Graphic Arts Merit Badge Workbook - WordPress
GRAPHICARTS
Development, S209 Boy Scouts of America 1325 West Walnut HillLane P.O. Box 152079 Irving, TX 75015-2079.WHO PAYSFORTHIS PAMPHLET?This merit badge pamphlet is one in a series of more than 100 coveringall kinds of hobby and career subjects. It is made available for youto buy as a service of the national and local councils, Boy Scouts ofAmerica. The costs of the development, writing, and editing of themerit badge pamphlets are paid for by the Boy Scouts of America inorder to bring you the best book at a reasonable price.
iBOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA. -
2. Explain the differences between continuous tone, line, andhalftone artwork. Describe how it can be created and/orstored in a computer.Design a printed piece (flier, T-shirt, program, form, etc.)and produce it. Explain your decisions for the typeface ortypefaces you use and the way you arrange the elements inyour design. Explain which printing process is best suitedfor printing your design. If desktop publishing is available,identify what hardware and software would be appropriatefor outputting your design.4. Produce the design you created for requirement 3 using oneof the following printing processes:a. Offset lithography. Make a layout, and produce a plateusing a process approved by your counselor. Run theplate and print at least 50 copies.b. Screen printing. Make a hand-cut or photographicstencil and attach it to a screen that you have prepared.Mask the screen and print at least 20 copies.35906ISBN 978-0-8395-3374-0 2006 Boy Scouts of America2010 PrintingBANG/Brainerd, MN2-2010/059531
stitched, and case.6. Do ONE of the following, then describe the highlights ofyour visit:a. Visit a newspaper printing plant. Follow a story fromthe editor to the press.b. Visit a retail, commercial, or in-plant printing facility.Follow a project from beginning to end.c. Visit a school's graphic arts program. Find out whatcourses are available and what the prerequisites are.d. Visit three Web sites (with your parent's permission) thatbelong to graphic arts professional organizations and/orprinting-related companies (suppliers, manufacturers,printers). With permission from your parent or counselor,print out or download product or service informationfrom two of the sites.7. Find out about three career opportunities in graphicarts. Pick one and find out the education, training, andexperience required for this profession. Discuss this withyour counselor, and explain why this profession mightinterest you.GRAPHIC ARTS
Making the Layout .65Bindery and Finishing Operations .73Careers in the Graphic Arts .81Graphic Arts Resources .92GRAPHIC ARTS
This pamphlet will give you an introduction to the graphic arts.You willbe involved in your own hands-on creation of a printed piece, from startto finish.Your merit badge counselor will help you get started and willanswer any questions you have that are not covered in this pamphlet.Your counselor may also be able to help you locate the materials andequipment you need.GRAPHIC ARTS
are involved in the creation of all kinds of printed communication, from business cards to books to billboards. The scope ofprinting communications is huge.What many people think of as printing—putting ink on asheet of paper—has undergone so many dramatic changes thateven its name has changed. The term used most often todayis graphic communications. This includes all of the processes,materials, related fields, and people necessary to reproducewords, ideas, pictures, and symbols into a printed form sothat others may see and react to them.Greeting cards, bumper stickers, menus, cereal boxes, streetsigns, candy wrappers—the list is endless. Just about anythingyou can think of calls for some type of graphic arts treatment.For example, the production of a colorful, eye-catching postercould start with a graphic designer who works with a client'sidea and message. The designer plans the way the poster willlook and selects the typefaces, colors, paper, and printing process.Artists could work on the project, too, by creating illustrations.Skilled technicians prepare the piece for printing, operate printingequipment, carefully watch the results, and make adjustments toget the best quality in every poster.Graphic arts professionals produce all sorts of printedmaterials that communicate in their own ways. You willdiscover how graphic arts affects us all, whether or not werealize it.The wordgraphiccomesfrom the Greekword graphein,which means"to write."Anything that ispresented aswritten wordsor picturesisrag hicGRAPHIC ARTS
