National Institute Of Justice Report Forensic Science
U.S. Department of JusticeOffice of Justice ProgramsNational Institute of JusticeMAY 2017NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUSTICEREPORTFORENSIC SCIENCEFiscal Year 2016Funding forDNA Analysis, Capacity Enhancement,and Other Forensic ActivitiesBy Gerald LaPorte, Heather Waltke,Charles Heurich, and Ruby J Chase
U.S. Department of JusticeOffice of Justice Programs810 Seventh St. N.W.Washington, DC 20531Howard SpivakActing Director, National Institute of JusticeThis and other publications and products of the National Institute of Justice can be found at:National Institute of JusticeStrengthen Science Advance Justicehttp://www.NIJ.govOffice of Justice ProgramsBuilding Solutions Supporting Communities Advancing Justicehttp://www.ojp.usdoj.govThe National Institute of Justice is the research, development, and evaluation agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. NIJ’smission is to advance scientific research, development, and evaluation to enhance the administration of justice and public safety.The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of JusticeAssistance; the Bureau of Justice Statistics; the Office for Victims of Crime; the Office of Juvenile Justice and DelinquencyPrevention; and the Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking.Opinions or conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position orpolicies of the U.S. Department of Justice.Photo Sources: Horoscope/Shutterstock, Inc., Jaroslav74/Shutterstock, Inc.
MAY 2017NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUSTICEREPORTFORENSIC SCIENCEFISCAL YEAR 2016FUNDING FORDNA ANALYSIS, CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT, AND OTHER FORENSIC ACTIVITIESBY GERALD LaPORTE, HEATHER WALTKE, CHARLES HEURICH, AND RUBY J CHASEFindings and conclusions of the research reported here are those of the authors and donot necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.NCJ 250552
REPORT FORENSIC SCIENCE1FISCAL YEAR 2016 FUNDINGFOR DNA ANALYSIS, CAPACITYENHANCEMENT, AND OTHERFORENSIC ACTIVITIESBY GERALD LaPORTE, HEATHER WALTKE, CHARLES HEURICH, AND RUBY J CHASEOverviewThe National Institute of Justice (NIJ)—the research,development, and evaluation arm of the U.S. Departmentof Justice (DOJ)—is dedicated to improving theunderstanding of crime and justice issues throughscience. Annually, NIJ has received funds through theDepartment of Justice Appropriations Act. In 2016, thisappropriation1 included 125,000,000 for three purposeareas: (i) 117,000,000 for DNA-related and forensicprograms and activities, including a DNA analysis andcapacity enhancement program and other local, state,and federal forensic activities; (ii) 4,000,000 for thepurposes described in the Kirk Bloodsworth PostConviction DNA Testing Program;2 and (iii) 4,000,000for Sexual Assault Forensic Exam Program grants.3 Thisreport will highlight how NIJ invested the 117,000,000portion of the appropriation for DNA and other forensicactivities, and the impact these efforts have had onthe criminal justice system. Of the 117,000,000appropriation, NIJ received 105,027,523 specifically toallocate for these purposes.4Since 2008, NIJ has received funding for similar purposesincluding, but not limited to, support for DNA analysis andlaboratory capacity enhancement; technical assistancethrough direct funding to state and local law enforcementagencies and forensic laboratories; and support for theonly grant program in the nation dedicated to forensicscience research, development, and evaluation. Eachyear, NIJ considers how to allocate these funds based onthe amount of unspent funds remaining in forensic DNAlaboratories from previous grant awards, NIJ TechnologyThe programs described in this report areoverseen by NIJ’s Office of Investigativeand Forensic Sciences (OIFS), the federalgovernment’s lead office for forensic scienceresearch and development and administration ofcapacity enhancement and technical assistanceprograms.OIFS has two primary categories of activities:(1) research and development and (2) capacityenhancement and technical assistance.Research and development efforts providethe discoveries, technologies, innovations,and scientists that will enable future improvedtools, methodologies, and best practices forthe criminal justice system, while capacityenhancement and technical assistance developthe forensic science workforce and bringinnovative tools, technologies, methodologies,and best practices to forensic laboratories andforensic practitioners.National Institute of Justice NIJ.gov
