PrefaceRecognizing the importance of energy efficiency to the nation and industry, the U.S. Department ofEnergy’s (DOE) Industrial Technologies Program (ITP), in collaboration with the United States Councilfor Automotive Research LLC (USCAR), hosted a technology roadmap workshop in Troy, Michigan onMay 20-21, 2008. The purpose of the workshop was to explore opportunities for energy reduction,discuss the challenges and barriers that might need to be overcome, and identify priorities for futureR&D.The results of the workshop are presented in this Technology Roadmap for Energy Reduction inAutomotive Manufacturing. The roadmap will be used by public and private organizations to help guidedecision-making for future research, development, and demonstration projects. The priorities presentedhere are not all-inclusive, but represent a major step toward identifying ways to potentially reduce energyintensity in automotive manufacturing and the associated supply chain.
Table of ContentsExecutive Summary .ii1 Introduction .12 Overview of the Automotive Supply Chain.33 Opportunities for Energy Reduction in Auto Manufacturing .54 Body in White and Components .75 Automotive Paint .176 Powertrain and Chassis Components .277 Final Assembly .378 Plant Infrastructure .459 Crosscutting Opportunities for Saving Energy .5310 Moving Forward .59Appendix A: List of Contributors .A-1Appendix B: Comprehensive List of R&D Needs.B-1Appendix C: Acronyms .C-1i
Executive SummaryFaced with decreasing supplies and increasing costs of energy resources, reducing energy use has become animportant challenge for the United States. For U.S. automotive manufacturers, energy purchases impact productioncosts and the industry’s competitiveness. Transportation manufacturing, which includes automotive, is now the 8thlargest industrial energy consumer in the U.S. Between 2002 and 2005, energy expenditures in this sector increasedoverall by 20%. Electricity purchases increased by about 20%; purchases of fuels (mostly natural gas and diesel)increased by a staggering 50%. [ASM 2005]Technology Roadmap Workshop forEnergy Reduction in AutomotiveManufacturing, May 20-21, 2008, Troy,Michigan Included representatives from the U.S.DOE, USCAR, major automotivesuppliers, utilities, and nationallaboratories Identified opportunities for energyreduction, challenges and barriers toovercome, and priority R&D areas Will help guide decision making forfuture R&D to reduce energy intensityin automotive manufacturingWhile today’s automotive manufacturing facilities are modern andrelatively efficient, significant opportunities remain to reduce energydemand through better energy management, technology innovation,and research and development (R&D). The benefits could be great –conservation of energy, less impact on the environment, and anenhanced competitive position for the U.S. automotive industry.To address the energy challenge, the U.S. Department of Energy’s(DOE) Industrial Technologies Program (ITP) and the U.S. Councilfor Automotive Research (USCAR) are exploring ways to reduce theenergy intensity of automotive manufacturing. Identifying the precompetitive, high-risk R&D needed to accelerate the use of moreenergy efficient manufacturing processes is critical to their futureefforts.This Technology Roadmap for Energy Reduction in AutomotiveManufacturing will help provide direction and focus to both publicand private decision-makers as they pursue R&D that will help reduce energy consumption and improve energyefficiency in automotive manufacturing.Energy and the U.S. Automotive EnterpriseThe automotive enterprise encompasses much more than the manufacture of vehicles. As Exhibit E-1 illustrates, itis a complex supply chain that includes producing raw materials such as steel, aluminum, plastics, and glass;forming and fabricating parts, components, and subsystems; assembling hundreds of these elements to make thevehicles; and, distributing and selling the vehicles. Over 2 million people are employed in the U.S. in automobilemanufacturing or retail trade, according the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics [BLS 2009]. The automotive enterpriseis a major player in the U.S. economy, with over 20,000 suppliers and 50,000 facilities contributing to U.S.automotive shipments valued at over 500 billion in 2006 [BEA 2008]. NADA estimates that dealers generate inexcess of 20 billion in annual sales tax revenue which contributes to the budgets for state and local governmentsacross the country [NADA 2008].The energy use associated with the U.S. automotive enterprise has been roughly estimated at over 800 trillion Btus(British thermal units) per year. Note that the energy consumed by the major suppliers serving the automotivemanufacturing is not included in this figure, nor is the energy associated with transport and delivery of vehicles tothe market. If all relevant energy use were included, the energy attributed to the automotive enterprise would besignificantly higher.There are many opportunities to reduce energy use where vehicles are manufactured, as well as in supplieroperations. Among these are developing more efficient technologies and materials, implementing best energymanagement practices, and increasing use of energy resources such as waste heat. There are also opportunities touse alternative energy resources such as hydrogen, biomass, solar, geothermal, and wind to provide power and heatfor manufacturing operations.ii