was a major turning point in the history of graphic arts, as itmade mass production of printed materials possible for the firsttime. The advent of computers in the late 20th century markedanother watershed in the history of graphic communications,enabling printers to use digital processes to set pages of textand graphics with less effort and greater speed.From Pictures to Writing SystemsNo one knows exactly how long agohumans started to create pictures forothers to see and understand, butpaintings on rocks and cave walls areearly examples. Some archaeologistsbelieve cave paintings found nearAvignon, France, to be more than 30,000years old. Primitive drawings on rockhave been found on every continentexcept Antarctica.Thousands of years ago, severalcivilizations developed picture writingsystems. A simple drawing, calleda pictograph, stood for an object,a person, or an action. A combination of pictographs told a storyAncient pictographs on clay tabletsor recorded information.GRAPHIC ARTS
iI11i4Lr4rI'I \,kur1rCuneiform tabletEgyptian hieroglyphsThe ancient Egyptians used a picture-writing system calledhieroglyphics. Each hieroglyph was a symbol that representedan object or idea.Several thousand years ago, the Chinese created a writingsystem with thousands of characters representing objects, ideas,and sounds. They have kept this system, modernizing thecharacters and adding new ones over hundreds of years.10GRAPHIC ARTS
new ones. The Roman alphabet is the one we use for Englishand western European languages.Printing BeginsBefore the invention of printing methods, documents andbooks were produced by hand. Each copy was handwrittenby a writer known as a scribe. It was a slow process, so bookswere not widely available. There had to be a faster way.The Chinese invented a way of printing in about A.D. 500,by carving a wooden block with a whole page of text. Thecharacters were carved in relief, that is, the carver cut out thearea around each character, leaving the character raised upfrom the background. (If you have ever used a rubber stamp,the letters or pictures on the stamp are in relief.) The characterswere also carved in reverse. When the printer inked the blockand placed a sheet of paper on it, the result was a page thatread correctly. The Chinese used woodblocks to print booksin the form of scrolls.GRAPHIC ARTS11
and instability.Books were scarce. Those thatdid exist were sometimes lettered onscrolls. Later books were made withpages sewn together between covers.Scribes and artists worked months,even years, copying by hand Bibles,prayer books, history books, or booksabout medicine or herbs. Thesebooks were called illumin-ated manuscripts, because they were illustrated with colorfulpictures, borders, and otherdecorations called illuminations.Only the wealthiest peoplecould afford books. As timeschanged, the common peoplewanted more knowledge. By the1400s, they wanted to learn toread, and they needed books.\Many early books weredecorated with colorfulartwork called illuminations.12GRAPHICARTS
relief on the tip, reading backwards. Gutenberg could casthundreds of each letter of the alphabet with this method. Hiswooden mold was adjustable for the narrowest and widestletters. His letters were in the text style that scribes used tohand-letter books. He even produced slight variations of eachletter, so the text would look handwritten.As time went on, printers designed type that was easierto read. Today there is a wide choice of typefaces, or type ofa particular design, for all purposes. You will re'uI hniittype choices in the "Preparing to PrintGutenberg turned a wooden wine(used for crushing grapes) into a printpress. The printers inked the type, plasheet of paper on it, and pulled a hamthat operated the press and put pressuthe paper. They removed the paper aninked again. Though printing was stillhand operation, Gutenberg made it mifaster to print many copies of abook. This type of press was usedfor the next 350 years.GRAPHICARTS13
The Gutenberg BibleThe earliestknown page ofa book printed byGutenberg is froma Latin textbookpublished in 1448.Gutenberg's crowning achievement was the GutenbergBible, published around 1455. Gutenberg and his employeesused six presses to print 200 copies. Gutenberg's methodsspread to printers in German towns and then to Italy, France,Holland, England, and Spain. Books, so long out of reach formost people, were now available.Gutenberg's invention coincided with the end of theMiddle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance, a period inhistory when a revival of art, literature, and learning occurredthroughout Europe. Gutenberg had opened the way for knowledge and communication. When