington.western Oregon. or nonhwestern California. "area of adaptation" for some may notbe wholly contained within the knowndistribution of wild populations. Fo r somevarieties. the area of adaptation is widerand for others. it is narrower than thespecies "native" range. Ultimately. the endusers of plants must decide whe ther or notthese willow varieties. o r any other plants.meet the panicular ecological. physical.aesthetic. and legal req uirements of aproject.Original sketches of the willows appearingin this publicaton were created by GailLovell. Beavenon. Oregon. 1. 1[mponance of wi llows'Clatsop' hooker willow . 2' Multnomah' Columbia River willow. .4'Nehalem' Pacific willow . . . . 6'Placer' erect willow . . 8. 10Table-Adaptation and use of willowsin the Paci fi c Northwest.14Propagation and establishment15AvailabilityRe lated references. 1515

All programs and services of the SoH Conservation Service are offered on a nondiscriminatorybasis without regard to r(lce, color, religion, sex, age, marital status, handica p, or national origin.June 1993

IntroductionThe U.S. Dcpanmcn\ of Agricul ture.Soil Conservation Service, PlamMaterials Cenler at Corvallis, O regon.tests and se lects nntivc and introducedpl:l l1ts for conse rvati on usc in Ihe PacificNonhwest. Woody plants arc evaluatedspedfi cull y for ( n:;]11lban k stubi li;(ution,fish an d wildlife habitat improvement.and other reclamation and erosion controlpurposes. After years of screening withpublic agencies and privalc landowners.Ihe six willows de! Cribed in this broch urewere approved and released as c ulti vars(va rieties of willows) by the OregonAgricult ural Experiment Station.Corvallis. Oregon. nd the W as hingtonAgricultural Research Cenler, Pull man,Wushinglon. These varieties were notbred or hybridi zed but rather selectedfrom nalive popu lati ons for certaincharacteristics such as stcm dcnsit y,form, survival. growth rate. and vigor.Importance of willowsRiparian wi lluws Me: valuable: forerosion control. Large shrub types thathave flexible stems will bend and fonneffective "bank liners" fo r streams duringspring floods, whi le the fibrous roots helphold the soil in place year round. Mostwillows can reroot and resprout readi ly ifbroken or d:mlaged by a storm. livestock.or debris flow. By resisting fl ow andhcl ping to fi lter or intercept runoff waterbefore it enters a stream. willows reducesediment loads and im prove wate r qualit y.Willows are important for manywi ldlife species. Deer, elk. and moosebrowse the twigs and foliage and certainbirds and small ga me eat the catkins andbuds. The dense growth provides cover andnesting sites. The pollen is an imponantsource of food for honey bees early in thespring. Willows also enhance aquatichabitat by allracling insects that fi sh feed onand by shading streams thereby reducingwater temperatures.Although short-li ved and not pest free,willows are easy to establish, fastgrowing. gener llly hardy. and extremelyeffective when properly applied. Nativespecies are useful for nat uralizedlandscaping and maintaining or restorin gendemic riparian and wetland plan tcommunities. Some can be planted aswindbreaks or screens. and others areuseful for stabilizing dred ge spoi ls ordrawdown w nes along the shores ofmanmade reservoir:;. The selection ofmore vigorous ecOlypes means bellergrowth and survival for the intendedpurpose. Finally, male varieties thaIregene rate vegetati vely. but do not sprcadby seed, are less likely to become weedy.