2FISCAL YEAR 2016 FUNDING FOR DNA ANALYSIS, CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT, AND OTHER FORENSIC ACTIVITIESWorking Group recommendations,5 results from studiesand new findings, and NIJ’s strategic priorities. All ofthese programs have been and continue to be a criticalsupport mechanism for the forensic science communityand, most critically, they directly support NIJ’s strategy toimprove the quality and practice of forensic science.NIJ recognizes that while many forensic science needsrequire a long-term strategy to fully address them, thereare immediate needs that also must be addressed. Theimmediate needs arise primarily from the state andlocal forensic laboratories that face the dual challengesof satisfying increasing demand for DNA analysis whilekeeping up with the latest advances. NIJ remainscommitted to a sustained effort that recognizes researchand development as a long-term solution while providingsupport to forensic laboratories to address the immediateconcerns of DNA capacity enhancement and efficiencyimprovement.Office of Investigative and Forensic SciencesMission: To advance forensic science throughresearch, resources, and innovation to protectthe public and ensure justice for all.This is a pivotal time for forensic science and the criminaljustice system. The need to strengthen forensic scienceresearch and practice has been highlighted in manyreports. The most recent National Research Councilreport, Support for Forensic Science Research: Improvingthe Scientific Role of the National Institute of Justice(2015),6 emphasized the “unique and critical role” NIJhas to play because it is the only federal agency focusedon forensic science specifically in support of state andlocal agencies while at the same time managing acomprehensive research and development portfolio. Otheragencies only serve forensic science issues “indirectlyand occasionally.”7The Fiscal Year 2016 Forensic Science ProgramsOf the 105 million made available to NIJ in Fiscal Year(FY) 2016 for DNA-related and forensic programs andactivities, funding can be generally broken down into threebroad categories8 (See Table 1).National Institute of Justice NIJ.govThe distribution of funds for NIJ’s forensic programs inFY 2016 is shown in Figure 1. Approximately 65 percentof the available funding went directly to forensic sciencelaboratories, law enforcement agencies, and policedepartments to process, record, screen, and analyzeforensic DNA and/or DNA database samples; to increasingthe capacity of forensic laboratories; and to reducingthe backlog of samples awaiting DNA analysis. Eightpercent of the available funding was allocated to technicalassistance to enhance the use of DNA and other forensicsciences in the criminal justice system.9 Twenty-fourpercent of available funding was dedicated to projectsthat included the development of highly discriminating,accurate, reliable, cost-effective, and rapid methods forthe identification, analysis, and interpretation of physicalevidence.Direct Funding for State and Local ForensicLaboratoriesNIJ supports the direct funding of state and local forensiclaboratories and law enforcement agencies with threeimportant programs: the DNA Capacity Enhancement andBacklog Reduction (CEBR) program, the biggest programOIFS operates; the Research and Evaluation for theTesting and Interpretation of Physical Evidence in PubliclyFunded Laboratories program; and a new program,Sexual Assault Forensic Evidence – Inventory, Tracking,and Reporting (SAFE-ITR), to encourage transparencyaround sexual assault kit tracking and testing. Allprograms have the overarching purposes of assistingrecipients with increasing the capacity to do forensictesting and increasing the quality of the forensic results,as well as ensuring transparency around sexual assaultevidence testing.DNA Capacity Enhancement and Backlog ReductionProgramThe goal of the CEBR program is to help increase thethroughput of evidence processing at the nation’s forensicDNA laboratories and improve the quality of testing.Improvements achieved through increased efficiency comefrom a variety of innovations such as faster technologies,improvements to DNA kits and supplies, and streamlinedworkflows. Recipients of funding under the CEBR program
