Text Received Wide Acclaim GENERAL ZOOLOGY

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APamr 30, 1943SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS9New Text Received with Wide AcclaimGENERAL ZOOLOGYBy TRAcY I. STORERProfessor of Zoology, University of California at DavisMcGraw-Hill Publications in the Zoological Sciences798 pages, 6 x 9, 551 figures, 5 colored plates. 3.75This immediately successful text has won enthusiastic response from teachers everywhere, who haveacclaimed it as one of the most important contributions to the field of zoology that has appeared inrecent years.The following comments are representative:4"I have made a careful examination of this book andsincerely believe that it is the best textbook in generalzoology that I have ever seen. I have decided to use itas the text in my course in medical biology, beginningnext semester. "Professor H. W. CuB&ANQueen's University"I have explored its pages carefully and can say unhesitatingly that no zoology text of recent years has caughtmy eye to the extent that it has. It is a worthy addition to the McGraw-Hill Publications in the ZoologicalSciences and I predict for it a very high place amongthe outstanding American textbooks in zoology."Professor HALBERT M. HARRISIowa State College"I have very carefully gone over this book and am verymuch impressed with the contents. . The arrangement is splendid and the great number of concise tablesfor each group of animals is not excelled."Professor C. R. JONESColorado State College4"Professor Storer should be congratulated on his suecess in setting forth the principles underlying animalbiology, treating clearly modern phases of the subject,and yet including a comprehensive systematic surveyof the animal kingdom within the confines of a singlevolume. Among the specific features that will provevaluable to the student as well as the teacher are: (1)a sane allotment of space to the various fields in whichthe subject matter of a general course must be divided;(2) the logical sequence in which the subject matter isdiscussed; (3) the new text figures and clear diagramsincluded; (4) the ease with which reference can bemade to such figures, by chapter; (5) concise tables,summarizing various topics; (6) the printing of important words and anatomical terms in bold, face italics;(7) an adequate index, and glossary; and (8) the explicit colored figures."I am counting on adopting it for the work of thefuture. "Professor B. P. YOUNGCornell University"'It was a red-letter event when I received Storer 'sGeneral Zoology. Without hesitation I pronounce itby far the best of all the recent zoology texts. I amamazed at the amount of valuable text material that hasbeen crowded into its pages. What pleases me most ofall is not only the evidence of sound scholarship but ofthe author's ability to write well and in language thestudent can readily understand. . . . Storer 's GeneralZoology is my text of choice the coming year."Professor EDMUND JAEGERRiverside Junior College"It is a very fine book, in the production of which boththe author and publisher may well be proud of theirachievement. "Professor HAROLD KIRBYUniversity of California"I like the book and feel it is a real contribution towardbridging the gap between the principles and type course.The figures, the bibliographies, and the occasionalchange in size of type make it a very attractive text.It will serve the general student as a permanent workof reference long after his interest in it as a text hasceased."Professor MELVILLE H. HATCHUniversity of Washington"General Zoology seems to me to be the finest generalzoology text yet. The order of treatment of the various aspects of the subject is very effective, the methodof treatment excellent, and the illustrations are superb."Professor THOMAS H. MORTONNiagara University"I have examined it carefully and have passed it onto the other members of this Department for theiropinion. The consensus is that it is without doubt thebest text on general zoology that has been published.I hardly see how we can afford-not to adopt it, and weplan to do so in the fall term. I predict that this textwill become extremely popular. "Professor ROSS E. HUTCHINSMississippi State CollegeSend for a copy on approvalMcGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC.-330 West 42nd Street, New York, N. Y.Aldwych House, London, W.C.2

