Estimated Costs Of Crop Production In Iowa - 2021
Estimated Costs of CropProduction in Iowa – 2021The estimated costs of corn, corn silage, soybeans,alfalfa, and pasture maintenance in this report are basedon data from several sources. They include the annualIowa Farm Business Association record summaries,production and costs data from the Departments ofEconomics, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,and Agronomy at Iowa State University, and a surveyof selected agricultural cooperatives and other inputsuppliers around the state.These cost estimates are representative of averagecosts for farms in Iowa. Very large or small farms mayhave lower or higher fixed costs per acre.Due to differences in soil potentials, quantity ofinputs used, and other factors, production costswill vary from farm to farm. Price shifts for inputscan change production costs in both the short andlong run. The data reflect average cost of purchasedinputs and a return to land and labor resources, butdo not provide a margin for profit or a return tomanagement. They reflect production costs only, anddo not include costs of storage.Labor has been treated as a fixed cost because mostlabor on Iowa farms is supplied by the operator,family, or permanent hired labor. However, whendeciding among alternative crops, labor should beconsidered a variable cost. The wage rate used hereis 15.25 per hour. The hours assumed per crop arepresented in the budgets. The hours per crop acreinclude not only the field work but also time formaintenance, travel, and other activities related tocrop production. The land charge is based on cashrent equivalent. Owned land may require a greater orlesser cash outlay.In the short run, cash income must be sufficient topay cash costs, including seed, fertilizer, chemicals,insurance, cash rent, and hired labor, as well asmachinery fuel and repairs, and interest on operatingcapital. In the long run, income should be sufficientto pay all costs of production for resources to be usedin their most profitable alternative.Ag Decision MakerFile A1-20Starting in 2019, reference yields for corn andsoybeans budgets reflect 30-year trend yields andare updated annually. Corn yields reflect rotationeffects. Fertilizer rates have been adjusted to reflectcurrent data on removal and application rates.Starting in 2021, nitrogen rates on corn budgetsreflect recommendations from the Corn NitrogenCalculator, http://cnrc.agron.iastate.edu/. For 2021,the projected corn to nitrogen price ratio is 12.35.Crop insurance costs reflect revenue crop protectionat 80% coverage for a typical farm in Central Iowa.Starting in 2020, the average cost of lime is adjustedto account for regional differences in lime applicationpractices (ag lime quality, quantity, and frequency ofapplication).Machinery costs reflect both new and usedequipment. The machine operations assumedare based on the 2000 Crop Production PracticesSurvey conducted by the Iowa Agricultural StatisticsService and Iowa State University Extension andOutreach publication PM 696: Estimating the FieldCapacity of Farm Machines, https://store.extension.iastate.edu/product/4032. The Estimated MachineryCosts table can be used to budget other tillage andharvesting systems.Estimates represent typical costs and are onlyintended to be guidelines. Actual costs will varyconsiderably and can be entered in the columnfor “Your Estimates.” Electronic spreadsheets fordeveloping crop production budgets are availableon the Ag Decision Maker website, www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm.Budgets for alfalfa hay establishment with an oatcompanion crop and by direct seeding are includedin this publication. Annual production costs forestablished alfalfa or alfalfa-grass hay as well as abudget for maintaining grass pastures are included.Two low-till budgets, one for corn and one forsoybeans, are included. The major differencesbetween the low-till and conventional budgets are thepreharvest machinery, labor, herbicide, and seedingcosts. The soybeans budgets are for herbicidetolerant varieties. A strip-till budget is also included.FM 1712 Revised January 2021
Estimated Costs of Crop Production in Iowa – 2021Page 2Corn Following Corn166 bushelsper acreFixedPreharvest Machinery 1/ 22.10Seed, Chemical, etc.UnitsSeed @ 3.27 per 1000 kernelsVariable 19.60184 bushelsper acreFixedVariable 22.10 19.60Units202 bushelsper acreFixedYourEstimateVariable 22.10 19.60 Units18261.8819867.32211 114.45 71.74Phosphate @ 0.39 per pound6224.186926.917629.64Potash @ 0.30 per pound5015.005516.506118.30Nitrogen @ 0.34 per pound28,000 91.5630,000 98.1035,000Lime (yearly icide18.4518.4518.45Crop .0910.6911.59 293.23 311.84Interest on preharvest variablecosts (8 months @ 5.0%)Total 339.74 Harvest MachineryCombine 12.50 6.10 12.50 6.10 12.50Grain 87Dry (LP gas @ 1.30 per gallon)8.3025.909.2028.7010.1031.51Handle (auger)2.762.773.053.073.353.37 36.26 43.11 38.20 46.83 40.14 50.55 Total 6.10 2.70Labor2.80 hours @ 15.25 42.70 42.70 42.70 187.00 222.00 256.00 LandCash rent equivalentTotal fixed, variablePer acrePer bushelTotal cost per acreTotal cost per bushel1/ 288.06 355.95 325.00 378.28 360.94 1.74 2.14 1.77 2.06 1.79 409.90 Yield:bushels 2.03 per acre 644.01 703.28 770.83 3.88 3.82 3.82 Chisel plow, tandem disk, apply Nitrogen, field cultivate, plant, and spray. See the Estimated Machinery Costs table.