REPORT FORENSIC SCIENCE3Figure 1. Distribution of Funds for NIJ’s Forensic Programs in FY 2016Technical Assistance forForensic Laboratories andLaw Enforcement Agencies8% ( 8,060,137)Research, Development,Testing, and Evaluation24% ( 25,072,279)Direct Funding forState and LocalForensic Laboratories65% ( 68,810,709)Scientific Support,Dissemination,and Outreach3% ( 3,082,672)Table 1: Categories of Support for NIJ’s Forensic Programs in FY 201665%Direct funding for state and local forensiclaboratories and law enforcement agencies8% DNA Capacity Enhancement and Backlog National Missing and Unidentified PersonsReduction (CEBR) ProgramSystem (NamUs) Research and Evaluation for the Testing and Forensic Technology Center of Excellence (FTCoE)Interpretation of Physical Evidence in PubliclyFunded Forensic Laboratories Sexual Assault Forensic Evidence – Inventory,Tracking, and Reporting (SAFE-ITR)24%Research, development, testing, and evaluation Research and Development in Forensic Sciencefor Criminal Justice Purposes Reimbursable Interagency Agreements withFederal PartnersTechnical assistance for forensic laboratoriesand law enforcement agencies FBI-NIJ SAK Partnership3%Contracts for scientific support,dissemination, and outreach Printing and distributing forensic reports andhandbooks Support for National Criminal Justice ReferenceService (NCJRS)10 Hosting and maintaining websites Providing assistance to ensure granteecompliance with the National EnvironmentalPolicy Act (NEPA).National Institute of Justice NIJ.gov
4FISCAL YEAR 2016 FUNDING FOR DNA ANALYSIS, CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT, AND OTHER FORENSIC ACTIVITIESdetermine what portion of their funding to use forcapacity-building purposes and what portion to use foranalysis of forensic DNA and/or DNA database samples.Recipients can use the funding to conduct DNA testing onall evidence that is submitted to the laboratories–includingevidence related to sexual assaults, which often includesmore than a sexual assault kit.NIJ’s efforts to reduce backlogs of biological evidence inlaboratories have resulted in significant improvements inthe quantity and quality of DNA testing, but the impacthas been tempered by a substantial increase in demandfor testing. The increased demand is due in part to NIJsupported improvements to DNA evidence analysis: asthe technology becomes more helpful to law enforcement,the demand for DNA testing goes up. Preliminary resultsfrom the FORESIGHT11 project, an NIJ-supported,business-guided self-evaluation for forensic sciencelaboratories, show that for every 1 percent improvementin a laboratory’s time to process the evidence there is asubsequent 1.1 percent increase in demand for analysis.Examining the performance data collected from CEBRgrantees shows that NIJ funding has had a positive impacton increasing throughput and capacity. DNA evidencebacklogs arise from insufficient supply12 coupled withan overflowing demand.13 Figure 2 shows that whilethe demand is still outpacing the supply in nationallaboratories, the gap is closing. From 2008 to 2014, asrequests increased by nearly 50 percent, the number ofcases completed rose by over 60 percent. The PubliclyFunded Forensic Crime Laboratories: Resources andServices, 2014 report from the Bureau of Justice StatisticsBacklog Growth Has SlowedFrom 2008 to 2014, the turnaround timehas remained nearly constant while testingcapacity increased by over 60 percent. Whilethe improved throughput has not reduced thenumber of cases waiting, it has slowed thegrowth of the queue.Figure 2: Trends in DNA Testing of Forensic CasesNumber of CasesTurnaround Time ar Year Cases in queue on Jan 1National Institute of Justice NIJ.govRequestsCompletedTurnaround time
REPORT FORENSIC SCIENCEshows a similar trend: in comparing 2009 with 2014, therequests for DNA testing increased 28 percent while thetests completed increased 24 percent.14,15NIJ’s contribution to the increase in capacity of forensicDNA laboratories can be clearly seen in the percentageof cases supported by NIJ each year: this percentageclimbed from 28 percent to 45 percent of all cases from2009 to 2014 (Figure 3). This increase in productivitydemonstrates real gains in capacity in the nation’sforensic DNA laboratories and shows NIJ’s efforts incapacity enhancement have paid significant and lastingdividends.As DNA technology has advanced and improved, therehas been a change in how cases are investigated, howforensic evidence is interpreted, and the positive impactsof testing DNA evidence. NIJ’s research and developmentefforts have made considerable contributions to thetechnological advancements adopted by laboratories inthe last few years. This has led to more and more casesbeing submitted for analysis, and uploads to the FBI’s5Since FY 2012, funding for the CEBR programhas stayed relatively flat but more DNA casescontinue to be worked with NIJ support, inpart because the cost per case has gone downfrom an average of 1,279 in FY 2007 to anestimated 607 in FY 2014.Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) have increased143 percent from 2009 to 2016.16 For example, moresensitive technologies have allowed a greater number offull DNA profiles to be developed and entered into CODISfrom old, degraded, or otherwise unviable samples —samples that previously yielded only a partial profile orno profile at all. Advanced technologies in forensic DNAanalysis generated from research and developmenthave repeatedly shown the value in testing all types ofevidence from violent crimes, property crimes, unsolvedhomicides and sexual assaults, potential wrongfulconvictions, and unidentified human remains.Figure 3: Trends in NIJ-Supported DNA Testing for Forensic Cases as a Fraction of the Total Cases Processedby Forensic LaboratoriesNumber of Forensics ndar Year% Fraction NIJ Funded NIJ Funded Non-NIJNational Institute of Justice NIJ.gov
6FISCAL YEAR 2016 FUNDING FOR DNA ANALYSIS, CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT, AND OTHER FORENSIC ACTIVITIESPractical ImpactThe practical impact of funds can be measuredby the number of DNA profiles obtained fromcrime scene evidence and from convictedoffender and arrestee samples that areuploaded to the National DNA Index System(NDIS). The size of the national database isan important measure, as the likelihood ofidentifying suspects increases with every profileuploaded. Using these metrics, it becomesclear that efforts supported by NIJ are having asizeable impact.NIJ has played a significant role in achieving the gainsdemonstrated in this section, but more is needed.Until laboratory capacity outpaces the demand forDNA analysis, backlogs will continue to increase inlaboratories. The CEBR program is only part of thesolution, and continued investments in research,technology, and innovative solutions is critical to improvecapacity and efficiency.In FY 2016, NIJ made 132 awards totaling 63,399,849. The FY 2016 solicitation for DNA CapacityEnhancement and Backlog Reduction program canbe found at: -2016-9089.pdf (PDF, 36 pages). Information about DNA backlogs, including a list of allawards made under this program, can be found ons/evidence-backlogs/pages/backlog-reduction program.aspx.Research and Evaluation for the Testing andInterpretation of Physical Evidence in Publicly FundedLaboratoriesIn 2015, NIJ introduced the “R&E for Public Labs”program to support and encourage research, evaluation,and validation studies directly within publicly fundedforensic science laboratories to improve laboratoryefficiency and assist in making laboratory policydecisions. Many forensic science laboratories areNational Institute of Justice NIJ.govstruggling to address significant casework backlogsand do not have the extra resources to devote to newmethods and technologies that could ultimately increaseefficiency in the laboratory. This program addresses aspecific and immediate need for laboratories to researchand evaluate accurate and efficient ways to processevidence in response to their own unique challenges, andthen to publicly transfer that knowledge to other forensiclaboratories, providing a lasting benefit for laboratoriesthat do not have the resources to complete such studies.The program is of particular benefit since it providesdirect support to forensic science laboratories to designmore specific, tailored research and evaluation studiesto investigate more accurate, efficient, reliable, and costeffective methods to process physical evidence.Examples of funded projects include two separate studiesthat seek to increase the efficiency and reliability ofanalyses in the area of impression and pattern evidence.One project seeks to evaluate the potential benefitsof an advanced comparison microscope that utilizesdigital image processing features and whether firearmsand toolmark examiners will embrace the enhancedcapabilities to share class characteristics amongthemselves and casework data with peers from theirunits for verification of conclusions. Another project inlatent prints examination will study the performance of anew technology that utilizes a ridge-skeleton-matchingPERFORMANCE DATA FROM CEBRGRANTEESSince FY05: Over 725,000 cases completed. Over 327,000 forensic profiles uploaded toCODIS. Over 2.95 million database samplescompleted. Over 3.01 million database profiles uploaded. Over 165,000 CODIS “hits.”
