Final Design Report - The College Of Engineering .
Northern Arizona UniversityDepartment of Civil Engineering, Construction Management, andEnvironmental EngineeringFinal Design Report2017-2018 Northern Arizona University Steel Bridge TeamPrepared by: Isaac Block, Ian Connair, Taylor Erdmann, Matt ParrishCENE 486Prepared for: Mark Lamer, PEMay 9, 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS1Project Introduction . 11.1 Purpose of Project. 11.2 The National Student Steel Bridge Competition . 11.2.1 2018 NSSBC Rules . 11.2.2 Categories of Scoring . 11.2.2.1Display . 21.2.2.2Construction Economy . 21.2.2.3Structural Efficiency . 21.2.2.4Overall Performance . 21.3 Objectives of the Project and Unique Deliverables . 21.3.1 Structural Design and Analysis . 21.3.2 Shop Drawings . 31.3.3 Material Research and Selection . 31.3.4 Connection Analysis and Testing . 31.3.5 Fabrication . 31.3.6 Construction. 32Structural Analysis and Design . 42.1 Conceptual Analysis and Design . 42.1.1 Preliminary Bridge Type . 42.1.1.1Beam Bridge . 42.1.1.2Truss Bridge . 42.1.1.3Bridge Type Decision . 52.1.2 Preliminary Truss Geometry . 52.1.2.1Double Howe (KK) Truss . 52.1.2.2Parker (K) Truss . 62.1.2.3Underslung Howe Truss . 62.1.3 Preliminary Lateral Stability System . 72.2 Detailed Analysis and Design . 72.2.1 Computer Modeling . 72.2.2 Load Combinations . 72.2.3 Analysis and Design of Member Cross-Sections and Steel Grades . 82.2.4 Analysis and Design of Connections . 8i
32.2.4.1Gusset Connections . 82.2.4.2Moment-Resisting Footing-Chord Connections . 102.2.4.3Lateral Bracing Cross-Frame Connections . 102.2.4.4Diagonal Lateral Bracing Sleeve Connection . 10Final Design Recommendation . 113.1 Final Design . 113.2 Shop Drawings . 114Fabrication . 124.1 Preparation and Cutting of Steel Members . 124.1.1 Cleaning of Surface of Steel Members . 124.1.2 Cutting and Initial Grinding . 124.2 Fabrication of Connections . 124.3 Welding . 124.4 Finishing . 125Construction. 135.1 Determining Construction Plan. 135.1.1 Number of Builders . 135.1.2 Order of Construction . 135.2 Construction Practice . 146Summary of Engineering costs. 146.1 Personnel Costs . 146.1.1 Billing Rates . 146.1.2 Labor Required . 156.1.3 Personnel Cost Summary . 176.2 Material and Logistical Costs . 177Summary of Engineering Work . 178Competition Results and Discussion . 188.1 Scoring Results . 209Conclusion . 2010 References . 21ii
LIST OF TABLESTable 2-1: Connection Calculation Design Code References . 8Table 6-1: Project Team Positioning . 14Table 6-2: Division of Labor Costs . 16Table 6-3: Anticipated and Actual Labor, Material, and Logistical Costs . 17LIST OF FIGURESFigure 2-1: Double Howe (KK) Truss Alternative Elevation View . 6Figure 2-2: Parker (K) Truss Alternative Elevation View . 6Figure 2-3: Underslung Howe Truss Alternative Elevation View . 7Figure 3-1: Isometric View of Final RISA 3D Model . 11Figure 7-1: Original Project Schedule . 18iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe Steel Bridge Team acknowledges the individuals and companies who have aided the SteelBridge Team in the completion of their project. The Steel Bridge Team recognizes the services ofPage Steel, K-Zell Metals, Mingus Union High School Welding, Copper State Nut and Bolt Co. TheSteel Bridge Team also received technical guidance of Thomas Nelson and Mark Lamer. PageSteel donated all steel tube that was used to construct the steel bridge, K-Zell Metals providedsteel plate and laser-cutting services, Copper State Nut and Bolt Co. supplied nuts and bolts, andMingus Union High School Welding provided all welding services required for the steel bridge.Thomas Nelson and Mark Lamer provided technical feedback and support on the teams’ analysis,design, fabrication, and construction methods.iv
1 PROJECT INTRODUCTION1.1 PURPOSE OF PROJECTThe purpose of the Steel Bridge Project is for students to create a 1:10 scale steel bridge that isto be used in a feasibility study for the design of a limited access, short span bridge for theBurgeon County Transportation Commission (BCTC). BCTC hopes to identify a bridge design toserve their growing populations. The bridge is intended to carry only mass transit, bicycles,pedestrians, and emergency vehicles, similar to the Portland’s Bridge of the People.The bridge is to be designed, fabricated, and constructed in accordance with the rules andguidelines of the 2018 National Student Steel Bridge Competition (NSSBC) in order to compete inthe event. The NSSBC is open to universities across the United States as well as some regions ofCanada and other select international regions. The Steel Bridge Team will be competing againstother teams