The History Of Planet Earth - NJCTL

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Slide 1 / 75Slide 2 / 756th GradeEarth's Materials and SystemsPart 1: The History of Planet Earth2015-08-27www.njctl.orgSlide 3 / 75Slide 4 / 75Table of Contents: The Historyof Planet EarthClick on the topic to go to that section· Earth's LayersEarth's Layers· Three Types of Rocks· Early Life on Earth / Fossils· Rock StrataReturn to Tableof ContentsSlide 5 / 75ReviewEarth is a "terrestrial" or rockyplanet. This means that it is madeup of rocks and minerals.The rocks and minerals that nowmake up our Earth were once justsmall chunks revolving around oursun. Over billions of years, theycombined to form the planet we liveon today.What are the other rocky planets in our solar system?Slide 6 / 75The Makeup of EarthAs Earth grew larger, its gravityincreased.Pressure beneath Earth'ssurface caused changes to theEarth's makeup.Distinct layers began to form.Do you remember any of the names of the layers?Brainstorm with your table.

Slide 7 / 75Slide 8 / 75The Layers of EarthEarth's CrustOur Earth is divided into four major layers:Think of the crust of Earth as the crust of a pizza pie.CrustMantleInnerCoreOuterCoreThe crust is the outermost layer of Earth, just like the crust aboveis the outermost layer of the pizza!Slide 9 / 75Earth's CrustThere are 2 parts to the crust.One is the land.What is the other part?This section is very thin compared toother layers of Earth (between 5 and25 miles thick) and it is very hard andrigid.The crust is composed of plates that slidearound on top of the section below it.This portion is called the lithosphere .Slide 11 / 751 Which best describes the lithosphere?Slide 10 / 75Earth's MantleThe next layer down is the mantle. Thisis the largest layer - about 1,800 milesthick!The mantle is made up of incredibly hot,semisolid rock (basically think of rock in aform sort of like pudding).This layer makes up about 2/3 of Earth'smass.Slide 11 (Answer) / 751 Which best describes the lithosphere?A The part of the atmosphere which we breathe.B The layer of Earth that makes up the greatestmass.B The layer of Earth that makes up the greatestmass.C A layer of Earth that is made of a jello-likesubstance.C A layer of Earth that is made of a jello-likesubstance.D The plates of Earth that slide around the surface.D The plates of Earth that slide [Thisaroundthe surface.object is a pull tab]AnswerA The part of the atmosphere which we breathe.D

Slide 12 / 752 What is true of the mantle?Slide 12 (Answer) / 752 What is true of the mantle?A It is the thickest layer of Earth.B It is the top layer of Earth.B It is the top layer of Earth.C It is entirely made of liquid.C It is entirely made of liquid.D It is the least massive portion of Earth.D It is the least massive portion of Earth.AnswerA It is the thickest layer of Earth.A[This object is a pull tab]Slide 13 / 753 The mantle is composed of Earth's land and oceans.TrueTrueFalseFalseAnswer3 The mantle is composed of Earth's land and oceans.Slide 13 (Answer) / 75FALSE[This object is a pull tab]Slide 14 / 754 Choose the correct order of Earth's layers from outermostto most inner.Slide 14 (Answer) / 754 Choose the correct order of Earth's layers from outermostto most inner.A mantle, crust, inner core, outer coreB inner core, outer core, crust, mantleB inner core, outer core, crust, mantleC inner core, outer core, mantle, crustC inner core, outer core, mantle, crustD crust, mantle, outer core, inner coreD crust, mantle, outer core, inner coreAnswerA mantle, crust, inner core, outer coreD[This object is a pull tab]