Exhibit E-1. The Automotive EnterpriseExhibit E-2 illustrates the magnitude of the opportunities – the automotive enterprise consumes about 800 trillionBtus annually. Using a conservative approach, if estimated energy use could be reduced by just 10%, the energysavings would be 80 trillion Btus per year, the equivalent of about 650 million gallons of gasoline or the energyneeded to heat about 2 million U.S. households.Increasing energy efficiency also provides ancillary benefits, such as greater productivity, fewer rejected parts andwastes, and reduced emissions to the environment, as well as lower energy expenditures. The end results willbenefit both the automotive industry and the nation.Improvements made in automotive manufacturing could also be used in industries where similar processes orequipment are employed, such as the manufacture of farm equipment, industrial machinery, fabricated metals,heavy trucks, rail cars, ships, and aircraft. As Exhibit E-2 illustrates, these industries use nearly 700 trillion Btus ofenergy annually.iii
Body Non-StructureEstimated Automotive EnterpriseEnergy Use 800 TBtuFront SuspensionMaterials: 500 Tbtu*AUTOMOTIVEOEMPROCESSESRear akesIron & SteelElectricalAluminum,Magnesium,TitaniumFerrous & NonFerrous CastingsFuel and ExhaustTextilesPlastics, RubberBumpersZinc, Lead,Copper 300 Tbtu*Die Making**Casting**StampingBody ShopPaintingPower TrainAssemblyGlassWheels and TiresAir ConditioningComponent and Subsystem SuppliersWindowsPaint*Energy values are preliminary based on publishedestimates DOC/Annual Survey of Manufacturesdata for fuels and electricity. **Could be internal toplant or outsourced. TBtu Trillion BtusEnergy use in industrieswith similar processes:Transport Mfg 100 TbtuHeavy Machinery 180 TbtuFabricated Metals 390 TBtuExhibit E-2. Estimated Distribution of Energy Use in the Automotive EnterprisePriorities for Research and DevelopmentRoadmap priorities for R&D are grouped in the five key areas shown below. These priorities encompass challengesthat occur within the manufacturing production facility, as well as those in supplier facilities where subsystems,modules, and components are manufactured. Exhibit E-3 illustrates the priority topics for each of these areas. Body in White (BIW) and Closures – the assembly of the vehicle structure, and the sheet metal closures(doors, hoods, and deck lids)Automotive Paint –the interior and exterior body structure from BIW is painted using a multi-layer paintprocessPowertrain and Chassis Components –the engine, transmission, driveshaft, differential, and suspensionare integrated with the chassis (frame) and componentsFinal Assembly – the body, powertrain, and chassis of the vehicle are integrated with all the final parts,such as seats, dashboard assemblies, interior trim panels, wheels, windshields, and many othersPlant Infrastructure – facilities and energy systems that are needed to keep automotive manufacturingoperations running and employees in a comfortable and safe environment, such as boilers, power systems,heating/cooling, and othersThe roadmap also includes a number of crosscutting topics with potential application across more than one area ofmanufacturing. Among these are waste heat recovery, wireless systems, benchmarking and modeling of energy usein production facilities, and manufacturing challenges for high volume production of next generation vehicles.iv
Exhibit E-3Priority R&D Topics for Reducing Energy Usein Automotive ManufacturingBody InWhiteEnergy-efficient joiningtechnologies for highvolume parts usingsimilar or dissimilarmetals, polymers &compositesNew materials forhigh strength, highformability,lightweight partsand bodystructuresProcesses toreduce scrap andincreasematerialsutilization in bodystructuresAdvanced auto bodymanufacturing –energy efficientprocesses, tools, diesand molds, reductionof process stepsAutomotivePaintAlternativetechnologies &processes to cure anddry paint in massproduction paintshopsNon-spray paintprocesses withtoday’s performance& elimination oflarge air volumeconditioningElimination/reduction ofenergy, water &chemicalrequirements inpaint pretreatmentSpray coatingmaterials that adaptto varying spray boothair environments –relative humidityadaptive paintPowertrain& ChassisNovel, energy-efficientheat treatingtechnologies to enable50% energy reductionover