10SCIENCE-SUPPLEMENTVOL,. 97, No. 2522SCIENCE NEWSScience Service, Washington, D. C.SPIRAL NEBULAETHE arms of spiral nebulae, those gigantic pinwheelsof the universe, have been discovered to be trailing theircentral region by Dr. Edwin Hubble, of the Mt. WilsonObservatory. His investigation, reported in the Astrophysical Journal, is of importance in the study of theorigin and development of nebulae, the most familiar ofwhich is the Milky Way.Spiral nebulae, comparable in size to our stellar system, are millions of light-years away. Billions of stars,luminous gaseous matter, and dark clouds obscuring portions of the brilliant center form this whirlpool of light.Dr. Hubble slips the missing piece of the puzzle intoplace by developing a criterion for determining the direction in which these whirling masses are inclined. We seethem as images projected against space and whether theyare tilted toward us or away would decide, in light oftheir spiral pattern, if the arms are trailing or leading.It has been believed for some time that the dark lanesvisible only on the slightly tilted nebulae are the key, butdispute arose as to whether they marked the far or nearside. Working with the entire collection of Mt. Wilsonphotographs, including those made with the aid of thefamous 100-inch telescope, Dr. Hubble eventually- founda spiral nebula which showed both the dark lanes and thespiral pattern. The dark lines were silhouetted againstthe central or nuclear bulge, showing that the dark bandsunmistakably denote the nearer side. Other nebulaestudied support his assumption that the arms were trailing.From the slant of the spectral lines it is known thatall spiral nebulae are traveling in the same direction.Having once determined that direction, Dr. Hubble concluded that the arms of the nebulae are trailing in allspirals.NEW COSMIC RAY THEORYCosMIc rays are due to protons which plunge into theearth 's atmosphere from outer space, and the proton splitsinto ten mesotrons. This is the latest theory which Dr.W. F. G. Swann, director of the Bartol Research Foundation of the Franklin Institute, proposes in The PhysicalReview.Dr. Swann has long contended, in company with manyother distinguished physicists, that the incoming particlesresponsible for the rays are protons. Others have contended that they were high-speed electrons. He now addsa further detail to the theory, that the proton splits intoten mesotrons. This theory, he believes, is the only onethat satisfactorily accounts for the variation of cosmicray intensity with the latitude and altitude.The proton is the positively charged particle found inthe central sun or nucleus of an atom. It has about theweight of the hydrogen atom, the nucleus of which is composed of a single proton, around which revolves a singlenegatively charged electron. The electron has only1/1800 the weight of a proton.The mesotron is the elusive and exceedingly short-livedmiddleweight particle, with a weight about 1/10 that ofthe proton. Its life span is only one to two millionthsof a second. Consequently many are found high up inthe atmosphere, but much fewer lower down. Not manylive to reach the earth's surface. During its brief flight,the mesotron parts with most of its energy and degenerates to an electron.COLOR CHANGES IN ANIMALSWHEN a chameleon flashes from brown to green in afew seconds, or an eel more sluggishly takes several hoursto shift from dark to pallid in skin hue, don't seek thecause for this difference in rates in the nerves of the oneanimal or the gland secretions of the other. ProfessorG. H. Parker, of Harvard University, spoke on this subject before the Philadelphia meeting of the AmericanPhilosophical Society.Quickness of color change in some animals, slowness inothers is determined primarily by the skin's pigmentcontaining cells themselves. This is contrary to thezoological doctrine most widely held at present, whichstates that the quick-changing animals do the trick bymeans of nerve impulses, while the ones that alter theircolors slowly depend on hormones or gland secretions.This opinion, Dr. Parker said, was based on the examination of only a few animals, and falls down when ascore or more species, a wide range of color-changingspeeds, are examined. As a matter of fact, the quickchanging chameleon depends on hormones, the slowchanging eel on nerves.Slowness of response by color cells to either hormoneor nerve stimulus has an analogy in a similar slowness inmuscle cells. A snail's muscles simply can not moveotherwise than very deliberately, while a flea's musclesalways contract with a lightning-like snap.-FRANKTHONE.ISLANDS IN THE PACIFICTRUK, in the mid-Pacific, is a doomed island. Unlessgeologic processes now going on in the earth's crust beneath that part of the ocean are stopped or reversed, itwill eventually be drowned. The only trouble is that thiswon 't happen in 1943 or 1944-geologic processes areslow.That Truk is sinking, while other islands that are nowenemy strongholds are slowly rising, was pointed out inan address by Professor William Herbert Hobbs, of theUniversity of Michigan, before the meeting of the American Philosophical Society. Professor Hobbs has seenTruk and the other Japanese-mandated islands since theypassed under the flag of the Rising Sun. He visitedthere in 1921, when Japan had just taken over and whenour relations with that country were on a much more cordial basis than they have been recently. He was shownmany courtesies by the officials in charge, who helped himin the geological studies he was making of the basic geology of the Pacific area.For geologists interested in the story of mountainbuilding, most unique opportunities for study are offeredby the several curving island chains in the Pacific, from