Slide 15 / 75Slide 16 / 75Earth's Inner CoreEarth's Outer CoreThe Outer Core is so hot that it is entirelyliquid. It is the only liquid layer of Earth.It is made up of mainly nickel andiron.To give you an idea of how hot it is, nickelbecomes a liquid at 2,650 degrees F andiron melts at 2,800 degrees F!At the very center of Earth, you willfind the Inner Core.Like the Outer Core, this layer is alsoextremely hot and is made of nickeland iron.Although the temperature is higher, thenickel and iron here are in solid formbecause of the intense pressure that thislayer experiences.What temperature does ice melt at?Slide 17 / 755 What separates the Inner and Outer Core?Slide 17 (Answer) / 755 What separates the Inner and Outer Core?A The Inner Core is made of liquid; the Outer Core issolid.B The Outer Core is hotter than the Inner Core.B The Outer Core is hotter than the Inner Core.C The Inner Core is solid; the Outer Core isliquid.C The Inner Core is solid; the Outer Core isCliquid.D The Outer Core is under more pressure thanthe Inner Core.D The Outer Core is under more pressure thanthe Inner Core.AnswerA The Inner Core is made of liquid; the Outer Core issolid.[This object is a pull tab]Slide 18 / 756 Which is the oldest layer of Earth?A crustA crustB mantleB mantleC outer coreC outer coreD inner coreD inner coreAnswer6 Which is the oldest layer of Earth?Slide 18 (Answer) / 75D[This object is a pull tab]

Slide 19 / 75Slide 20 / 75Size of Earth's LayersThree Typesof RocksReturn to Tableof ContentsSlide 21 / 75Slide 21 (Answer) / 75Formation of RocksFormation of RocksThe layers of Earth are constantly moving and changing due tointense heat and pressure.The energy of this heat and pressure results in the formation ofrocks.The energy of this heat and pressure results in the formation ofRock rocks.- Relatively hard, naturallyforming mineralAnswerThe layers of Earth are constantly moving and changing due tointense heat and pressure.But what exactly is arock ?But what exactly is arock ?With your table, come upwith some characteristicsof rocks.With your table, come upwith some characteristicsof rocks.Slide 22 / 75Three Types of RocksHow a rock forms depends on what type of rock it is. There arethree types of rocks:SedimentaryClick on the rocktype to see anexample.MetamorphicIgneous[This object is a pull tab]Slide 23 / 75How Do Rocks Form?The three types of rocks onthe previous page eachform in different ways.The animation on the nextslide will introduce you tothe process behind thetransformation of rocks fromone type to another - aprocess known as therock cycle .Answer the questions on the accompanying worksheet while watchingthe animation.

Slide 24 / 75Slide 25 / 757 Which of the following is not a type ofrock?Slide 25 (Answer) / 757 Which of the following is not a type morphicBGlacierCIgneousDSedimentarySlide 26 / 75Sedimentary Rock"Sediments" are small fragments of rock.To form Sedimentary rock, these fragments combine together.AnswerAAB[This object is a pull tab]These rocks are typically multi-colored with many different textures.Slide 27 / 75Igneous Rock"Igneous" has the same root word as "ignite."What does ignite mean?Slide 28 / 75Types of Igneous RockThere are two types of igneous rock."Intrusive" igneous rock isstill in side Earth.Igneous rocks form when magma,which we can think of as "liquidfire," cools down."Extrusive" igneous rock hasexited Earth.These rocks are typically dark, very shiny, and made up of crystals.

Slide 29 / 75Slide 30 / 75Metamorphic RockMetamorphosisA "Metamorphosis" is when something changes into something new.You have learned about a few organisms which undergometamorphosis in your science classes over the years.At your table, talk for a few minutes about the 2 organisms below andthe metamorphosis they undergo during their lives.Just like the frog, metamorphic rock is formed when another one typeof rock changes into a new type of rock.Metamorphic rock forms whenanother type of rock changesits chemical makeup becauseof heat and pressure.These rocks are typically made up of layers that formed as the rockwas squashed under pressure.Slide 31 / 758 Which type of rock is made up of pieces of otherrocks?Slide 31 (Answer) / 758 Which type of rock is made up of pieces of otherrocks?MetamorphicAMetamorphicBExtrusive IgneousBExtrusive IgneousCIntrusive IgneousCIntrusive IgneousDSedimentaryDSedimentaryAnswerAD[This object is a pull tab]Slide 32 / 759 Which type of rock is formed of magma below thesurface of Earth?Slide 32 (Answer) / 759 Which type of rock is formed of magma below thesurface of Earth?MetamorphicAMetamorphicBExtrusive IgneousBExtrusive IgneousCIntrusive IgneousCIntrusive IgneousDSedimentaryDSedimentaryAnswerAC[This object is a pull tab]