conventionalprocessesFinalAssemblyAdvanced materialhandling & logisticstechnologies (wirelesssensors, advancedbatteries, frictionlessconveyors)Low frictionfasteners thatminimize energyuse whileachieving desiredclamp loadsEnergy-efficient tooling& equipment forassembly (energyregeneration, minimizedidle state energy, lesscompressed air)Alternative energy(solar, biogas, wind,hydrogen,advanced batteries)for lighting & HVACin assemblyPlant Infra‐structureAlternative motorsystems to replacecompressed air actuators(CNC machines, stampingcounter balances,conveyor take-ups)Advancedmonitoring/control ofenergy/emissions,with plant-wide datacollection & feedbacksystemsReliable wirelessindustrial networks tomonitor/control energy& building systems withnew frequencyspectrumsLife cyclemanagement offacilities andprocess equipmentto reduce over-sizing& energy lossesEnergy-efficient die- Optimized machining viacast & semicontrol/logic strategies,permanent molddry machining, machinecasting, and novelstructure design, powersand-casting for highstorage, & preheatvolume cylinder headsreductionManufacturing ofpowertrain &chassiscomponents withnew lightweight netshape materialsCrosscutting R&D TopicsEnergy RecoveryAssessing /Modeling EnergyNext Generation Vehicles Casting or heat treating of metals Bulk materials manufacturing Plastic scrap incineration Cooling fluids Low temperature waste heat Thermal regeneration Combined heat and power Processes and sub-processes Building envelope Plant-wide logistics systems Energy embedded in subsystems,modules, components Raw material energy Life cycle energy Energy efficient high volumemanufacturing processes High volume energy storageproduction (batteries, ultracapacitors, others) Power electronics & wiring Electric motors manufacturev
Moving ForwardCreation of this technology roadmap represented a focused effort to understand the opportunities for reducingenergy consumption in automotive manufacturing and the associated supply chain. Clearly, the opportunities aremany and span every aspect of the industry.It is hoped that this roadmap will provide direction and a basis for future decision making and investments in R&Dto enable energy reduction in automotive manufacturing. While it does not cover all areas in depth, it does bring outsome important ideas. It is notable that the concepts presented here represent a wide range of technologies andopportunities – from the very near-term to revolutionary changes that could be achieved in the future. One thing iscertain – the automotive enterprise will continue to adapt and improve to meet approaching energy challenges.Looking forward, this roadmap illuminates some of the key opportunities for energy efficiency in the automotiveenterprise that can potentially be achieved through R&D and other actions. Developing these energy efficiencygains may require long-term, high-risk research, and the foundation of new public-private collaborations involvingacademia, national labs, government, OEMs, and suppliers. As future R&D projects are initiated, the automotiveindustry and the nation can begin to reap the benefits that accrue from reducing the use of our precious energyresources.This roadmap is dynamic – it will continue to change and be refined and expanded as more industry participantsbecome involved and as technology breakthroughs emerge.SourcesASM 2005. Annual Survey of Manufacturers 2005. U.S. Department of Commerce.BEA 2008. Gross Domestic Product by Industry, 1998-2007. Bureau of Economic Analysis. U.S. Department ofCommerce.BLS 2009. Automotive Industry: Employment, Earnings, and Hours. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of LaborStatistics (http://www.bls.gov/iag/tgs/iagauto.htm)NADA 2008. National Automobile Dealers Association. NADA Sales Data 08/)vi
1.0 IntroductionEnergy efficiency is an important priority for the United States. As it relates to automotivemanufacturing, energy purchases have a major impact on production costs and ultimately theindustry’s competitiveness. Transportation manufacturing, (which includes automotive), is now the8th largest industrial energy consumer in the United States. Between 2002 and 2005, energyexpenditures increased 20% in the transportation sector, purchases of electricity went up nearly10%, and the cost of fuels increased nearly 50%.1 The energy embodied in the large and complexsupply chain needed to produce a vehicle – from production of raw materials to final assembly – issubstantial.Conserving energy through more efficient processes, technologies, and products is the fastest wayto lower energy use in automotive manufacturing in the near-term. While many manufacturingfacilities today are modernized and relatively efficient, significant opportunities remain to reduceenergy demand via innovation and research and development (R&D). The benefits: greaterconservation of energy resources, improved productivity, reduced