he died, an inscription at hisburial place called him "the inventor of the art of printing anddeserver of the highest honors of every nation and tongue."Early Printing in the AmericasThe Spanish, who brought the first printing press to theNew World, printed the first book in the Americas in 1539in Mexico City.In the British American colonies, the first press fromEngland was set up in 1638 at Harvard College in Cambridge,Massachusetts. In 1649, master printer Samuel Green took overthe press at Harvard College. In 1663, he produced the firstBible printed in the colonies. The Bible was also the first bookprinted in an American Indian language. It was a translationof the Bible in the language of the Algonquin tribe.14GRAPHIC ARTS
most important Americans of all time, wasapprenticed as a printer. In 1726, he boughthis own print shop and wrote, printed, andsold thousands of copies of his Poor Richard'sAlmanack. Franklin published a newspaper,the Pennsylvania Gazette, and many books.After retiring from printing, he became astatesman and diplomat.Major changes occurred in printing with the inventionof the steam-powered press in 1811, which made printing fourtimes faster. Later, the rotary press quadrupled printing speedby using rollers to feed paper across a printing cylinder.Typesetting sped up when American inventor OttmarMergenthaler introduced the Linotype machine in 1886. Whenthe operator pressed keys, the machine lined up brass molds forletters and filled them with molten lead, casting complete linesof type. After printing, the lead was melted down and reused.As time went on, new printing processes and faster pressespowered by electricity answered the need for greater masscommunication. Phototypesetting in the 1950s, computertypesetting in the 1960s, desktop publishing in the 1980s, anddirect-to-plate technology today have brought immense change.GRAPHIC ARTS15
Relief PrintingRelief printing uses a raised surface to press ink onto paper.The most common forms of relief printing are letterpressand flexography.Letterpress PrintingLetterpress is one of the oldest printing methods, with its originsin the movable type invented in China in the 11th century andin Germany in the 15th century. The significance of JohannGutenberg's invention was that his movable metal type wasreusable. Individual letters could be set by hand for a printingjob, printed, and then taken apart and used in another project.Printers used handset type until the late 1800s.Letterpress printing was the dominant process for 500 years,but new technologies in the last 50 years have offered betterand more efficient ways to do printing. Letterpress today hastaken on a more modern look. Although it is not as widely usedas the other major printing processes, it is still an importantmethod within the printing industry.Many individual private-press printers across the countrycontinue to use the traditional letterpress methods with equipment that is 100 years old or older. They print stationery,business cards, books, greeting cards, and fliers, and incorporate special effects such as embossing, foil stamping, anddie-cutting. These processes are discussed in the "Binderyand Finishing Operations" chapter.SCREEN FEINTINGLITHOGRAI'HYGRAPHICARTS17
against a piece ofpaper, transferringthe ink to the paper.Gutenberg's type changed little during its first 400 years. But, in1859, Tom Rooker of the New York Tn bane newspaper receiveda patent for arranging a type case according to how frequentlyparticular characters were used. This case is most likely the onewe refer to today as the California job case.The printing done by letterpress was once calledtypography, from the Greek word typos, meaning"impression" or "cast" Typography now refers to thestyle and appearance of printed matter. A typographeris a person who is skilled in the design, choice, andarrangement of type.The Press. As with the type case, the printing press changedvery little during its first 400 years. Printers used convertedwine presses made mostly of wood. In England during theearly 1800s, Lord Stanhope produced the first press completelyconstructed of iron. It could print a full-sized sheet.The press that is still used today to print handset type iscalled a platen press. It works on a simple principle: A flat typesurface and a sheet of paper are alternately pressed together tomake an impression and moved apart to allow the type to beinked and a fresh sheet of paper to be substituted.18GRAPHIC ARTS
