Comprehensive Renewable Energy Feasibility Study
DOE Award Number: DE-FC36-02GO12110, M001Makah Renewable Energy Feasibility Study in Neah Bay WashingtonFinal ReportComprehensive Renewable Energy Feasibility StudyFor the Makah Indian TribePeriod covered: September 2002 through March 2005Date of Report: March 31, 2005Recipient Organization: Makah Indian TribeLeonard A. DenneyPlanning and Economic Development ManagerMakah Indian TribeP.O. Box 115Neah Bay, WA 98357Phone: 360-645-3281; Fax: 360-645-2033E-mail: mtcbud@centurytel.netAlternate Tribal contact: Ryland BowechopPlannerE-mail: mtcplss@centurytel.netTechnical Contact: Robert Lynette, Springtyme Company LLC212 Jamestown Beach Lane, Sequim, WA 98382Phone: (360) 681-3289; Fax: (360) 681-7509E-mail: windnrg@olypen.com
Table of ContentsExecutive Summary . 11.0 Project Overview . 41.1 Project Purpose and Long-Term Objectives . 41.2 Background . 42.0 Wind Energy Pre-development Activities and Results. 72.1 Wind Energy Tutorial . 72.2 Identification of Anemometry Sites and Equipment Installation . 82.3 Description of the Anemometry. 122.4 Wildlife considerations . 122.5 Wind Resource Measurement, Analysis, and Results . 132.6 Transmission Considerations . 172.7 Economic Analysis for a Potential Wind Power Station . 173.0 Hydroelectric Pre-development Activities and Results . 233.1 Field Trips and Identification of Potential Sites . 233.2 General Considerations,. 233.3 Cape Creeks Development. 253.4 Waatch River Development . 303.5 Cost of Energy for the Hydroelectric Projects . 343.6 Conclusions, Lessons learned, and Recommendations for Hydroelectric Projects . 35Appendix A, Final Meteorological Report for the Makah Tribe .Error! Bookmark not defined.Appendix B, Final Hydroelectric Report for the Makah Tribe.Error! Bookmark not defined.List of Figures and TablesFIGURE 1: LOCATION OF THE MAKAH RESERVATION . 4FIGURE 2, THE MAKAH RESERVATION IN THE NW CORNER OF THE OLYMPIC PENINSULA . 5FIGURE 3, TOPOGRAPHY OF MAKAH RESERVATION . 8FIGURE 4, LOCATION OF METEOROLOGICAL TOWERS ON MAKAH RESERVATION . 9TABLE 1, METEOROLOGICAL TOWERS INFORMATION. 9FIGURE 5, LOOKING EAST TOWARDS NEAH BAY FROM SITE MCB. 10FIGURE 6, LOOKING SSW FROM MCC . 11FIGURE 7, MCB SITE WITH TOWER . 11TABLE 2, WIND SPEED AND GROSS CAPACITY FACTORS FOR THE SITES . 14FIGURE 8, ENERGY ROSE FOR THE SITES . 15FIGURE 9, GROSS CAPACITY FACTOR BY MONTH FOR THE SITES . 16TABLE 3, CALCULATION OF NET CAPACITY FACTOR FROM GROSS CAPACITY FACTOR . 16TABLE 4, SIMPLIFIED COST-OF-ENERGY CALCULATION . 18TABLE 5, MAXIMUM COST-OF-ENERGY TO JUSTIFY A COMMERCIAL PROJECT . 19TABLE 6, IMPACT OF LOW-COST FINANCING AND/OR GRANT FUNDS APPLIED TO THE PROJECT. 20FIGURE 10, COST OF ENERGY VS. COST OF CAPITAL FOR THE MAKAH SITE . 21TABLE 7, POTENTIAL INCOME FROM LAND-LEASE ROYALTIES . 21ii
FIGURE 11, CAPE CREEKS DEVELOPMENT . 27TABLE 8, CAPE CREEKS PROJECT COST ESTIMATES, INCLUDING O&M . 28FIGURE 12, WAATCH RIVER DEVELOPMENT. 31TABLE 9, COST ESTIMATE FOR WAATCH PROJECT . 33TABLE 10, SIMPLIFIED COST OF ENERGY FOR CAPE CREEKS PROJECT . 34TABLE 11, SIMPLIFIED COST OF ENERGY FOR WAATCH PROJECT . 34iii
Executive SummaryComprehensive Renewable Energy Feasibility StudyFor the Makah Indian TribePurposeThe purpose of this project was to determine the technical feasibility, economic viability, andpotential impacts of installing and operating a wind power station and/or small hydroelectricgeneration plants on the Makah reservation. The long-term objective is to supply all or aportion of Tribe’s electricity from local, renewable energy sources in order to reduce costs,provide local employment, and reduce power outages. An additional objective was for theTribe to gain an understanding of the requirements, costs, and benefits of developing andoperating such plants on the reservation.BackgroundThe Makah Indian Reservation, with a total land area of forty-seven square miles, is locatedon the northwestern tip of the Olympic Peninsula in Washington State. Four majorwatersheds drain the main Reservation areas and the average rainfall is over one hundredinches per year. The reservation’s west side borders the Pacific Ocean, but mostly consists ofrugged mountainous terrain between 500 and 1,900 feet in elevation.Approximately 1,200 tribal members live on the Reservation and there is an additional nonIndian residential population of