Estimated Costs of Crop Production in Iowa – 2021Page 3Corn Following Soybeans181 bushelsper acreFixedPreharvest Machinery 1/ 18.70Seed, Chemical, etc.UnitsSeed @ 3.27 per 1000 kernelsVariable 16.10201 bushelsper acreFixedVariable 18.70 16.10Units221 bushelsper acreFixedYourEstimateVariable 18.70 16.10 Units28,000 91.5630,000 98.1035,00013345.2214649.64159 114.45 54.06Phosphate @ 0.39 per pound6826.527529.258332.37Potash @ 0.30 per pound5416.206018.006619.80Nitrogen @ 0.34 per poundLime (yearly cost)15.6915.6915.69Herbicide39.5839.5839.58Crop terest on preharvest variablecosts (8 months @5.0%)8.929.5010.41 260.49 278.36Total 306.66 Harvest MachineryCombine 12.50 6.10 12.50 6.10 12.50Grain 51Dry (LP gas @ 1.30 per gallon)9.0528.2410.0531.3611.0534.48Handle (auger)3.003.023.343.363.673.69 37.88 46.21 40.03 50.35 42.18 54.48 Total 6.10 2.70Labor2.55 hours @ 15.25 38.89 38.89 38.89 187.00 222.00 256.00 282.46 322.81 319.62 344.81 355.77 1.59 1.72 1.61LandCash rent equivalentTotal fixed, variablePer acrePer bushelTotal cost per acreTotal cost per bushel1/ 1.56 1.78 377.24 Yield:bushels 1.71 per acre 605.27 664.42 733.01 3.34 3.31 3.32 Apply Nitrogen, tandem disk, field cultivate, plant, and spray. See the Estimated Machinery Costs table.
Estimated Costs of Crop Production in Iowa – 2021Page 4Corn Silage Following Corn21 tonsper acreFixed24 tonsper acreVariablePreharvest Machinery 1/ 22.10Seed, Chemical, etc.UnitsSeed @ 3.27 per 1000 kernel32,200 105.29Nitrogen @ 0.34 per poundPhosphate @ 0.39 per poundPotash @ 0.30 per pound 19.60Fixed 22.1026 tonsper acreVariable 19.60UnitsFixed 22.10 19.6034,500 5.49 131.62 16850.4019257.6020862.40Lime (yearly icide18.4518.4518.45Crop .5212.2013.14 337.59 358.71Total Units150Interest on preharvest variablecosts (8 months @5.0%)YourEstimateVariable 387.67 Harvest MachinerySilage harvesterHaulStore silage (unloader)Total 47.10 28.50 47.10 28.50 47.10 28.50 03.38 82.17 54.33 87.18 58.02 90.52 60.48 Labor4.95 hours @ 15.25 75.49 75.49 75.49 187.00 222.00 256.00 366.76 411.52 406.77 436.33 444.11 16.95 18.18 17.08LandCash rent equivalentTotal fixed, variablePer acrePer ton1/ 17.46 19.60 467.75Yield: tons 17.99 per acreTotal cost per acre 778.28 843.09 911.86 Total cost per ton 37.06 35.13 35.07 Chisel plow, tandem disk, apply Nitrogen, field cultivate, plant, and spray. See the Estimated Machinery Costs table.