Some schools and smaller print shops still use a hand-operatedplaten press like the one shown here.PRINTING AND SAFETYYou must be careful when setting type. Check to see that the"nicks" on the individual letters are always facing up in yourcomposing stick, a small adjustable tray you hold in your lefthand and into which you place individual letters as you takethem from the job case to form words and sentences. Choose atype font that is easy to read. Make a proof and proofread yourcopy before printing your final sheets. Replace each piece oftype in its proper compartment within the job case.If you decide to use the letterpress printing process tocomplete your merit badge requirements, you will findthat learning how to handset type will be a valuableand enjoyable experience. You also will know howprinters worked hundreds of years ago.VCaution: Be sure you feel comfortable withthe instructions you receive about the way theplaten press operates. You must operate thispiece of equipment only under direct adultsupervision and with total concentrationbecause it can severely damage your handif not operated correctly.GRAPHIC ARTS19
made of plasticor rubber insteado meta.materials such as film, foil, and laminates used in the foodindustry. The inks used in flexography are much thinner thanoffset inks and require a much simpler inking system.Today, flexographic plates are made using computergenerated images and a light-sensitive photopolymer resin.Layouts for flexography are converted into a high-contrastnegative film. Ultraviolet light passes through the negativeimage and alters the resin's molecular structure to createthe flexographic plate.FLATE CYLINDERORINTPOCTOR SLAPE—.LATECYLINDERANILOX ROLL (CARRIESTHE INK FROM THEFOUNTAIN ROLL TO THEERINTING FLATE)FOUNTAIN ROLLFlexographic pressSUSSTRATE20GRAPHIC ARTS
stone with a piece of greasy chalk and then applied waterto the entire stone. The water coated only the areas nottouched by the chalk. Oil-based ink was repelled by thewet areas and attracted to the greasy image. When heplaced paper in contact with the stone, the inked imagetransferred to the paper. Senefelder also developed aprinting press to handle the heavy stone.Lithography wasused by manygreat artists inthe 19th century.Today, only artistsuse stones; today'sA second roller with an oil-based ink is also rolled overthe surface. The ink from this second roller is attracted to thedry image area and repelled by the wet nonimage area. Thesubstrate is then pressed against the printing surface, and theink is transferred from the image area to the substrate.The most common kind of lithographic printing todayis offset lithography, sometimes referred to simply as offset.In offset lithography, the inked image is transferred (offset) toa rubber surface called a blanket. The blanket is then pressedagainst the paper, transferring the inked image from the blanketto the paper. Products printed by offset lithography includemany items on paper and paperboard. Letterhead, businesscards, books, magazines, brochures, calendars, and postersare just a few examples. Offset lithography has advanced tobecome the most widely used printing process todaylithographicprinting plates aremade from sheetsof aluminum.GRAPHIC ARTS21
rollers mustoperate with thecorrect pressureon the plate, andhe amount ofwater and inkthat is fed mustbe regulated.Using Offset LithographyIf you choose to complete requirement 4 using offset lithography,you will need access to a shop that will allow you to do all thenecessary steps that lead to making a plate for the press. Howyou make the plate will depend on what equipment is available.Review the platemaking options below and, with help fromyour merit badge counselor, choose the option that matchesthe equipment available to you. Then go on to read the detailsfor your choice.Here is the traditional method.Step 1— Make a traditional pasteup or output a digital versionto a laser printer.Step 2—Make a high-contrast negative using a process camera.Step 3—Strip a flat. (See the section on stripping that follows.)Step 4—Expose and process the offset plate.Use this method if you have a digital layout and an imagesetter.Step 1—Output your layout to film.Step 2—Strip a flat.Step 3—Expose and process the plate.If you have a digital layout and a platesetter, output your filedirectly to the plate material and process it.22GRAPHIC ARTS
guidelines—if guidelines are not preprinted on the maskingsheet. These guidelines serve to locate where the image canprint for making the plate and for the press.Step 2—Mark the gripper bite allowance on the edge of thepaper that is going into the press first.Grippers are mechanical "fingers" on the press that take hold of thepaper and guide it through the press. The gripper bite allowance, whichmust be in a nonprinting area, is the space needed on the paper so thegrippers have room to grab the sheet.1---0Tape the negative to the goldenrod paperTurn the flat over and cut out theimage area.GRAPHIC ARTS23