REPORT FORENSIC SCIENCEalgorithm in comparison with that of a traditionalminutiae-based approach. The study will assess theaccuracy and reliability of the technology as well as theeffect of integrating the technology into current complexcomparison workflow.Sexual Assault EvidenceEvidence from sexual assaults is not limited toa sexual assault kit. Evidence such as weapons,bedding, clothing, and toxicology samples canbe used to corroborate that a crime occurred,identify a perpetrator, eliminate a suspect, andascertain through a CODIS search whether asuspect may have been involved in other crimes.In FY 2016, NIJ supported six projects totaling 2,075,248. The solicitation for the FY 2016 Research andEvaluation for the Testing and Interpretation ofPhysical Evidence in Publicly Funded ForensicLaboratories program can be found at: -2016-9011.pdf(PDF, 31 pages).In FY 2016, funds were awarded for a projectthat will assess massively parallel sequencing(MPS), also known as next generationsequencing (NGS), for mitochondrial DNA.The study will compare sequence data frommitochondrial DNA from MPS technology topreviously generated data to assess sequencecompleteness, quality, and accuracy.Sexual Assault Forensic Evidence – Inventory, Tracking,and Reporting ProgramThe SAFE-ITR program, a new funding opportunity,in support of the objectives noted in the SAFER Actof 2013,17 assists law enforcement agencies in theinventorying, tracking, and reporting of all untestedand unsubmitted sexual assault kits (SAKs), ensuringaccountability and transparency in the collection,processing, and testing of SAKs. For this uniqueprogram, NIJ requires all award recipients to use theirown websites to publicly report information such asthe cumulative number of SAKs in their possession, thenumber of SAKs they have determined will not undergotesting, the number of SAKs that have been submittedto their laboratory, and the number of SAKs that havealready been tested. Having this information postedpublicly every 60 days will bring a high measure oftransparency to the agency’s SAK processing.7While all evidence related to sexual assaults is important,this program focuses specifically on SAKs, which may bestored in a number of places including crime laboratories,police department evidence storage units, hospitals,and clinics. Many law enforcement agencies do not havecomputerized systems to track the processing of SAKs. Theprogram complements the Bureau of Justice Assistance’sSexual Assault Kit Initiative (SAKI), which supports amultidisciplinary approach to the issue of unsubmittedsexual assault kits.18 For example, the SAFE-ITR programoffers additional assistance by providing the inventorying,tracking, and reporting technology that can link informationto all interested parties within multidisciplinary teams aswell as those agencies who are not designated SAKI sitesbut still need resources in this area.In 2016, NIJ made 4 awards totaling over 3.3 millionunder this program. The FY 2016 Solicitation for the SAFE-ITR programcan be found at: -2016-9088.pdf (PDF, 33 pages).Technical Assistance for ForensicLaboratories and Law Enforcement AgenciesThis funding category includes a nationally used databasefor missing persons, the Forensic Technology Center ofExcellence (FTCoE), and a partnership between NIJ andthe FBI to tackle the issue of SAKs. Programs under thiscategory are designed to be large projects with the aimof addressing criminal justice and forensic science issuesthroughout the nation at all levels of law enforcement.National Institute of Justice NIJ.gov
8FISCAL YEAR 2016 FUNDING FOR DNA ANALYSIS, CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT, AND OTHER FORENSIC ACTIVITIESNational Missing and Unidentified Persons SystemThe National Missing and Unidentified Persons System(NamUs) is a national centralized repository and resourcecenter for locating and identifying missing persons andunidentified human remains, and repatriating unclaimedpersons. NamUs is a web-based system, provided free ofcharge to medical examiners, coroners, law enforcementofficials, allied forensic professionals, families of lostloved ones, and members of the general public whoare trying to resolve cases. With users in all 50 states,NamUs is a collaborative system that bridges thecommunication gap among stakeholder communities,fostering enhanced information sharing and case support.NamUs currently has records for 12,551 missing personsand 11,194 unidentified persons. NamUs also has 2,582cases in the Unclaimed Persons database; these aredecedents who have been identified but whose bodieshave