about 300. Electric power is provided by the Clallam CountyPUD. The annual usage on the reservation is approximately 16,700 mWh. The existingtransmission line could accommodate up to 17 MW of new power generation for export to theNorth Olympic Peninsula without any substantial upgrades.Project TeamMakah Tribe: Project Coordinator - Bud Denny, Community Planning and EconomicDevelopment ManagerRyland Bowhcop, PlannerTechnical Coordinator, wind energy consultant: Springtyme Company L.L.C., Bob LynetteWildlife: Northwest Wildlife Consultants, Inc., Karen KronnerMeteorologist: John Wade Wind Consultants, John WadeMicro/Small Hydroelectric Power: Alaska Power & Telephone, Larry CoupeProject WorkProject personnel, including both tribal members and consultants, conducted several site visitsto identify candidate micro/small-hydro sites and locations for anemometry and potentialwind power plants. Personnel had knowledge of local weather, culture, wildlife, micro-hydro,and wind energy. Several potential candidate anemometry sites as well as two micro-hydrosites were identified. Consultants also provided training of the requirements, costs, andbenefits of having local renewable energy facilities.1
Wind Energy - Two anemometer suites of equipment were installed on the reservation andoperated for a more than a year. An off-site reference station was identified and used toproject long-term wind resource characteristics at the two stations. A report was prepared byJohn Wade, meteorologist that contains the details of the measured wind resources andpreliminary energy production projections. Transmission resources were identified andanalyzed. A preliminary financial analysis of a hypothetical wind power station was preparedand used to gauge the economic viability of installation of a multi-megawatt wind powerstation.Small Hydroelectric – Two potential sites for micro/small-hydro were identified by analysisof previous water resource studies, topographical maps, and conversations withknowledgeable Makah personnel. Field trips were conducted to collect preliminary site data.A report was prepared by Alaska Power & Telephone (Larry Coupe) including preliminarylayouts, capacities, potential environmental issues, and projected costs.This final report was prepared by Springtyme Company L.L.C. (Bob Lynette) and is based onthe team’s collective field trip reports, analyses, and discussion/meeting notes with teammembers and others as cited herein.Follow-on ContractA follow-on contract was awarded to the Makah Tribe during 2003 to continue the workbegun on this agreement. The agreement is structured to determine if the Tribe should createits own local utility, and to further refine development work leading to a utility-class windpower station, should the wind resource prove to be economically viable. Progress under thatagreement is reported separately from this project.Findings and ConclusionsWind Energy1. The average wind resources measured at both sites were marginal, with annualaverage wind speeds of 13.6 – 14.0 mph at a 65-meter hub height, and wind shears of0.08 – 0.13. Using GE 1.5 MW wind turbines with a hub height of 65 meters, yields anet capacity factor of approximately 0.19.2. The cost-of-energy for a commercial project is estimated at approximately 9.6 perkWh using current costs for capital and equipment prices.3. Economic viability for a commercial wind power station would require a subsidy of40-50% of the project capital cost, loans provided at approximately 2% rate of interest,or a combination of grants and loans at substantially below market rates.4. Because the cost-of-energy from wind power is decreasing, and because there may besmall pockets of higher winds on the reservation, our recommendation is to: Leave one of the two anemometer towers, preferably the 50-meter southern unit –MCC, in place and continue to collect data from this site. This site would serve asan excellent reference anemometer for the Olympic Peninsula.2