'Clatsop'hooker willowHooker or coast willow is a medium10 large shrub ":!live (0 (he coastal fogbell of northwestern California. Oregon.Washington. and sout hwestern BritishColumbia as well as the Yakullll Bay areaof Alaska. II most commonly occurs ondcnmion plains or stabilized dunes. ncarlagoons. :md along slreums within 5 mi lesof the coas\.'Clatsop' is a cultivar of hookerwillow well suiled to sircambankstabilization and the revegetation ofcoastal marshes or other moist. sandyareas. It may also be used for wildlifeh3bital improvement. nmural arealandscaping. windbreaks and screens inmoist environments. Clatsop wascooperatively released in 1988.2DescriptionC1UlSOP hooker willow (SCIIi.lhookeri(II/{l Barr.ltl ex Hook.) will grow10 a height of 1010 26 fect (3 - 8 Ill )depending on the sile. [ts overallappearance is typical of the species.Mulurc shrubs grown well spuced and infull sun afC dense. multistemmed. andupright to broadly branching in form.The species can be distinguished in panby ils SIOut hairy Iwigs and oblongshaped 1e,l\'CS Ihal afC thid:. woollybeneath. and "leathery" 10 the louch. Thebroad leaves have margins Ihal aresmooth to somewhat wavy. They arealternate and deciduous, falling by mid tolate NO\'ember. Young tw igs are green.and the bark of older limbs is dark gray.'''e plant collection that led 10 therelease of C[atSOp was made in 1978 bythe Soil Conservation Service. Theoriginal stand was found in ClalsopCounty. Oregon, 1·looker willow. likelllOSI willows. bears male and femaleflowers on separate plants. Clatloop.however. is a female clone and. as such.bears only pislillate (female) catkins inMarch or April. They are upright. appearbefore the foliage. and arc retained forseveral weeks.

PerformanceClatsop hooker willow (9O().l737, PI508554) was evaluated in:mobservation:ll row nurscry against 105clones or :lcccssions comprisi ng atlcast 8native species. As the best of four clonesof hooker willow tested, il was chosen forits allractive foliage. density. Stoutbmnching. and fewer observ;]ble disease ymplom . Thi vari cty demonstratedrapid ilt ili:ll gro . th the fi rst few yearsafter establishment.In 40 field plantings along streams.watcrcourse , and on similar moist. lowmaintenance sites in western Oregon andWa hington. the surv ival rate averaged49 perce nt. Stands varied from I to 5years old . Under sewl"\! grasscompet ition. Clatsop rllled hi gher interms of vigor ;]lId was more pcrsistemthan six out of seven willows. including'Bankers' dwarf willow (S(llix x COletti).Where proper sile e1ect i on and plamingmethods weI"\! used. survival hasexceeded 80 percent.UsesClatsop hooker willow isrecommended for stabilizing the banks oflow ve lociry streams. improving wildlifehabitat. and resroring nalivc plantcommunities along lakes. marshes. andolder dunes near the coast. Deer. moose,and rabbits browse the sterns; carkins arefood for small game and songbirds. Theshade created by willows along a srre;]mredu ces water temperatures and improvesconditions for many fi sh.This \'ariery may also be used forcertain stream and slope protectionmeasures such as walliing, brush matting.or br.L1lch packing; il may be used aloneo r with tradirional mcchanicaltreatmentss uch as rock riprap. It has e.\cellentporenrial for natural area landscaping.screens. an d windbreaks on moist sires.The large female catkins. thick leatheryleaves. and stour branches addo mamenw! value. The wood has noco mmercial use.AdaptationClatsop hooker willow is tolerant ofmOSl soil textural types and dnlinageclasses where moisture is nOllimiling.The species. however. prefers moist.sa nd y. gravelly. or mucky sites atelevations below 1.500 feet (460 m). It isbest s uited to streantbanks. moiSI coastalI11c ldows. swbilized dunes. and marsheswhere sunlight is abundant.Known areas of adapt.1rion forClatsop include valleys. sloughs. andripar ian areas west of the CascadeMountain ridge in weSlem Oregon.westcm Washingron. and northwestemCalifornia. On upland sites Ihe averageannual precipiration should exceed 40inches ( 101.6 em). Potemial areas ofadaptation include rhe species nativerange as wei! as regions of si milarclimate and soils within USDA planth:udincss zones 7a 10 9b.*D3Known adaptationProbable adaptationOrigin 01 'CtalSO!)'