yet to be claimed. Since its development in 2007,NamUs has helped to resolve over 800 unidentifiedperson cases and over 1,400 missing person cases.For more information about NamUs, please visit:http://namus.gov/Forensic Technology Center of ExcellenceTo improve and advance the practice of forensic science,it is imperative that technologies and methodologies beadopted in forensic testing. One strategy NIJ has takento address this need is through its support of the FTCoE.NIJ’s FTCoE is charged with facilitating the transfer oftechnology, methodology, and best practices into forensiclaboratories in order to improve the practice of forensicscience. The FTCoE manages the testing and evaluationof emerging technologies applicable to forensic science.By identifying and removing the potential barriers thatoften derail the implementation and acceptance of newand innovative technologies, the FTCoE places promisingtechnical innovations in the hands of forward-thinkingpractitioners, stakeholders, and policymakers. NIJ’sFTCoE is managed through RTI International and itscollaborative academic partners Duquesne University,Virginia Commonwealth University, and the University ofNorth Texas Health Science Center.National Institute of Justice NIJ.govMountain Jane DoeKaren Stipes wasn’t even a year old when hermother, Sonja Kaye Blair-Adams, disappearedin 1969. That same year, a set of remainswere found on a mountain in Harlan County,Kentucky, but no one linked the disappearancewith the remains until 47 years later.Ms. Stipes had heard the story about the“Mountain Jane Doe” and wondered if it couldbe her mother. In 2009, details of the remainshad been entered into NamUs, which is whereone of Ms. Stipes’ children read them. Theyseemed to match Ms. Blair-Adams.Authorities in Harlan County exhumed MountainJane Doe’s body from a pauper’s grave with aheadstone marked “unidentified female.” DNAsamples taken from the body were comparedwith samples from Ms. Stipes and, in 2016,Mountain Jane Doe was confirmed as Ms.Blair-Adams.In FY 2016, the FTCoE engaged in numerousmultidisciplinary efforts that directly benefited theforensic research, practitioner, and criminal justicecommunities. These efforts provide concrete positiveimpacts to the forensic science community. NIJ’sFTCoE is addressing the nation’s continuing needssurrounding the issue of sexual assault response,especially with concern to victims, the collection of sexualassault evidence, and the need for multidisciplinaryteams. For example, the FTCoE helped in the planningand implementation of Looking Ahead: The NationalSexual Assault Policy Symposium. NIJ, through theFTCoE, hosted the event, with nearly 300 in-personand over 700 online attendees from the United Statesand beyond, including national leaders and electedofficials. The occasion served to highlight the stridesmade on sexual assault evidence policy, technologyadvancement, efficiency, and practice—and also asa forum for discussion on opportunities for moving
REPORT FORENSIC SCIENCEforward. The symposium was the first of its kind toaddress every stage of sexual assault cases, startingwith understanding and responding to victims’ trauma inaddition to maintaining a victim-centered approach. Theagenda also included promising practices in investigatingsexual assault cases, and how to best collect theneeded evidence. It also focused on how laboratoriestest forensic evidence, and why in some jurisdictionsmany sexual assault kits remain untested. In addition,the symposium dedicated time to addressing state andlocal policy reform, available resources, and the need formultidisciplinary collaboration.Additional FY 2016 projects in the area of sexual assaultincluded an interactive glossary that has been developedto better inform the community of the most commonand useful terms associated with sexual assault andresponse. The FTCoE also led a comprehensive effortdedicated to compiling, transferring, and supportingaccess to valuable information, resources, and bestpractices for those active in the sexual assault communitythrough the development of a sexual assault applicationfor mobile devices (commonly referred to as an “app”).The goal is to inform sexual assault nurse examiners,first responders, law enforcement, investigators, andother practitioners and stakeholders who contribute tothe nation’s response to sexual assault about existingresearch, information, knowledge, and methodologies toimprove the outcomes of sexual assault investigations.Since 2011, the FTCoE delivered over 112,000 hours ofcontent through 428 live online and on-demand eventsto