If funds permit, relocate the northern tower (MCB) to a promising small site closerto the transmission line with the hope of finding a more energetic site that is easierto develop.(The US Department of Energy has granted a follow-on contract to the Makah Tribe thatmight be used to implement these recommendations.)Small Hydroelectric1. There are a very limited number of sites on the reservation that have potential foreconomical hydroelectric development, even in conjunction with water supplydevelopment. Two sites emerged as the most promising and were evaluated: One utilizing four creeks draining the north side of the Cape Flattery peninsula (CapeCreeks), andOne on the Waatch River to the south of Neah Bay.2. The Cape Creeks site would be a combination water supply and 512 kW power generationfacility and would cost a approximately 11,100,000. Annual power generation would beapproximately 1,300,000 kWh and the plant would have a cost-of-energy ofapproximately 65 per kWh, substantially above market rates.3. The Waatch site would also be a combination water supply and power generation facility.It would have a rated capacity of 935 kW and would cost approximately 16,400,000.Annual power generation would be approximately 3,260,000 kWh and the plant wouldhave a cost-of-energy of approximately 38 per kWh, also substantially above marketrates.4. Stand-alone hydroelectric development is not commercially viable. The Tribal Councilshould not pursue development of hydroelectric facilities on the Makah Reservationunless they are an adjunct to a water supply development, and the water supply systemsabsorbs almost all the capital cost of the project.3
1.0 Project Overview1.1 Project Purpose and Long-Term ObjectivesThe objective of this project is to determine if there is a potential for wind energy and/or smallhydroelectric energy projects on the Makah reservation. The long-term objective is to supplyall or a portion of Tribe’s electricity from local, renewable energy sources in order to reducecosts, provide local employment, and reduce power outages.The project is structured to ensure that the Makah Tribe is the focal point for data collection,analysis, and the decision making process. This provides the Tribe with the knowledge tobetter understand the potential for renewable energy on the reservation1.1.2 Background1.2.1 The Makah TribeLocation, Size, and Topography - The Makah Indian Reservation is located in the northwestcorner of the Olympic Peninsula in Clallam County, Washington. It is bounded on the westby the Pacific Ocean, on the north by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and on the east and south byOlympic National Park. Neah Bay, its primary settlement, is 75 miles west of Port Angeles,Clallam County’s government center, and more than 150 miles from Seattle, via ferry and car.The reservation is extremely isolated from other communities within Clallam County. Oneroad - State Route 112, connects Neah Bay to the larger population centers to the east. Theroad is occasionally closed and power and electrical services lost due to winter stormmudslides and fallen trees. Figures 1 and 2 show the location of the Makah reservation.Figure 1: Location of the Makah Reservation1In the past, several private wind power developers have expressed an interest in the potential of wind power onthe reservation and two developers have done some limited wind assessments, but have never made the dataavailable to the Tribe.4
Figure 2, The Makah Reservation in the NW Corner of the Olympic PeninsulaThe reservation consists of approximately 48 square miles of land and is typified by ruggedmountainous terrain, mostly between 500 and 1,000 feet in elevation, and reaching nearly2,000 feet at Sooes Peak. Rocky headlands and sandy beaches typify the shoreline of thereservation. There is one large harbor protected by a breakwater at Neah Bay. Electricity issupplied by the Clallam County PUD.1.2.2 Project TeamMakah Tribe: Project coordinator - Bud Denny,Community Planning and Economic Development Manager; Ryland Bowchop, PlannerTechnical Coordinator, wind energy consultant: Springtyme Company L.L.C., Bob LynetteWildlife: Northwest Wildlife Consultants, Inc., Karen KronnerMeteorologist: John Wade Wind Consultants, John WadeAnemometry installation: Met Tower Services, Mike Sailor, Chris Sailor, Jeff BakerMicro/Small Hydroelectric Power: Alaska Power & Telephone, Larry Coupe1.2.3 Wind Energy Feasibility StudyLocal anecdotal information, the coastal location of the reservation, and some very limitedwind resource data, indicated that the reservation could be a candidate for a wind energyproject. Additionally, there is approximately 17 MW of excess capacity on the transmissionline to the reservation, enabling a wind power station to be installed without having to makesignificant electrical upgrades to the electrical infrastructure.The project work consisted of:1. Training for tribal members about wind energy - wind resource measurement, wind powerplant characteristics, impacts, costs, and benefits.5