'Multnomah'Columbia River willowColumbia River willow is a suckeringshrub or small tree native only to theshores of the lower Columbia River an drelated tributaries in western Oregon andWashington. This once threatenedspecies has one of the smallest natumlDescriptionMultnomah Columbia River wi llow(S(l/ixjluI'iatilis NUll.) will grow to aheight of 1010 20 fect (3 - 6 m),depending on the sile. Its overallwillows.'Multnomah ' is a culti var ofColumbi a Ri ver willow well su iled [0upright. slender bran ches. this species isnOied for its spreading or suckering habit.The leaves are allemme an d deciduous.falling by late Nove mber. They arere lmively long and narrow with manyscanered teeth along the margins. Theyoung twigs are brow n or green; the barkof older limbs becomes grayish-brownand scaly wit h age. Both the leaves andtwigs are sparsel y 10 moderatcl y hairy.The plant collection th31 Icd to th erelease of Mullnomah was made in 1980by the Soil Conservation Service. Theori ginal stand was found along the banksof the Sandy Ri ver in MultnomahCounty. Oregon. Columbia Riverwillow. like most willows. bears maleand female flowers on separate plants.Multnomah. howe ver. is a male clone andtherefore bears only staminate (male)catkins in Ma y or earl y J une. Theyappear well after the tree has leafed out inspring. muc h latcr than most Northwestwillows.distribUlions of all Nonh AmericanstreambanK, shoreline. sandbar. anddredge spoil stabi1i:r.ation in the PacificNonhwest. [t may also be used forwildlife habilal improvement.windbreaks. o r natural area landscapingin moist environments.4appearance is typical of the species.Usually multistemmed and compact with

PerformanceMultnomah Columbiu Rin'r willow(9019-UJ9. PI-508553) was the best of6 urvi\ing clones of Columbia Ri\'cr\\ illow from an original assembly of 24.It was chosen for its survi\'al. male sex.ability to spread from underground stems.aHractive foliage . and compact form. Infield tests. Muhnomah dcmonSiratedrapid initial growth during the first fewyears after establishment. It had ano\'crJII survival rate of 63 percent inmoist environmems under low maintenance conditions,AdaptationMultnomah ColumbiQ River willow istolerant of most soil lexlural types anddrainage classes where moisture is nO(limiting, However. it prefers moist sand.gravel, or silt. It is best suited to sandbarsIlnd the banks of streOlmS. 100kes. Olndponds at elevations below 1.500 feet (460m). On upland sitcs, the average annualprecipitntion should exceed 40 inches(101.6 cm). This is a pioneer species. Itcannotto!erate shade nor excessive plantcompetition.Known areaS of adaptation includethe lower Columbia Ri ver drainage aswell as valleys and riparian areas west ofthe Cascade Mountain ridge in Oregonand Washington. Potential areas ofadaptation. however. may extend to thoseregions of similar climate and soils withinUSDA plant hardiness zones 7a to 9b.UsesAs (In erosion comrol ptOlO!.Muhnomah Columbia Ri ver willow isparticularly well suited to stabilizingsandbars and dredge spoils because of itsability 10 sucker and colonize open. sandyareas. II can also be u for well:mrl andriparian area restoration. screens, windbreaks. bank stabilization along lowvelocity streams, reservoir shorelineplantings. and natural area landscaping,This variet y e nhances wildlife habitat.Deer and rabbits browse the stems andfoliage: catkins and buds are food forsmall game and songbirds. Shade frommature willow trees reduces walertemperatures and impro\'es fisheries.Multnomah may also be used for certainslream and slope protection measuressueh as wauling. brush matt ing. andbranch packin g: it may be used alone orwith traditional mechanicaltrealmentssuch as rock riprap.Known .daptation*D5Probable.a.ptationOrigin oI'Multnomah'