in the Pacific Southwest region. This includes the states of Arizona, California,Nevada, and Hawaii. Each bridge submitted for competition will be judged according to stability,strength, serviceability, construction economy, structural efficiency, and aesthetics [1].1.2 THE NATIONAL STUDENT STEEL BRIDGE COMPETITIONThe NSSBC is a competition that occurs annually at both the regional and national levels. TheSteel Bridge Team will be participating in the regional competition at the Pacific SouthwestConference (PSWC), held April 12-14, 2018 at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. During thistime, the team will compete in areas of structural efficiency, construction economy, lightness,stiffness, display, and aesthetic appeal. To place well and advance to the national level, eachteam must perform exceptionally in a majority of the categories listed above.1.2.1 2018 NSSBC RULESThe rules for the 2018 NSSBC involve material and component specifications, structuralspecifications, functionality, usability, inspectable qualities, construction regulations, preconstruction conditions, and safe construction practices [1]. Sub-sub-section 1.2.2 outlines thecategories considered as criteria for scoring the bridges in the competition, and will be used bythe Steel Bridge Team as the constraints and limitations of the project.1.2.2 CATEGORIES OF SCORINGThe scoring of the steel bridge will be dependent on the categories provided in the rules for the2018 NSSBC. These categories include display, construction speed, lightness, stiffness,construction economy, structural efficiency and overall performance [1].1
1.2.2.1 DisplayThe score related to display is dependent on the appearance of the bridge, considering balanceproportion, elegance, and finish. The bridge is also required to permanently display the name ofthe university on the structure. Lastly, a poster must be displayed that will describe the designprocess and comply with the poster rules found in Section 6.2.1.3 of the 2018 NSSBC Rules [1].1.2.2.2 Construction EconomyThe scoring for construction economy is dependent on total time in minutes, number of buildersand any incurrence of load test penalties. The formula used to calculate this score is found inSection 6.2.5 of 2018 NSSBC Rules [1].1.2.2.3 Structural EfficiencyThe scoring for structural efficiency is dependent on the bridge weight, aggregate deflection, andload test penalties. Specifications of scoring for lightness and stiffness are outlined in Sections6.2.3 and 6.2.4 of the 2018 NSSBC rules, respectively. The formula used to calculate this score isfound in Section 6.2.6 of 2018 NSSBC Rules [1].1.2.2.4 Overall PerformanceThe overall performance score is the sum of structural and construction costs. The team with thelowest score achieved will be placed first in the 2018 NSSBC.1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT AND UNIQUE DELIVERABLESThe objective of the Steel Bridge Project is ultimately to develop structural engineering skills andan understanding of the processes required of accelerated bridge construction. Studentsinvolved in this project will obtain these skills through the completion of the various tasksdescribed in the sub-sub-sections below.1.3.1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND ANALYSISThe Steel Bridge Team will develop the design for the bridge to be used in competition at the2018 Regional Student Steel Bridge Competition. The task of designing is to include the selectionof the type of bridge structure, determination of connections that will be used, selection ofmember sizes and shapes, as well as grades of steel that will be used in the bridge. In completionof each of these design objectives, the Steel Bridge Team will ensure that all aspects of the designadhere to the 2018 NSSBC Rules.In accordance with the design of the bridge, the Steel Bridge Team will model and analyze theexpected performance of the bridge throughout the design process, making iterations andmodifications as necessary to achieve a more effective and efficient design. The Steel BridgeTeam will utilize the structural modeling capabilities of RISA 3D to model the performance of thebridge.2