2. Identification of potential sites for installation of anemometry that: Were not in environmentally sensitive areas,Were in potentially high-wind areas,Did not interfere with the Tribe’s current or long-range forestry plans, andWere accessible for work crews.3. Installation of anemometry and measurement of the wind resources at two of the selectedlocations for at least a year.4. Analysis of the wind resource data to determine wind speeds, wind directions, turbulenceintensity, potential array losses, and energy generation to help determine the viability ofwind power for the reservation.5. Analysis of the electrical transmission location and capacity to determine the options forexporting energy eastward to larger load centers.6. Analysis of the economic viability of a wind power station on the reservation.7. If the analyses yield positive results, and the Tribal Council approves, preparation of abusiness plan that discusses the development considerations, costs, and potential fundingsources for proceeding with a wind power project.1.2.4 Micro/Small Hydroelectric Power Feasibility StudyThe Makah reservation receives 80 - 100 inches of rain per year and has a number of smallwatersheds, making it a potential candidate for a small hydroelectric facility. The projectwork consisted of:1. Preliminary screening of potential hydroelectric sites, including stream flow, head,proximity to existing transmission lines, and downstream barriers to fish migration asindicated by the size of the drainage basin.2. Site visits, including training of Makah personnel, and data collection of: Topography contoursElevations at the possible diversion and powerhouse locationsSelected dimensionsGround conditions (e.g., bedrock and soil exposures, vegetation, etc.)3. Technical analysis, data assessment, and development of layouts for potentialgenerating facilities.4. Preparation of environmental, regulatory and economic assessments of the potentialgenerating facilities.5. Preparation of a final report for inclusion in this project report.6
2.0 Wind Energy Pre-development Activities and ResultsThis section describes the activities associated with determining the viability of developing andoperating a wind power station on the Makah reservation.2.1 Wind Energy TutorialAn important element of the project was to provide the Makah personnel with a background in windenergy – from the meteorological considerations to options for wind power stations should the windresource justify a development project.John Wade and Bob Lynette conducted the course in February 2003 at the Makah reservation.Mr. Wade spoke to the audience about all aspects of wind resource, including: What wind looks like, where it is found,How wind reacts to surface roughness of all types,Topographical considerations,Minimum requirements for viability for wind power stations, andHow wind is measured and converted to energy projections.Mr. Lynette presented the following topics: How we find out if wind energy can work on the reservation,What makes a good wind power site,Finding good sites (wind prospecting), Looking at known informationOn-the-ground prospectingSigns of the windTerrain considerations Measuring the wind, Figuring out where to place the wind turbines on a site,Estimating the net energy output from one or more wind turbines,How wind energy is used,What the wind turbines look like, Small machines and their uses, Big machines and wind farms,How wind turbines work,Environmental/cultural considerations,Operating and maintaining wind turbines, andWhat’s happening in the wind energy industry around the worldThe program was well received and helped tribal members gain a better understanding of7
What could be done on the reservation with wind power if the wind resource proved to beeconomically viable.2.2 Identification of Anemometry Site
DOE Award Number: DE-FC36-02GO12110, M001 Makah Renewable Energy Feasibility Study in Neah Bay Washington Final Report Comprehensive Renewable Energy Feasibility Study
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