Cover any nonimage marks with opaque.it to dry before handling the flat.PlatemakingDifferent kinds of plates are available, depending on the lengthof the press run (the number of copies you will print) and otherconsiderations, so follow instructions for the plate you areusing. All plate surfaces are light-sensitive and should be usedunder subdued or yellow light. Handle the plate on the edges toprevent fingerprints, and be careful not to scratch or bend it.Get proper instructions on the exposure system to be used,including safety precautions. This is the general procedure.Step 1—Place the plate on the base of the vacuum frame, withthe light-sensitive surface up. Place the flat on top of the plate,with the text "right reading" (so you can read it) and theedges squared.Step 2—Close the frame and use the vacuum system to bringthe plate and flat tightly together. Check to see that the flatcovers the plate and is square to it.Step 3—Expose for the required time. As a safety precaution,never look directly at the light source.Step 4—Develop or process the plate according to the manufacturer's instructions. The image should be solid and even incolor. Preserve the plate by spreading gum arabic on it. Thisgum protects the plate from corrosion during the time betweenwhen the plate is made and when it is used on the press.24GRAPHIC ARTS
Insert the plate into the vacuum frame.Place the flat on top of the plate in thevacuum frame.Expose the plate to light.GRAPHIC ARTS25
6—Mount the plate and dampen it, following instructions.7—Follow these operational steps.1. Turn on the press.2. Apply moisture to the plate.3. Apply ink. Adjust the flow of moistening solution and ink.4. Set the paper feed. Turn on the paper feed. Completethe run.StepStepMount the plate onthe press.26GRAPHIC ARTS
Adjust the flow of moistening solutionand ink.FOperate the offset press.Set the paper feed.N Z4?Complete the press run.GRAPHIC ARTS27
liOffset presses like these are used in many schools and small print shops.28GRAPHIC ARTS
A Short History of Stencil PrintingStencil printing is an ancient art. In one early form,people pierced patterns in leaves and paintedthrough the openings to make a design.The Chineseand Egyptians cut stencils to print designs on fabricand walls.The Japanese became highly skilled in stencilprinting, using special waterproof paper so thatdyes would not soak through. To support delicatepieces of the stencil, they glued a fine network ofhuman hairs across the openings.Eventually, stencil craft spread through westernEurope and was used commercially in England andFrance to decorate furniture and wallpaper. By the1870s, the French and Germans were experimenting with the idea ofusing a stencil with a screen of woven silk fabric. In 1907, Samuel Simonof Manchester, England, patented the method. He stretched the fabric inthe frame, attached a stencil to the screen, printed through the silk andstencil, and then removed the stencil.The silk-screen process developed into a commercial printing processin the United States during World War I. It was used to decorate flags,pennants, and banners. In 1929, a new stencil material, a knife-cut filmtissue, was introduced.This gave smoother edges to stencils.GRAPHIC ARTS29
attached to the fabric.New Presses. Electronic circuit boards providea great example of how much detail can bereproduced with screen printing. The boardstarts out with a uniform coating of electricalconducting material. The pattern of thecircuitry is then screen printed with an ink'\J called acid-resist. The board is then dippedin acid, which eats away the conductingcoating wherever it is not covered with thescreen-printed acid-resist. When theresist is removed, the conductingcircuit pattern is left on the board.Then the electronic components areapplied. Screen printing also is usedto print watch faces, automotivegauges, industrial instrument panels,T-shirts, and other clothing. Automatedpresses have sped up the screenprinting process. Large, multicolorscreen-printing presses enableprinters to produce colorfulbillboard advertisements.(creen printing works well on ariety of substrates.30GRA
symbols to elaborate designs using a rainbow of colors anda variety of ink types.The ProcessThe Design. The printing process begins with a design.You will adapt your design to work with the type of stencil,ink, and substrate you plan to use.Screen printing works best when your design is made upof large or moderately sized detail, and the ink is applied in athick, uniform film. Designs with many fine lines, small detail,and a lot of type are not recommended for screen printing.*SCOUTINGROCKS!,.-Plan a simple, single-color design to print on a poster, card, orperhaps a T-shirt. (But keep in mind the quantity requirement 4asks you to print.)GRAPHIC ARTS31