Slide 33 / 7510 Which type of rock is formed when other rocksundergo a transformation due to heat or pressure?Slide 33 (Answer) / 7510 Which type of rock is formed when other rocksundergo a transformation due to heat or pressure?MetamorphicAMetamorphicBExtrusive IgneousBExtrusive IgneousCIntrusive IgneousCIntrusive IgneousDSedimentaryDSedimentaryAnswerAA[This object is a pull tab]Slide 34 / 7511 Which type of rock is formed from magma cooling onEarth's surface?Slide 34 (Answer) / 7511 Which type of rock is formed from magma cooling onEarth's surface?MetamorphicAMetamorphicBExtrusive IgneousBExtrusive IgneousCIntrusive IgneousCIntrusive IgneousDSedimentaryDSedimentaryAnswerAB[This object is a pull tab]Slide 35 / 7512 This is an example of rock.A SedimentaryA SedimentaryB IgneousB IgneousC MetamorphicC MetamorphicAnswer12 This is an example of rock.Slide 35 (Answer) / 75C[This object is a pull tab]

Slide 36 / 7513 This is an example of rock.A SedimentaryA SedimentaryB IgneousB IgneousC MetamorphicC MetamorphicAnswer13 This is an example of rock.Slide 36 (Answer) / 75C[This object is a pull tab]Slide 37 / 7514 This is an example of rock.A SedimentaryA SedimentaryB IgneousB IgneousC MetamorphicC MetamorphicAnswer14 This is an example of rock.Slide 37 (Answer) / 75A[This object is a pull tab]Slide 38 / 7515 This is an example of rock.A SedimentaryA SedimentaryB IgneousB IgneousC MetamorphicC MetamorphicAnswer15 This is an example of rock.Slide 38 (Answer) / 75B[This object is a pull tab]

Slide 39 / 75Slide 40 / 75The Age of EarthEarly Life on Earth /FossilsScientists estimate that the Earthformed around 4.6 billion years ago.We can learn about the history ofEarth by studying rocks and fossils.Return to Tableof ContentsSlide 41 / 75First Life on EarthThere is evidence within the rocks on Earth that suggests that lifefirst appeared on Earth about 3.6 billion years ago.Slide 42 / 75ProkaryotesThe first cells that existed on Earth were closely related toprokaryotes. These are cells that do not have a nucleus.Most prokaryotes aresingle-celled organisms.bacteriaWhy were the firstorganisms on Earthvery simple?The image above is of stromatolites , the oldest fossils on record.They provide us with evidence of very simple life forms like bacteriaas long as 3.5 billion years ago.Slide 43 / 75ProkaryotesWhat is a more common name for prokaryotes?Move the image once you come up with an idea.Slide 44 / 75Photosynthetic OrganismsFood was scarce on the early Earth.Why do you think this was?What do most organisms that we know of today eat?Come up with a theory at your table.Very specific conditions were needed for these living organismsto form. Organic chemicals (chemicals that include carbon)as well as some sort of heat were needed to form these cells.