'Nehalem'Pacific willowPacific willow is a large sh rub orsmull tree native IQ westem NonhAmerica from California to Alaska,including the Rocky Mountain Slaies.Albcna. and British Columbia. It mostcommonly occurs along lakeshores. instream corridors, and on moist sitesthroughou t its natural range. EcOIYpeS ofthis species appear more fiood tolerantthan other native willows.'Nehalem', a cultivar of Pacificwillow. is suited 10 streambankstabilizing if it is planted along theshorelines of Jakes and manmadereservoirs. [\ may also be useful forwildlife habitat impro\'cmcrn, naturalarea landscaping, or scree ns in moistenvironments. Nehalem wascooperatively released in1988.DescriptionNehalem Pacificwillow ISalixl(lsial!dra Bcnth. orS. /licida Muhl.ssp. {as;wu/ra(Bcnth.) E.Murr.] will grow6toahcightof6to]Ofeet(I.8 - 9.1 m)depending on the site. Its app :lLfance i3typical of the species and includes thepresence of a whitish bloom on theunders ide of the leaves. The foliage isrelatively long-pointed, finely toothedalong the margins, :md simi lar in shape tothe leaves of a peach tree. Also indicativeof the species are tiny glands or protrusionsat the base of the leaf blade or tip of theleaf stalk. Alternate and decidu ous. theleaves fall by late November.Easily recognizable are the shin y.orange or distinctly yellow twigs ofNehalem. Both the leaves :md young stemsare smooth and lack hairs. The bark of thelimbs and trunk will become dark gray orbrown in color and fissured with agc.Mature trees grown in a wcll spacedenvironment with full sun are usuallymultistcmmed with a rounded crown.The plant collection thm led to therelease of Nehalcm was made in 1978 bythe Soil Conservation Service. Theoriginal stand was found ncar the NehalemRiver in northweslCm Oregon. Pacificwillow. like most willows. bears male andfemale flowers on separate pl,lnts.Nehalem. however. is a male clone and as

such. bears only stamina te (male) catkinsin laic April or May. They appear afterthe foliage expands in the spring.PerformanceNehalem Pacific willow (9()().ISI4.PI-508555) was evalumed in an observational row nursery agaiosl 105 lccessionsor cloncs comprising at least 8 nmi\·cspecies. As I of2-1 Pacific willowsources tested. il was chosen for ils higherbas l1 stem density. attmctive foliage. andmale sex. This variety. like the spc :ies ingeneral. is susccptible to soch commonpests IS leaf rust poplar borer. undwillow canker.In 41 fie ld pluntings ulong streams.watercourses. and on similar moist. lowmai ntenance sites in westen! Oregon andWashington. the survival rate uveraged 45percent. Stands varied in age from I to 5years. Where beller site selection andplanting methods were employed.survh'al exceeded 80 percent. Nehu lemgrows more slowly than other nativewillow varieties.UsesAdaptationPacific willow is lolerum of most soillexwral lYJX:s and dminage classes wheremoisture is not limiting. The species.however. prefers moist. well drainedsandy loams to gra velly or rich, rockysoils. [I is nat lJ rally suited (0 riparianarcas. sandbars. lakeshores. andrivcrbMks. In addition. eeolypes ofPacific willow are known to survive to adepth 40 feel (12 m) below the highwater mark of reservoir drawdown zones.Testing Nehulem for maximum noodtolerance is not yet completc.Areas of adaptation include valleys:lIld riparian areas west of the CascadeMoun tain ridge in Oregon. Washington.and northwestern C:difornia below 1.500feci (460 m) elevation. On upland sites.the uvcmge annual predpitation shouldexceed 45 inches (114.3 cm). PotentialllrellS of adaptlltion for Nehalem extend \0other regions of similar climate and soilswithin USDA plant hardiness zones 7:1 toNchalem Pacific willow can be used(or stab ilizing the banks of low velocity treams. restoring riparian areas. andimprovi ng shoreline and aquatic habitatfor fish and wildlife. As a male clone. itwill not spread by seed but will rcsprou tfrom the base if broken or clipped. Dt.-er.elk. and rabbits browse the stems: cmkinsare food for small game and songbirds.The shade created by willows along astream will reduce water temperaturesand improve condition, for many fish.Like other ecolypes of Pacific willow.Nehalem may be more nood tolerant thanother willows and suitable for plantingalong reservoir drawdown zones.Nehalem may also be used for certainstreum and slope protection measuressuch as wallling. brush m:ming. andbranch packing. [t may be used alone orwith traditional mechanical treatmentssuch as rock riprap. [t has the potentialfor namral area landscapi ng and screenson moist soils. The yellow twigs addornamental value. especially in winter.9b.7Known adaptation*Probable adaptationOrigin of 'Nehalem'