stencil material and then exposed. The positive image originalcan be produced using a graphic arts process camera or a highquality photocopy machine that can copy onto translucentvellum or clear transparency film.water-based air-drying ink is the easiest to use.Your counselor can help you select the right type of ink forthe material you will be printing on.The Ink. AMany hobby and craft stores sell screen printing kits for itemssuch as cards, posters, and T-shirts. Ask your counselor whethera kit is available and suitable for your project.32GRAPHIC ARTS
tized screen is placed in contact with thefilm positive image of your design. Thismay be done in a special vacuum exposureframe. You also may use a simpler method.Place a flat piece of sponge foam inside thescreen frame and position the screen bottom-side up. Place the positive on thescreen's stencil and a large sheet of glasson top. The foam inside the screen frameholds the screen in contact with the positiveand the glass.Step 3—Expose the screen's stencil to alight source that has a lot of ultravioletlight. Consult the manufacturer's recommendations about exposure times.Remember, high-intensity ultraviolet lightcan damage your eyes if you look directlyat it, so find out whether precautions arenecessary for the equipment you use.Newer equipment has safety features.You also may use natural sunlight toexpose your screen.GRAPHIC ARTS33
light and looking through it. Make sure all unwanted pinholesand defects are covered up.34GRAPHIC ARTS
design with a water-soluble solution and mask it with a non-water-solublesolution.Then wash the design out, leaving the openings in the stencil forprinting. Seal the edges and pinholes as described above. If you use thismethod, ask your counselor about appropriate solutions for painting thedesign and masking.PREPARING TO SCREEN PRINTTo set up your printing work area, dothe following.Step 1—Choose an area that is free of clutterand provides enough room for you to workwithout crowding. Lay down some newspapers to keep the work table clean, and getyour tools and equipment together. You willneed the following materials: a screen frameand printing board, an ink spatula, a squeegee, and a substrate. jStep 2—Prepare an area to place yourprinted pieces for drying. If you are workingin a print shop or classroom, you may findspecial drying racks. You also can string aclothesline and use clothespins to hold yourprints while they dry.GRAPHIC ARTS35
tape poster boardor untexturedmat board overthe wood.Step 3—Prepare to print. Attach the screen to the printingboard. (The printing board will be under the screen when youprint.) Locate the position of the image on the printing board.Use strips of card stock and adhesive tape to locate at leastthree register stops for aligning the image in the correct positionon the substrate. Registering means having the printed image inthe same place on each piece.If you are printing on T-shirts, spray tacky adhesive onthe printing board to hold the shirt in place. For printing withmultiple colors, adhesive also helps register each color in theproper place in the design.PRINTINGHere are the steps for printing.Step 1—Stir the ink thoroughly. Use the ink spatula to put asufficient amount of ink at the top of the screen frame, not onthe open parts of your stencil. Spread it to the width of yourdesign so that when you make your first print, all areas willbe covered.Step 2—Use both hands to hold the squeegee. Hold the squeegeealmost upright, at an angle of about 75 to 80 degrees, at the topof the screen frame. Applying even pressure, pull the squeegeetoward you slowly and evenly to force the ink through thescreen and onto your substrate.36GRAPHIC ARTS
A74 r' --Step 3—After completing the printstroke, lift the screen frame off thesurface and return the squeegee to thetop of the frame, using a flood stroketo spread a thin film of ink and prevent the screen from drying out andblocking fresh ink. (Some screens havea leg to hold the frame up betweenprints, or you can prop it with a smallblock of wood.)Step 4—Carefully remove your printedpiece and put it in the drying area.Step 5—Repeat the process untilyou have printed the required numberof pieces.GRAPHIC ARTS37