impact on the environment, andan enhanced competitive position for U.S. industry.To address this energy efficiency challenge, the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) IndustrialTechnologies Program (ITP) and the United States Council for Automotive Research LLC(USCAR) are exploring ways to reduce the energy intensity of automotive manufacturing. At thecore is identifying the pre-competitive, high-risk R&D needed to accelerate the use of more energyefficient production processes for automotive manufacturing.To gain insights on reducing energy intensity in automotive manufacturing, a technology roadmapworkshop was held at Michigan State Management Education Center in Troy, Michigan on May20-21, 2008. This meeting brought together representatives from DOE, USCAR, major or integralsupplier to the automotive industry (referred to as Allied and Tier suppliers), utilities, and nationallaboratories – all with expertise in the automotive industry. The purpose of the workshop was toexplore opportunities for energy reduction, discuss the challenges and barriers that might need tobe overcome, and identify priorities for future R&D. The workshop covered five topics relative tomajor operations in automotive manufacturing, as well as crosscutting issues such as wasteminimization, materials, and recycling (see Exhibit 1.1).The results of the workshop, along with public information from other sources, provide afoundation for this Technology Roadmap for Automotive Manufacturing Energy Reduction. Theroadmap will be used by public and private organizations to help guide decision-making for futureresearch, development, and demonstration (RD&D) projects. It provides an important foundationfor moving forward to reap the benefits of more energy-efficient automotive manufacturingprocesses.It is noted that the priorities presented here are not all-inclusive, but represent a major step towardidentifying ways to potentially reduce energy intensity in automotive manufacturing and theassociated supply chain. Over time, new technologies will emerge and change, the knowledge basewill grow, and progress will be made. To keep pace with technology innovation and the changingworld, this technology roadmap is dynamic and should be periodically revisited.1Annual Survey of Manufactures, Fuels, and Electricity Purchases. 2005. U.S. Department of Commerce. EconomicCensus 2005.TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP FOR AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING ENERGY REDUCTION1
Exhibit 1.1. Technology Roadmap Workshop TopicsMajor OperationsBody in White andComponentsPaintPowertrain andChassis ComponentsFinal AssemblyPlant InfrastructureProduction of body structure: tool manufacture, welding, castings, joining, roboticsassembly, non-ferrous materials/parts/ fluids, body constructionApplication of interior/exterior paint and finish: paint booths, ovens, compressed air,abatement, coatings, materials, waste treatmentIntegration of engine, transmission, and chassis components: castings, net shapecasting and forging, forming, heat treating, machining/cutting/ tooling, powderedmetals, robotics assemblyAssembly of parts and components to produce finished vehicle: assemblyprocesses, robotics, final inspection of vehiclesUtilities and building envelope: generation, distribution, and maintenance of powerand heat and utility systems; HVAC and other building utilities; O&M of plant-widesystems such as compressed air, motors and other equipmentCrosscutting TopicsEnergy EfficientManufacturing &Production for ExistingMaterialsEnergy EfficientManufacturing &Production for NewMaterialsEnergy Efficient Designof Products andProcesses Materials that improve efficiency of the existing manufacturing process (heattransfer, improved tooling/tool coatings, machining, etc.) Energy efficient processes for production and use of next generation materialsin vehicle design (use the same or less energy when incorporating newmaterials) Efficient transfer/transport of parts and materials Design for recycle, predictive manufacturing for waste elimination/reduction Design for parts consolidation, reduction of content, elimination of processsteps – all to reduce energy useOrganization of the ReportThis report is organized around the major operations shown in Exhibit 1.1. For each area,information is provided on the scope (technologies and processes included); how the operationmight look or change in the future (i.e., a vision for the future); opportunities for energy savings;and R&D priorities.In each chapter, a summary table provides a list of thepriorities for reducing energy intensity in the majoroperational area. These ideas have been compiled into a setof priority R&D topics for each area, with greater detailprovided on performance targets, relative benefits, thebarriers to be overcome, specific avenues that might bepursued through R&D, and major milestones.Chrysler Warren Truck Assembly Plant,Dodge Ram Box line, Body in WhiteTECHNOLOGY ROADMAP FOR AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING ENERGY REDUCTION2