APRIL 30, 1943SCIENCE-SUPPLEMENTthe Bonins through the Philippines and Indies and faron to the South Pacific archipelagoes and New Zealand.Elsewhere on the earth, whenever a mountain chain hasstarted to grow, it has immediately been attacked byerosion, which cuts it down even as it rises above thegeneral crustal level. These are-like strings of islands,however, are only the tips of mountain chains now forming as vast upthrust wrinkles from the ocean floor.Erosion therefore plays no part on their long, submergedflanks.Only on the emersed tips which are the islands havethe waves and the weather any chance to do any carving;and this is even a help rather than a hindrance to thegeologist. For when an earthquake cycle has boosted theisland out of the water another few feet, the waves obligingly carve a notch all around its shores, marking the newlevel. And if it should sink again, a coral reef forms,indicating the amount of submergence. The island thusserves as a natural measuring-stick for the geologicalprogress of the submarine mountain system of which itis the apex.-FRANK THONE.INVISIBLE FILM REPELLING WATERONE of the most difficult problems faced by radio engineers has been water getting into the porcelain insulators.When that happens, they don't insulate any more, andthe set weakens-even stops working altogether. Usualpractice has been to treat the insulators with wax; butthat is rather impermanent.Dr. Winton I. Patnode, research chemist of the GeneralElectric Company, has developed a new treatment forthese insulators that is said to be about nine times moreeffective than waxing them, and with permanent resultsthat defy heat, chemical solvents like gasoline, naphthaand carbon tetrachloride, and long exposure to ordinaryweather. Objects treated with it simply won't let waterwet them. If moisture precipitates on them, it remainsrounded up as round droplets, and the wide dry spacesbetween continue to defy the electricity to pass.The process is quite simple, but as yet not at all wellunderstood. The objects to be made water-repellent aresimply placed in a closed cabinet, and the vapors of oneof a group of substances known chemically as the methylchlor silanes are flooded on them. An after-treatmentwith ammonia vapor is sometimes desirable, to neutralizecorrosive acids that may collect during the moistureproofing.Dr. Patnode has been unable to demonstrate the presence of a tangible film on his treated insulators, eitherwith chemical reagents or examination with a high-powermicroscope. Yet their behavior shows that they are wearing "invisible raincoats."Numerous other uses are proposed for the new wetrefusing films, most of which must remain undisclosedfor the present. One such use, however, promises to makelife in the laboratory a lot happier. Everybody has noticed how water rises in a slight curve where the edgesof its surface come into contact with the tube or vesselcontaining it. This curve, called the meniscus, makes ithard to read guages, glass measuring flasks and otherlaboratory vessels that require highest possible accuracy.11If the inside of the glass is given this water-repellingfilm, the meniscus does not form and the surface is perfectly flat, making readings far easier to take.ITEMSOBSERVATIONSthe star-like nucleus of Comet Whipple 2, which was recently visible near the Big Dipper, hasled to the discovery of a gaseous compound hitherto unidentified in comets. It is the fragmentary molecule NH2produced when hydrogen or methane burns in the flamewith nitrous oxide. Although luminous bands of NH2have been previously observed in the spectra of othercomets, it was their extraordinary strength in CometWhipple 2 that led to their identification. The observaontions were made by Dr. R. Minkowski, with the 60-inchreflecting telescope of the Mt. Wilson Observatory. Theonly other bands in the comet's spectrum besides thoseof NH2 that could be identified with certainty were thoseof the carbon molecule, C2, which were first described bySwan in the spectrum of the candle flame in 1857. Thecarbon bands, however, have long been known in comets.Many other bands in Comet Whipple 2 were observedwhich could not be identified with known gaseous compounds, which serves to emphasize the peculiar conditionsthat must prevail in the nuclei of comets.A NEW comet has been discovered by Miss L. Oterma,astronomer of the Turku Observatory, Finland, who iscredited with discovering two comets last year. Thecomet was first seen on April 8 in the constellation ofVirgo, which is now easily visible in our evening sky. Itis of the fifteenth magnitude and therefore far too faintto be seen without telescopic aid. The new comet is nearthe celestial equator and moving slowly westward. Harvard Observatory received word of the discovery by wayof Denmark and Sweden. On April 8 at 5 P.M., EasternWar Time, the comet's right ascension was 12 hours, 19minutes, and its declination plus 1 degree, 12 minutes.As comets are named after their discoverer, this will beknown as the third Oterma comet.A STUDY of the little group of stars known as thePleiades or Seven Sisters has revealed new facts aboutthe nature of the obscuring clouds of interstellar gasthroughout our galactic system. The study was carriedout by Dr. Walter S. Adams with the 100-inch reflectorof the Mt. Wilson Observatory. Nine stars of thePleiades were selected for observation because their hightemperature gave a background against which to detectthe dark interstellar clouds. Dr. Adams found that sevenof the nine stars show obscuration by both ionized calcium and hydrocarbon gas; whereas two, Asterope andMerope, show obscuration by ionized hydrocarbon only.This is the first case found in which lines of one interstellar gas occur without the presence of ionized calcium.Another interesting point is that neutral hydrocarbonwhich is prominent in many stars is completely missingfrom the Pleiades. Dr. Adams concludes that, " The factthat such different interstellar lines are observed in neighboring stars of this small cluster indicates the diversityin the physical conditions of the interstellar clouds andperhaps the limited dimensions which these clouds musthave. "