'Placer'erect willowErect willow is:I medium sized shrubnali\"c to California and other parts of theweSlern United Slales. [\ is most commonly found along watercourses and inmoist mc,ldows, 'Placer' is a variety ofcrect willow released as Sfllix figlilijo/ill(Ball) ex Schneider. The species hasbeen renamed S. eriOCf'{lJI(IllI Michx. ssp.liglllijolia (Ball) Argus.Placer is well suiled \0 stream bankstabilizmion. wet siles and low maintenunce plantings where weed competitionmay be too severe for Olher willows. Itmay :llso be used for wildlife habitatimprovement. natural area landscaping.windbreaks or scree ns in moist env iron -mCnls. This variety was cooperativelyreleased ill 1988.I8DescriptionPIIlcCr crect willow will grow 10 aheight of 8 to 18 fecI (2.4 - 5.5 Ill)depending on the site. The typicalmature shrub is open at the base, uprightto broadly branching, and muhistemmedwith a rounded crown. The leaves arcrelatively long. narrow. light green aboveand whit ish below with small statteredteeth along the margins. Ahhough theyoung twigs are yellowish grecn. the barkof older limbs become dark gray. Boththe foliage and twigs generally lackpubescence. Ahem lte and deciduous. theleaves fall by late November or Decembe, .The plant collection that led to therelease of Placer was made in 1978 bythe Soil Conservation Service. Theorigin is Placer County, California. Erectwillow. like most willows. bears maleand female flowers on separate plams.Placer. howcver. is a single male cloneand as such. bears onl y staminate (male)catkins in late February or March.

PerformancePlacer (9004765. PI-508556) wasevaluated in an observational row nurseryagainst 105 access ions or clones comprising at least 8 native species. It was theonly clone of erect willow tested.Although short-lived. Placer was chosenfor its high basal stem density. male sex.attractive foliage. shrub form. and goodoUiplanting survival. Vigorous shootsbranch quickly and more readily thll1lother willows. As with many willows.this variety is susceptible!O differentpests of which willow canke r may be themost serious.In 33 field plantings along streams.watercourses. and on similar moist. lowIllaintenanee sites in westem Oregon andWashington. the survival rate averaged55 percent. Stands varied from I to 5yea rs old. Where beller si te selection andplanting methods were used. the rateexceeded 85 percent. Compared to sevenother willows including 'Bankers' dwarfwillow (Salix x ,·o/elli). Placerdemonstrated the greatest ability tocompete with grasses at an early age.AdaptationPlacer erect willow is tolerant of soilsthat vary from moist sand to wet clay isall drainage classes from well drained topoorly dmined. It is best suited toriparian areas. moist meadows. andstreambanks at elevations below 1.500feet (456 m). Area of adaptation includesvalleys and stream corridors west of theCascade Mountain ridge in Oregon andWaShington. as we ll as northwestemCal ifornia. the Sierra Nevada Mountains.and adjacent foothills. On upland sites.the average annual precipitation shouldexceed 35 inches (88.9 em). Potentialareas of adaptation ma y extend to otherparts of the species native range orregions of similar climate and soilswithin USDA pl:lI1t hardiness zones 7b !O9b.UsesPlacer erect willow is recommendedfor stabilizing the banks of low velocitystreams. renovating riparian area . andimproving shoreline and aquatic habitatfor fish and wildlife. As a male clone. itwill not spread by seed but will resproutreadily from the base if broken ordamaged. Deer and rabbits bruwse thestems; catkins and bud lire food forsmall game lmd songbirds. The shadecreated by willows along a tream willreduce water temperatures and improveconditions for many fish.Placer may also be used for ccnainstream and slope protection measuressuch as wauling. brush matting. andbranch packing; it may be used alone orwith traditional mechanicaltreatmellll l lIch as rock riprap. Other potential usesinclude natural an a landscaping. screens.and windbreak on moist sites. Thisvariety is more tolerant of grassy weedcompetition in luw maintenance settingsthan other native and non-native willows.The narrow leaves lind yellowish-greentwigs add ornamental value.-*9Originof 'Ptace