textile inks must be cleaned upwith mineral spirits or paint thinner.Use absorbent cloth rags orspecial paper towels to clean allequipment. Your counselor willguide you in specific cleanupprocedures and the proper disposalof any solvents and solvent-soakedrags or cloths.After cleaning the ink from thescreen, remove the paper tape andblockout fluid with warm water.Remove the stencil, following themanufacturers instructions. Youcan remove some stencils withordinary warm water, but othersrequire special chemicals and/orhigh-pressure water washout.38GRAPHIC ARTS
Gravure PrintingGravure printing (also called rotogravure) is considered thefinest method of reproducing pictures. However, the high costof making the printing plates usually limits its use to long pressruns. High-quality magazines, Sunday newspaper magazinesections and color advertising fliers, large mail-order catalogs,postage stamps, currency, and expensive books usually areprinted using gravure. Other products well-suited to gravureprinting include wall and floor coverings, plastic laminatesused for cabinets and countertops, and patterned vinyl surfacecoverings used in the furniture and automotive industries.Many packaging materials also are printed by gravure.Gravure printing uses a recessed (sunken) surface shapedlike the image to be printed. The image to be printed is carriedin tiny cells (or wells) that are chemically etched or engravedbelow the surface of the image carrier. The entire surface of theimage carrier is flooded with a thin, liquid ink. Then the surfaceEtched gravurecylinderGRAPHIC ARTS39
[NKATHDiagram of a gravure pressof the image carrier is wiped clean by a flexible steel doctorblade, leaving ink in only the tiny cells. The ink is transferredto the surface to be printed when that surface is tightly pressedagainst the image carrier.In gravure, as in other processes, the layout is either photographed or electronically captured as a comput
This merit badge pamphlet is one in a series of more than 100 covering all kinds of hobby and career subjects. It is made available for you to buy as a service of the national and local councils, Boy Scouts of America. The costs of the development, writing, and editing of the merit badge
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Robotics Merit Badge Workbook This workbook can help you but you still need to read the merit badge pamphlet. This Workbook can help you organize your thoughts as you prepare to meet with your merit badge counselor. You still must satisfy your counselor that you can demonstrate each skill and have learned the information.File Size: 322KBPage Count: 11Explore furtherRobotics Merit Badge and Worksheet - Boy Scout Trailwww.boyscouttrail.comMerit Badges Boy Scouts of Americawww.scouting.orgRobotics in the Classroom - ER : Homeer.jsc.nasa.govAmazon.com: Robotics Merit Badge Pamphlet eBook : of .www.amazon.comMerit Badge University runs 2021 sessions for the Robotics .cmu.eduRecommended to you b
We have prepared this Merit Badge Workbook to help you understand and fulfill the requirements for the Citizenship in the World Merit Badge. Remember that this workbook is just a tool to help you earn the merit badge. There will be things that you will write in this workbook that will satisfy a requirement of the merit badge.
Backpacking p. 2 Merit Badge Workbook Scout's Name: _ Backpacking Merit Badge Workbook This workbook can help you but you still need to read the merit badge pamphlet (book). No one can add or subtract from the Boy Scout Requirements #33215. Merit Badge
The Merit Badge Pamphlet & Workbook . 1. This presentation . DOES NOT . replace the Merit Badge Pamphlet. You should . 2. The Merit Badge workbook can help you complete your requirements but you still should . Read the Merit Badge Pamphlet. The work space provided for each requirement in the workbook should be used to . make notes for discussing
This slide set was designed to aid Merit Badge Counselors to deliver a Merit Badge course and to aid Scouts in completion of a Merit Badge. Scouts, Merit Badge Counselors and other Scouters are free us use this material for teaching and learning Merit Badge requirements. Use of ma
This slide set was designed to aid Merit Badge Counselors to deliver a Merit Badge course and to aid Scouts in completion of a Merit Badge. Scouts, Merit Badge Counselors and other Scouters are free us use this material for teaching and learning Merit Badge requirements. Use of ma
This slide set was designed to aid Merit Badge Counselors to deliver a Merit Badge course and to aid Scouts in completion of a Merit Badge. Scouts, Merit Badge Counselors and other Scouters are free us use this material for teaching and learning Merit Badge requirements. Use of ma