2.0 Overview of the Automotive Supply ChainThe Automotive EnterpriseThe automotive enterprise encompasses much more than the manufacture of vehicles. As Exhibit2.1 illustrates, it is a complex supply chain that includes producing raw materials (steel, aluminum,plastics, glass, others); forming and fabricating raw materials into parts, components andsubsystems; manufacturing components into a product vehicle; and finally, distribution and sales.The automotive enterprise is a major player in the U.S. economy, with over 20,000 suppliers and50,000 facilities contributing to U.S. automotive shipments valued at over 500 billion in 2006.2Exhibit 2.1. The Automotive Enterprise2BEA 2008. Gross Domestic Product by Industry, 1998-2007. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Department of Commerce.TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP FOR AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING ENERGY REDUCTION3
Energy Use in OEM Operations and Supply ChainThe automotive enterprise relies on energy for manufacturing operations; the production of rawmaterials, components, and subsystems; and transport of vehicles and parts between suppliers andconsumer markets. Exhibit 2.2 illustrates the main elements of the automotive enterprise and itsassociated energy use, which has been roughly estimated at over 800 trillion Btus annually. Notethat the energy consumed by the major suppliers serving the automotive industry is not included inthis figure, nor is the energy associated with transport and delivery of vehicles to market. If allrelevant energy use were included, the energy attributed to the automotive enterprise would besignificantly higher.There are opportunities to reduce energy use within the plant walls where vehicles aremanufactured, as well as in supplier operations, including implementation of more efficienttechnologies and materials and best energy management practices as well as increased use ofenergy resources such as waste heat. If estimated energy use could be reduced by just 10%, thiswould equate to 80 trillion Btus – the equivalent of about 650 million gallons of gasoline, orenough energy to heat about 2 million households for a year3.Making processes and operations more energy efficient also can provide ancillary benefits, such aslower energy expenditures, greater productivity, fewer rejected parts and wastes, and reducedemissions to the environment. Improvements made in automotive manufacture could also beapplicable in industries where similar processes or equipment are used, such as manufacture offarm equipment, industrial machinery, fabricated metals, heavy trucks, rail cars, ships and aircraft.Body Non-StructureEstimated Automotive EnterpriseEnergy Use 800 TBtuAUTOMOTIVEOEMPROCESSESFront SuspensionMaterials: 500 Tbtu*Rear SuspensionRAWMATERIALSPROCESSEDMATERIALSBrakesIron & SteelElectricalAluminum,Magnesium,TitaniumFerrous & NonFerrous CastingsSteeringFuel and Exhaust 300 Tbtu*Die Making**Casting**StampingBody ShopPaintingPower TrainAssemblyTextilesPlastics, RubberBumpersZinc, Lead,CopperGlassWheels and TiresAir ConditioningComponent and Subsystem SuppliersWindowsPaint*Energy values are preliminary based on publishedestimates DOC/Annual Survey of Manufacturesdata for fuels and electricity. **Could be internal toplant or outsourced. TBtu Trillion BtusEnergy use in industrieswith similar processes:Transport Mfg 100 TbtuHeavy Machinery 180 TbtuFabricated Metals 390 TBtuExhibit 2.2. Estimated Distribution of Energy Use in the Automotive Enterprise3Residential Energy Consumption Survey 2005. U.S. DOE Energy Information Administration, 2008.Based on 2,171 square feet per household average.TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP FOR AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING ENERGY REDUCTION4
3.0 Opportunities for Energy Reduction in AutomotiveManufacturing OperationsUnderstanding how and where energy is used throughout the automotive enterprise is a necessaryfirst step in identifying opportunities for energy reduction, and to begin to set priorities for areas inwhich to focus such efforts. This a complex undertaking given the thousands of processes, parts,and components that go into the making of a vehicle.Exhibit 3.1 illustrates an approximate flow of the processes within original equipmentmanufacturer (OEM) facilities. Suppliers are integral to every one of the major process units. Thesupplier-OEM relationship is a close one; suppliers must meet the exacting specifications,performance levels, quality, and other criteria necessary to ensure parts and components fit togetheras seamlessly as possible. As a result, supplier inputs are closely integrated with onsite operations.In some cases, supplier