'Plumas'sitka willowSitka willow is a medium to largeshrub native to western North Americafrom California 10 the panhandle ofAlaska. Its natural range also CXlc nd 10parts orlhe inhlnd Northwest. Idaho.Montana. and British Columbia. Thisspecies commonly occurs along streamsand beaches as well as the borders ofmeadows and forest clearings.'Plum3s' is a culli":lf of erect willowwell suiled 10 strcambank stabilization.wildlife habitat improvement, and therCSIOrJlion of riparian areas. It may alsobe used for windbreaks. natural arealandscaping. borders. or screens in moislenvironments. This variety was cooperatively released ill 1988.10DescriptionPlumas sitka WIl low (SlIlix site/llmsisSanson ex Bong.) will grow 10 a height of101023 feCI (3 - 7 Ill) depending on thesite. Its appearance is typical of thespecie . Mature shrubs that are wellspaced and grow n m full sun aremultistcmmcd. open. and prcdominatclyupright in form. The lcaves arc smoothor slightly wavy along thc margins. twoto four times as long as they are wide.dull green abovc. and covcred withdcnsc. silvery hairs bencath. Thcyarealternatc and dcciduous. falling by midto late Novcmber. Although youn g twigsore colored red. brown. or grecn undslightly hairy. the bark of oldcr limbs isgray and smooth.Thc plant collection thatlcd 10 therclease of Plumas was made in 1978 bythe Soil Conservation Service. Theorigin is the Plumas region of Californiancar Susanvillc. Sitka willow. like otherwillows. bears male and female flowerson se parate plants. Plumas. howevcr. isa male clone and as such bears onlystaminate (male) catkins in March orApril. They appear about the same timeas Ihe foliage.

Performancewillow (9{)()4 795. 1'1508558) was cvaluated in an observational row nUl"1 cry :lg:linq 105 :lecessionsor cloncs comprbing:ll Ica t 8 nativcspt.'Cies. A I of 22 sources of itka",illow tested. it wu chcn;cn for it higherbasal stcm dcnsity. rapid initial growthrate. and male sex. Vigorous shootsbranch less frecly than other willows.lending 10 an upright and open appeMance when young. A with most willows.Plumas can host cenain insec ts anddiseases. During the evaluation pe riod.howcvcr. none were considered a limi tingfactor for the intended usc.In 42 field plamings along streams.watercourses. and on simi lar moist. lowmaintenance sites in western Oregon andWashington. the survival rate averaged51 percent. Stands varied in agc fromI \05 years. In one study. initial growthratcs wcre the highcst of se\'cn selectwillow clones. Where proper siteselection and planting methods wereused. survival exceeded 85 percent.rluma ilkaAdaptationSitka willow is tolerant of most soiltextural lypeS and drainage classes whcremoisture is nOilimiting. Thc species.howcvcr. prcfers moist. sa ndy or muckysi tes. II naturJ ll y does well alongriparian areas. freshwatcr beaches. thebanks of rivers. and the edge of forestclearings where sunlight is abundant.Know n areas of adaptation forPlumas include the valleys of westernOrcgon and Washington. from theCascilde Mountains to the coast. as wellas low to mid-c1cvation (4.00) ft. ( 1.216 m»silcs in the Sierra Nevada Mountains andnorthwestern California. On upland sites.the avcrage annual precipilalion shouldexceed 35 inc hes (88.9 cm). Potentialareas of (ldaptalion may extend into othcrparts of the species natural rangc orregions of si milar climate (lnd soilswithin USDA plant hardiness zones 6a 109b.UsesPlunm b recommended forstabilizing thc b:l11ks of low ve10cilYstreams. improving wildlife habitat, andrenovating riparian arC:ls. Deer. elk.moose. and rabbi ts browse the stems: Ihecatkins are food for small game andsongbirds. The shade created by willowsalong a stream will reduce watertemperatures and enh:lnce conditions forfish. Plumas is a male clone and cannolspread by seed. Whe n d:Ull(lgcd orpruned, however. plumas will readilyresprout from the base. Long.unbranched shoots develop which areexcellent for mak ing cUllings.Along with traditional pl:lntingmethoos. Plumas can be used forecrtainstrcam and slope protection measuressuch as wattling. brush mailing. andbranch packing. alone or in combinationwith traditional mech anicallrealmen tssuch as rock riprap. This v:lricty hasbeen successfully employed for naturalarca landsc(lping. windbreaks. screens.:lnd borders on moist soils. The ne: ibletwigs of sitka willow are used for basketweaving.--*11Origin 01'Plumas'