Estimated Costs of Crop Production in Iowa – 2021Page 5Herbicide Tolerant Soybeans Following Corn50 bushelsper acreFixedPreharvest Machinery 1/ 20.10Seed, Chemical, etc.UnitsSeed @ 49.20 per 140,000 kernelVariable 17.4056 bushelsper acreFixedVariable 20.10 17.40Units62 bushelsper acreFixed 20.10 17.40 Units140,000 49.20140,000 49.20140,000Phosphate @ 0.39 per pound4015.604517.555019.50Potash @ 0.30 per pound7522.508425.209327.90 49.20 Lime (yearly cost)15.6915.6915.69Herbicide48.6948.6948.69Crop terest on preharvest variablecosts (8 months @5.0%)6.196.416.62 174.37 181.24TotalYourEstimateVariable 187.91 Harvest MachineryCombine 8.00 3.70 8.00 3.70 8.00Grain 542.11Handle (auger)0.830.840.930.941.031.04 16.78 8.94 17.13 9.24 17.47 9.54 Total 3.70 Labor2.20 hours @ 15.25 33.55 33.55 33.55 187.00 222.00 256.00 LandCash rent equivalentTotal fixed, variablePer acrePer bushelTotal cost per acreTotal cost per bushel1/2/ 257.43 200.70 292.78 207.88 327.12 5.15 4.01 5.23 3.71 5.28 214.85 Yield:bushels 3.47 per acre 458.13 500.65 541.97 9.16 8.94 8.74 Chisel plow, tandem disk, field cultivate, plant, and two sprays. See the Estimated Machinery Costs table.Estimates do not include any insecticide or fungicide costs.
Estimated Costs of Crop Production in Iowa – 2021Page 6Strip Tillage Corn and SoybeansCorn Following SoybeansHerbicide Tolerant Soybeans Following Corn201 bushels per acreFixedPreharvestMachinery 1/ 10.50Seed, Chemical, etc.UnitsSeed @ 3.27per 1000 kernelsNitrogen @ 0.34per poundPhosphate @ 0.39per poundPotash @ 0.30per poundLime (yearly cost)Herbicide 2/Crop insuranceMiscellaneousInterest onpreharvest variablecosts (8 months @ 5.0%)56 bushels per acreYourVariable Estimate 9.20 30,000 98.10 tMachinery 1/ 12.70Seed, Chemical, etc.UnitsSeed @ 49.20per 140,000 kernels160,000Phosphate @ 0.39per poundPotash @ 0.30per poundLime (yearly cost)Herbicide 2/Crop insuranceMiscellaneousInterest onpreharvest variablecosts (8 months @ 5.0%)9.49 284.98 TotalFixedYourVariable Estimate 11.00 56.23 4517.558425.2015.6949.998.5010.006.47 189.63 TotalHarvest MachineryCombineGrain cartHaulDry (LP gas@ 1.30 per gallon)Handle (auger)Total 12.505.908.2410.053.34 6.10 2.706.83CombineGrain cartHaul31.363.36Handle (auger) 40.03 50.35 34.31 222.00 Total 8.005.902.30 3.70 2.701.900.930.94 17.13 9.24 1.70 hours @ 15.25 25.93 Cash rent equivalent 222.00 Per acre 277.75Labor2.25 hours @ 15.25LandCash rent equivalentTotal fixed, variablePer acrePer bushelTotal cost per acreTotal cost per bushel1/2/ 306.84 344.53 Yield: 1.53bushels 1.71 per acrePer bushel 651.37 Total cost per acre 3.24 Total cost per bushel 209.87 Yield: 4.96bushels 3.75 per acre 487.62 8.71 Strip till, plant, and spray for corn. No-till drill, two sprays for soybeans. See the Estimated Machinery Costs table.Estimates do not include any insecticide or fungicide costs.