12VOL. 97, No. 2522SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS-ITl Gdg &0G1aJAMES T. CULBERTSONBacto-AgarBacto-Agar is a purified Agar prepared fromdomestic material. In the manufacture ofBacto-Agar extraneous matter, pigmented portions,and salts are reduced to a minimum, so that thefinished product in the form of fine granules willdissolve rapidly, giving clear solutions.Bacto-Agar is distributed only for use inbacteriological culture media upon propercertification by the purchaser.MEDICALPARASITOLOGYDr. Culbertson's concise but comprehensive resume of medical parasitology fills adefinite need, as a textbook for medicalstudents and a handbook for medicalpractitioners. It contains 21 full-pageplates and many figures and tables.". . . especially interesting now that somany American doctors will be servingwith the Army in tropical regions wherethe parasites of malaria, sleeping sicknessand the like are prevalent."-ScienceNews Letter. 4.251MM UNITYAGAINST ANIMALPARASITESA textbook which will acquaint thosebeginning the study of immunity to theparasitic forms with the fundamentalprinciples of the subject, and will alsogive the more experienced a thoroughorientation and collation of recent literature on the subject."The style of writing and the generalmakeup of the book are conducive topleasant reading . . . an authoritativesource for reference."-Journal of theAmerican Medical Association. 3.50Columbia University PressMorningside HeightsNew YorkBacto-AsparagineBacto-Asparagine is a purified amino acidwidely used in synthetic culture media and in thepreparation of tuberculin.Specify "DIFCO"THE TRADE NAME OF THE PIONEERSIn the Research and Development of Bacto-Peptone andDehydrated Culture Media.DIFCO LABORATORIESINCORPORATEDDETROIT, MICHIGAN1 LLTHE VERTEBRATE EYEAND ITS ADAPTIVE RADIATIONBy Gordon Lynn Walls"It should certainly be read by all biologists including medicalmen, interested in visual problems."-Nature"It Is a 'must' book for every biologist, whatever his specialty."-Journal of Mammalogy."Never before has so much light been shed at one time on ananimal organ . . . a tremendously interesting and valuablebook."-American NaturalistPublished 1942. 785 pages, 197 figures, 6.50Orders sent postpaid within the continentalUnited States upon receipt of remittance.CRANBROOK INSTITUTE OF SCIENCEBloomfield Hills, MichiganERIC SOBOTKAFOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERYRESEARCH MICROSCOPESMICROSCOPE LAMPS17 EAST 40TH STREETNEW YORK, N. Y.

APrRIL 30, 1943.SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTSFor Researeh. Analysis. EducationPurity and uniformity, indispensable qualities inchemicals intended for use in these exacting fields, are thebasis of the rigid specifications for Eastman Organic Chemicals.Control of these essential properties is attained by laboratoryproduction and actual testing of each individual batch beforeit is accepted for stock.Eastman Organic Chemicals, which now total more than 3400,comprise the world's largest group of organic compounds forresearch, analysis, and education. All of the items are suppliedin the quantities most convenient and economical for theirparticular applications. Eastman Kodak Company, Chemical Sales Division, Rochester, N. Y.There are more than 3400IKODAKEASTMAN ORGANIC CHEMICALSTHEAUTOTECHNICONU. S.Patent No. 2,157,875and Other Patents Pending.THE TECHNICON CO.NEW YORK, N. Y.13

L. 97, NO. 2522VoL. 97, No.Spencer Refractometer in use in the Research Laboratory ofthe Pennsylvania Grade Crude Oil Assoation.Oilfor Today'sStrategyModern warfare depends upon lubricants for every phase of transportationand combat. Aircraft operating lowover scorching deserts or in below-zerotemperatures of the sub-stratosphere;ships at sea under forced draft; tanks,trucks and armored cars carrying hea

New Text Received with Wide Acclaim GENERAL ZOOLOGY By TRAcY I. STORER Professor ofZoology, University of California at Davis . "'It was a red-letter event when I received Storer's General Zoology. Without hesitation I pronounce it by far the best of all the recent zoology texts. I am

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