Slide 45 / 75Photosynthetic OrganismsSlide 46 / 75How Do Scientists Reconstruct the Past?Scientists can estimate what life was like billions of years agothanks to the discovery of fossils.What is a fossil?Food was scarce on the early Earth because there were only a feworganisms to begin with! Some prokaryotes developedthe ability to create their own food by converting sunlight, carbondioxide, and water into sugar and oxygen.The creation of oxygen through this process led the way for morecomplex organisms, like animals, to evolve.Slide 47 / 75How Do Scientists Reconstruct the Past?A fossil is the preserved remains of an organism which is found in rockformations.How Do Scientists Reconstruct the Past?The first fossils that hint at the existence of complex organisms areroughly 1.8 billion years old.The first algae appeared about 1.2 billion years ago.In what type of rockdo you think fossilsusually can befound ?Think about howrocks are formed.Slide 48 / 75Fossilized SeaweedFossils are typically found inSedimentary RockThe answer isunder the photo tothe rightPhoto : Thomas BressonSlide 49 / 75How Do Scientists Reconstruct the Past?Slide 50 / 75Activity - Fossil LayersHow can scientists come up with the ages on the previous slide?Most fossils can be found in layers ofsedimentary rock.Some can also be found inmetamorphic rock, but they would bedistorted due to heat and pressure.It is difficult for scientists to figure out the age of the actual fossils,so instead they find the age of the sedimentary rock in which thefossil was found.The different colored layers in the picture above would helpscientists estimate the age of fossils.In this activity, you will create yourown "sedimentary rock" full of fossilsand then examine the affect thatpressure has on them.

Slide 51 / 75Slide 52 / 75Fossil Excavation16 Fossils are usually found in rock.As was mentioned in the section on the Types of Rocks, the olderrocksA metamorphicwill be further down within Earth. Fossilized organisms will be aboutthe same age as the layer of rock they are found in.B sedimentaryC igneousIt is the job of a paleontologist to excavate, or dig up, these fossilsand determine their ages.Slide 52 (Answer) / 7516 Fossils are usually found in rock.Slide 53 / 7517 Old fossils will be found Earth than youngerfossils.A deeper down inB sedimentaryB on the surface ofC igneousAnswerA metamorphicBC anywhere on[This object is a pull tab]Slide 53 (Answer) / 7517 Old fossils will be found Earth than youngerfossils.AnswerA deeper down inB on the surface ofC anywhere onSlide 54 / 7518 Scientists use to determine the age offossils.A chemistryAB microscopesC rock layers[This object is a pull tab]

Slide 54 (Answer) / 75Slide 55 / 75Activity - Cookie ExcavationA chemistryAnswer18 Scientists use to determine the age offossils.CB microscopesThe work of a paleontologist is verydelicate and difficult. It requires alot of patience and care.In thisonactivity,youtypeswill practicetheseskillsdifferentof cookies.C rock layers[This object is a pull tab]Can you excavate the chocolatechips from the cookies using onlyyour paleontology tools?Slide 56 / 75Slide 57 / 75Vertebrate Fossil WebquestRock StrataNow that the "fossils" have been excavated, how do they getfrom the site to the museum?Use the site above to track a vertebrate fossil!Return to Tableof ContentsSlide 58 / 75How Do We Determine a Fossil's Age?In our last section, we learned that we can tell a fossil's agebased on the rock it is found in.This provides us with a general range for the age of the fossil.The deeper it is within Earth, the older the fossil is.Slide 59 / 7519 What kind of rock is featured on the previous page?ASedimentaryBMetamorphicCIgneous

Slide 59 (Answer) / 75ASedimentaryBMetamorphicCIgneousAnswer19 What kind of rock is featured on the previous page?BSlide 60 / 7520 Which type(s) of rocks can contain fossils?ASedimentaryBMetamorphicCIgneous[This object is a pull tab]Slide 60 (Answer) / 7520 Which type(s) of rocks can contain fossils?SedimentaryBMetamorphicCIgneousLife on EarthOne goal of geology (the study of rocks) is to develop a timelineof Earth's past.AnswerASlide 61 / 75A[This object is a pull tab].and we can use this information to make connections betweenthe first simple life forms to the diversity on Earth today.Slide 62 / 75Absolute AgeSlide 63 / 75How Do Scientists Determine Absolute Age?Scientists use various techniques to determine the age of rocks.Sometimes, scientists are able to determine the absolute age , orthe exact age, of a rock or fossil.Scientists use a technique called radiometric datingabsolute age.The absolute age of the petrified wood above is 2,500 years old.to determineRadiometric dating compares the ratio of a radioactive element with theamount that has decayed in the rock or fossil.