1.3.2 SHOP DRAWINGSThe Steel Bridge Team will also prepare shop drawings that may be used to direct the fabricationand construction of the bridge. These shop drawings will include all dimensions and detailsneeded to direct the fabrication and construction of the bridge. The Steel Bridge Team will useAutoCAD to prepare all shop drawings for the bridge.1.3.3 MATERIAL RESEARCH AND SELECTIONThe Steel Bridge Team will research various grades of steel that will be available for use in theconstruction of the bridge. The various grades of steel will be analyzed according to their materialproperties and their intended use within the bridge. The Steel Bridge Team will consider the costof a given grade of steel, the availability of the steel, the strength of the steel, and the expectedcross-sectional area needed for the various members of the bridge.1.3.4 CONNECTION ANALYSIS AND TESTINGThe Steel Bridge Team will perform analysis and design of all connections that will be used in thebridge and testing of critical connections. The connections will be designed to maximize rigidityat joints and facilitate an efficient construction time. All connections will be designed inaccordance with the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) North American Specification for theDesign of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members (AISI S100) using output obtained from the RISA3D model [2].1.3.5 FABRICATIONThe Steel Bridge Team intends to use the services of Mingus Union High School Welding toperform all required welding. Additionally, the Steel Bridge Team has partnered with K-zellMetals to acquire all necessary connection plates and laser cutting services. The Steel BridgeTeam has ensured that all components of the bridge are fabricated to the appropriatespecifications per the approved shop drawings. Any components that are not fabricated to thepredetermined design specifications will be analyzed with respect to rule compliance, steel codecompliance, and bridge functionality before being implemented or rejected.1.3.6 CONSTRUCTIONThe Steel Bridge Team will develop a strategy for completing the construction of the bridge withrespect to the specifications of the 2018 NSSBC Rules. The Steel Bridge Team will decide theamount of construction workers to be used, the tools to be used, and the order in which theconstruction workers will assemble the various components of the bridge. After determining theaccelerated bridge construction methods to be used, the Steel Bridge Team will practiceconstructing the bridge. The goal for the Steel Bridge Team will be to minimize constructionerrors and the overall time taken to construct the bridge. The Steel Bridge Team will constructtheir bridge at the 2018 PSWC.3
2 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGNThe structural analysis and design of the bridge was separated into conceptual and detaileddesign phases. Conceptual design focused on developing a strategy with which to develop acompetitive bridge design. In the conceptual design phase, the Steel Bridge Team consideredvarious bridge types, bridge geometries, and connection types in order to arrive at the finalbridge type and geometry.Detailed design involved detailing all dimensions of the bridge, all member sizes and grades, andall connections. Detailed design was performed using RISA 3D structural modeling software andthe 2018 AISI North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel StructuralMembers [2]. In addition, the bridge was designed to withstand any of the possible loadcombinations given in the 2018 NSSBC Rules [1].2.1 CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGNThe conceptual analysis and design may be separated into four major categories; bridge type,bridge geometry, lateral-force-resisting-system (LFRS), and connection types. Each of thesecategories are discussed in the following sub-sub-sections.2.1.1 PRELIMINARY BRIDGE TYPEThe Steel Bridge Team considered two bridge types for the design; a truss bridge and a beambridge. The strengths and weaknesses of each alternative with respect to the goal of thecompetition are discussed below.2.1.1.1 Beam BridgeThe primary advantages of a beam bridge are simplicity and ease of construction. In general,beam bridges will require less members and connections than truss bridges. For this reason,beam bridges are advantageous because they will likely achieve a faster construction time thana truss bridge will. Fewer members and connections may also contribute to less demands in thefabrication phase.The primary disadvantage of a beam bridge is more inefficient use of material, resulting in lessstiffness. Beam bridges are designed to resist load in bending, meaning that the maximumstresses in the bridge will occur only at the top and bottom of the beam cross-section, with nost
The Steel Bridge Team will perform analysis and design of all connections that will be used in the bridge and testing of critical connections. The connections will be designed to maximize rigidity at joints and facilitate an efficient construction time. All connections will be designed in
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