forensic science professionals, law enforcement,researchers, lawyers, sexual assault nurse examiners,and policy-related professionals. There have beenover 68,000 attendees from 126 countries, including54,000 attendees from the United States. In additionto this comprehensive online collection, assistance andknowledge-sharing through more than 605,000 websiteviews, 7,400 downloaded evaluation and guidancereports, 2,100 presentations and publications, 800technology transition workshops, 172,000 databasequeries, 90 R&D projects supported for technologytransfer, a list of 29,000 newsletter recipients, and otherinformation and educational opportunities can be foundat: http://www.forensiccoe.org.9The NIJ-FBI Sexual Assault Kit PartnershipSexual assault is one of the most complex issuescurrently facing our nation and, to compound the problem,law enforcement agencies are finding thousands ofSAKs that were never submitted for DNA analysis. NIJ’spast action research has indicated a demonstrated needto not only process sexual assault kit evidence, butalso to develop and analyze data about the nature andprocessing of sexual assault evidence in order to improvefuture methods and procedures.PARTNERSHIP IMPACT Over 1,400 SAKs processed. Nearly 750 CODIS entries. Over 280 investigative leads (hits).In 2016, information and recommendationsstemming from the Partnership becameincorporated into an upcoming national bestpractices publication for the collection andprocessing of sexual assault evidence that canbe used not only to prevent this problem fromoccurring again but also to apprehend violentcriminals and reduce sexual violence.In order to address this need, NIJ and the FBI Laboratoryformed a unique partnership: the NIJ-FBI SexualAssault Kit Partnership (the Partnership), a unified andcollaborative team within DOJ to extend federal supportto state and local law enforcement agencies. Through thiscollaboration, the Partnership has dedicated immenseresources to improve and inform the quality and practiceof sexual assault evidence processing.An Interagency Agreement (IAA) between NIJ and theFBI DNA Casework Unit was signed on Au
U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice REPORTNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUSTICE FORENSIC SCIENCE MAY 2017. Fiscal Year 2016
Mr.Justice Sh.Riaz Ahmed, HCJ Mr.Justice Munir A.Sheikh Mr.Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry Mr.Justice Qazi Muhammad Farooq Mr.Justice Mian Muhammad Ajmal Mr.Justice Syed Deedar Hussain Shah Mr.Justice Hamid Ali Mirza Mr.Justice Abdul Hameed Dogar Mr.Justice Muhammad Nawaz Abbasi CONSTITUTION PETITION NO.15 OF 2002
Criminal Justice Information Project Catherine Plummer, SEARCH Pamela Scanlon, Automated Regional Justice Information System Laurie Smith, Kalamazoo Criminal Justice Council Integrated Justice Information System Institute (Integrated Justice Information Systems): Susan Bates, Justice Management Inc. Steve Mednick, Law Offices of Steven G.
Justice David S. Wiggins Justice Daryl L. Hecht Justice Brent R. Appel Justice Thomas D. Waterman Justice Edward M. Mansfield Justice Bruce B. Zager In Memoriam Chief Justice W. Ward Reynoldson (Iowa Supreme Court 1971-1987) Justice James H. Carter (Iowa Supreme Court 1982-2006)
and Victims: 2006 National Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Preven tion is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance,
Director, National Institute of Justice Director, Bureau of Justice Statistics Robert J. Kaminski Program Manager, National Institute of Justice Points of view expressed by contributors to this report do not necessarily represent the official positions or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Research in Action U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice Jeremy Travis, Director. 2 difference in victimization between the . Report for the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992. 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 crime
Prognosis Is ‘Excellent’; 3 Others Shot ord's e Last Night. Act of a Desperate Rebel. President Lincoln Shot by an Assassin. Accounts. & U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice Protective Intelligence Threat Assessment Investigations A Guide f
Grade 2 collected 25 books. Grade 3 collected 15 books. Grade 4 collected 10 books. The school had a book drive to support the local shelter. Grades 1, 2, 3, and 4 collected books. Organize the book data into the pictograph above. 1. Who collected the most books? _ 2. What was the total amount of books collected? _ 3. Which grade .