Slide 64 / 75Slide 65 / 75Half LifeCarbon DatingWhen it comes to relative age, scientists analyze the amount of certainradioactive elements within the object. They then use the "half life" ofthe element to determine the object's age.A radioactive version of the element Carbon is known as Carbon 14because it has an atomic mass of 14 (rather than the usual 12).What is atomic mass?Carbon 14 has a half lifeof about 5,700 years.The half life is the period of time ittakes for half of the substance toCarbon 14 is found inevery living thing.decay.Slide 66 / 75Carbon DatingSlide 67 / 7521 After two half lives, how much Carbon 14 would beleft from the tree on the previous slide? (hint: whatwas Carbon-14's half life?)This means that if there are 100 atoms ofCarbon 14 in the tree when it was alive,there will be only 50 left after it has beendead for 5,700 years.So after one half life, the amountof Carbon 14 is cut in half .Slide 67 (Answer) / 75Answer21 After two half lives, how much Carbon 14 would beleft from the tree on the previous slide? (hint: whatwas Carbon-14's half life?)25 atoms of Carbon-14[This object is a pull tab]Slide 68 / 7522 After one half life, what percentage ofCarbon 14 remains?%

Slide 68 (Answer) / 7522 After one half life, what percentage ofCarbon 14 remains?23 After two half lives, what percentage ofCarbon 14 remains?%Answer%Slide 69 / 7550%[This object is a pull tab]Slide 69 (Answer) / 7523 After two half lives, what percentage ofCarbon 14 remains?Answer%Slide 70 / 75Carbon 14In organisms that were once living, the amount of Carbon 14 will be cutin half every 5,700 years.25%[This object is a pull tab]Scientists use this information to determine how long an organism hasbeen dead . and therefore find out roughly how old it is!Slide 71 / 75Webquest - The Radioactive Dating GameSlide 72 / 75Relative AgeWhen scientists cannot be exact, they try to determine an object'srelative age. This is when they compare the age of an object orevent to another object or event.Inthisasactivity,will learn about different types of radiometric dating ,suchcarbonyoudating.Scientists can estimate theage of this volcano bylooking at rocks andfossils found around itsbase.You will understand how decay and half life work to enable this dating.You will finish it up with a game that tests your ability to match thepercentage of the dating element that remains to the age of the object!Why would they use the base of the volcano and not the top?

Slide 73 / 75Slide 74 / 75Index FossilsLayers of RockWhat is anindex fossil ? Click on the dinosaur below touncover the definition!When new rock is formed on thesurface of Earth, it settles ontop of what was there before it.An index fossil is used to determine the age range of a rock layer.It is the fossil of an organism that existed only for a limited period of time.The deeper you dig into Earth'ssurface, the farther back in timeyou will see.Since scientists know that thestegosaurus lived between 150 and 155million years ago, any rock layer containing astegosaurus fossil will bearound that age as well.Slide 75 / 7524 In the diagram below, in what layer would the oldestrocks be found?ALayer 1ALayer 1BLayer 2BLayer 2CLayer 3CLayer 3Permission Granted: FL Museum of Natural HistoryAnswer24 In the diagram below, in what layer would the oldestrocks be found?Slide 75 (Answer) / 75C[This object is a pull tab]Permission Granted: FL Museum of Natural History

Earth's Materials and Systems Part 1: The History of Planet Earth 2015-08-27 www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 75 Table of Contents: The History of Planet Earth · Earth's Layers · Three Types of Rocks · Rock Strata · Early Life on Earth / Fossils Click on the topic to go to that section Slide 4 / 75 Earth'

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