'Rogue'arroyo willowArroyo willow is a large shrub or trcc(]Ial UCWI Ilillurally fWIIl Baja, Califur-nia [0 Washington and caSlto NewMexico. Idaho. and Utah. Typicalhabitats include moist soils along streamsas well as gullies and gulches (arroyos) invalleys and foothills.'Rogue' is a cuili var of :moyo willowsuitable for strcambank stabilization andimprovement of freshwater fi sheries. It isulso useful for windbreaks. natural izedlandscaping, and native screens or shade.Rogue was cooperatively released in'990.DescriptionRogue arroyo willow (Sali.t 11Is;o/epis!lenth.) is a IMgC. multi-stemmed.occasionally sing[c- trunkcd spccimcnlhmgrow.' to a height of 15 [035 feCI (4.6 10.6 m). The fonn is upright with abro.1d. irregular or rounded. spreadingcrown. In the open. this plantwill grow about as wide as itdocs tall. With age. the thin.12smooth gray bark becomes fissured intobroad ridge:;.The foliage is broadly lance shaped.widest beyond the middle. smooth oroccasionally toothed along the margins.dark green above. and whitish below.Thi s variety is composed of two cloneswhich differ primarily in stem color anddegree of pubescence. One has darkerreddish-brown twigs and more pubescence on the stems and underside of theleaves than the other. In both cases. theleaves are altemate and dec iduous.falling by [ate November.The plant collection that led to there lease of Rogue arroyo willow wasmade in 1978 by the Soil ConservationService. Vegetative material originatedfrom a stand growing on the north bankof the Rogue Ri ver in Curry County.Oregon. Arroyo willow. like mostwillows. bears male and female nowerson separate plants. Rogue. however. is amale variely and as such. bears onlystaminate (male) catkins ill March. Thecatkins appear before the leaveS.

PerformanceRogue arroyo willow (9O H8 18, PI508557) was evaluated in an observational row nursery against 105 accessionsor clones comprising at least 8 nativespecies. It was selected for its high urv i v ll. nmlc sex. mpid carly growlhrate. and density. Growth rates withoutirrigation on an upland site (40-inchannual precipitation zone) averaged 2 to4 fect (6 - 1.2 m) per year the first 4years at Corvallis. Oregon. Compared tomost willows tested, fewer insect anddisease pests were observed during theevaluation period.Survival in 42 field plantings alongstreams, ditches, and on Olher moist. lowmaintenance sites in Oregon and Washington :lVeraged 52 percent. Standsvaried in age from I to 7 years. Whereproper site preparation and plantingtechniques were employed, however.survival exceeded 90 percent.AdaptationRugue arruyu wi lluw h urum.!lyadapted to coastal an d inlanddrainage ways. riparian areas, andmountain val leys west or the CascadeMountain ridge in Oregon, Washin gton.anu nonhcm Californi;t al elevationsbelow 1.500 feet (456 m). [n addition. itwill perform well un muist upland siteswhere the ave rage annual precipitationex(':eeds 35 inches (88.9 cm). Althougharroyo willow tolerates poorly dminedcl3y loam soils. it prefers coarsertextured. moist. well dmined sites an dfull sun. Potential (LTeaS of adaptation forRoglli' inrllldf' il nalive ranee andregio

terms. the reader is encouraged to use official publications on local nora and other appropriate botanical references if more specific information on biogeogra-phy is desired. More attention is given instead to the concept of "area of adapta-tion" that. as used he

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