equipment and systems are operated and maintained on-site at the OEMfacility by the supplier.The energy percentages shown in Exhibit 3.1 are a preliminary estimate of how energy use isdistributed among these areas, based on a limited set of data. These do not reflect how energy isEnergyLossesDie-Making*(TBD)Casting* ies are assembled f romcastings, inserts, binders,other partsCasting of metal partsProcesses: assembly,machining, tuningProcessEnergyAbatement(volatiles,fines) occurswithin alloperations tosome degree.Processes: pattern making, sandhandling/processing; core mf g; moldlines; metal melting, transport,pouring; machiningPOWER TRAINStamping (12%)Finished parts are pressedout of coiled sheet metalOther Subsystems &ComponentSuppliersProcesses: feed, blank,draw, f orm, re-strike, trim,washBody Shop (10%)Body structure includingclosures are produced(body in white)Processes: 1stdimensional sets, partsassembly, two-stage spotwelds (initial and f inalstructure), robot-intensiveassemblyTransmission (19%)Engine (13%)Transmissions are assembled(clutch, gear sets, case, controls,converters, shif t)Engines are producedf rom castings/forgings(pistons, heads, block)Processes: machining, heattreating, assemblyProcesses: machining,heat treating, assemblyMultiple test and inspection pointsoccur within and between operationsPaint (36%)Finished body structure ispaintedProcesses: pretreatment,seal, prime, top coat,repair; cure and dryingGeneral Assembly(10%)Assembly produces a retailready vehicleProcesses: trim, f it and f inish,f inal assembly; power trainand chassis assembly;exterior & interiorcomponents/ subsystems,electrical systemsFinishedVehicles*These can be captive operations (on-site) or outsourced. Roughpercentages do not include these operations.Exhibit 3.1. Rough Distribution of Energy Use in Major OEM Operations for AutomotiveManufacturing(Source: Preliminary Data for Selected OEM Plants, 2008)TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP FOR AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING ENERGY REDUCTION5
used among the many supplier operations, or the energy embodied in the raw materials used toproduce countless parts and components.What we do know is that energy isused in many different ways in theautomotive manufacturing supplychain, from heating and cooling thebuilding envelope to poweringprocesses and to transporting partsand equipment. Most of the energy isconsumed in the form of fuel (naturalgas) and electricity, 4 as illustrated inExhibit 3.2. While Exhibit 3.2 doesnot include the entire supply chain, itis generally representative of theautomotive enterprise. Materialssuppliers, who use energy to convertores, minerals and petroleum intomaterials that are used in vehiclemanufacture, may have a more diverseenergy footprint. For example,production of materials such as glass,aluminum and steel is generally morefuel-intensive (natural gas, coal) thanelectricity-intensive.Exhibit 3.2. Energy Consumed by Fuel Type,20063Due to current inefficiencies and technology limitations, energy is lost during the manufacturingprocess and in production facilities. These energy losses take many forms, such as waste heatescaping in gases or liquids, energy embodied in rejected parts that must be reprocessed, lossesfrom transmission or delivery of energy from one part of the plant to another, or energy representedin fluids that are wasted or must be disposed of. Reducing these losses can be accomplished byimproving the way energy is managed, upgrading systems, recouping waste heat, minimizingrejected parts and materials, and by the introduction of new and improved technologies. Energyconsumption can also be reduced by redesigning processes, using new materials, or just rethinkinghow energy is used.The remainder of this technology roadmap focuses on some of the priority solutions that have beenidentified for improving energy efficiency and reducing energy use. While these ideas are not allinclusive, they represent an important step toward better integration of energy management in allaspects of the automotive enterprise. As this report shows, while much progress has already beenmade, there are still opportunities to improve the energy footprint of automotive manufacturing.4Annual Survey of Manufactures 2006. EIA State Energy Information 2006.TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP FOR AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING ENERGY REDUCTION6
4.0 Body in White and ComponentsBody in White (BIW) refers to the stage in automotive manufacturing in which the vehicle bodysheet metal (doors,
Energy’s (DOE) Industrial Technologies Program (ITP), in collaboration with the United States Council for Automotive Research LLC (USCAR), hosted a technology roadmap workshop in Troy, Michigan on May 20-21, 2008. The purpose of the workshop was to exp
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