Estimated Costs of Crop Production in Iowa – 2021Page 7Non-Herbicide Tolerant Soybeans Following CornSoybeans Following Corn56 bushels per acreFixedPreharvest Machinery 1/Seed, Chemical, etc.Seed @ 38.00 per 140,000 kernelYourEstimateVariable 20.50 17.60 UnitsDrilled Soybeans Following Corn56 bushels per acreFixedYourEstimateVariable 17.60 14.60 Units130,000 35.30 150,000 40.70 Phosphate @ 0.39 per pound4517.554517.55Potash @ 0.30 per pound8425.208425.20Lime (yearly cost)15.6915.69Herbicide 2/64.5049.99Crop insurance8.508.50Miscellaneous10.0010.006.486.07 183.22 173.71 Interest on preharvest variablecosts (8 months @ 5.0%)TotalHarvest MachineryCombine 8.00Grain cart5.902.705.902.70Haul2.301.902.301.90Handle (auger)0.930.940.930.94Total 3.70 17.13 9.24 36.60 8.00 3.70 17.13 9.24 26.23 222.00 Labor2.40 hours @ 15.251.72 hours @ 15.25LandCash rent equivalent 222.00 Total fixed, variablePer acrePer bushelTotal cost per acreTotal cost per bushel 296.23 210.06 5.29 3.75Yield:bushels per acre 282.96 5.05Yield: 3.53 bushels per acre 506.29 480.50 9.04 8.58 Chisel plow, tandem disk, field cultivate, plant, cultivate, and spray.Tandem disk, field cultivate, drill, and spray for drilled soybeans. See the Estimated Machinery Costs table.2/Estimates do not include any insecticide or fungicide costs.1/ 197.55
Estimated Costs of Crop Production in Iowa – 2021Page 8Low-till Corn and SoybeansCorn Following SoybeansHerbicide Tolerant Drilled Soybeans Following Corn201 bushels per acreFixedPreharvestMachinery 1/ 14.30Seed, Chemical, etc.UnitsSeed @ 3.27per 1000 kernelsNitrogen @ 0.34per pound56 bushels per acreYourVariable Estimate 13.00 98.10 30,000FixedPreharvestMachinery 1/ 12.80Seed, Chemical, etc.UnitsSeed @ 49.20per 140,000 kernels160,000YourVariable Estimate 10.60 56.23 14649.64Phosphate @ 0.39per pound7529.25Phosphate @ 0.39per pound4517.55Potash @ 0.30per pound6018.00Potash @ 0.30per pound8425.20Lime (yearly cost)15.69Lime (yearly cost)15.69Herbicide46.21Herbicide49.992/Crop insurance8.60MiscellaneousInterest onpreharvest variablecosts (8 months @ 5.0%)Crop insurance10.008.50MiscellaneousInterest onpreharvest variablecosts (8 months @ 5.0%)9.62Total2/ 285.11 10.006.46 189.62 TotalHarvest MachineryCombine 6.10 12.50Combine 8.00 3.70 Grain cart5.902.70Grain cart5.902.70HaulDry (LP gas@ 1.30 per e (auger)0.930.94Handle (auger)TotalTotal 17.13 9.24 1.70 hours @ 15.25 25.93 Cash rent equivalent 222.00 40.03 50.35 34.31 222.00Labor2.25 hours @ 15.25LandCash rent equivalentTotal fixed, variablePer acrePer bushelTotal cost per acreTotal cost per bushel1/2/ 310.64 348.46 Yield: 1.55bushels 1.73 per acrePer acrePer bushel 659.10 Total cost per acre 3.28 Total cost per bushel 277.85 209.46 Yield: 4.96bushels 3.74 per acre 487.31 8.70 Apply Nitrogen, cultivate, plant, and spray for corn. Disk, drill, and spray for soybeans. See the Estimated Machinery Costs table.Estimates do not include any insecticide or fungicide costs.
Estimated Costs of Crop Production in Iowa – 2021Page 9Oat and Hay Production - Seeding Year CostsAlfalfa-Grass Seededwith Oat Companion Crop 1/Establishment CostsFixedVariableAlfalfa Seededwith Herbicide 2/FixedYourEstimateVariablePreharvest MachinerySpray herbicideTandem disk (2 times) 2.10 1.90 8.80 6.208.806.20Spread ed (drill)4.203.704.20 16.80 12.60 18.90Oat2 bushels 19.20Alfalfa8 pounds33.04Bromegrass6 pounds16.56Orchardgrass3 pounds9.78Total preharvest machinery3.70 14.50 Seed 3/Total seed cost 15 pounds 78.58 61.95 17.30 HerbicideLime (total cost for hay lifetime)Labor: 1 hour @ 15.25Total establishment costsAnnual CostsOne-third of EstablishmentCosts (for establishment year)Fertilizer 61.95 28.00 15.25 32.05Fixed 119.18Variable28.00 15.25 34.15 121.75 Fixed 10.68 39.73Nitrogen60 pounds 20.40Phosphorus45 pounds17.5535 pounds 13.65130 pounds39.00125 pounds37.50PotashTotal fertilizerInsurance, oatsLabor @ 15.25Land: Cash rent equivalentHarvest MachineryOat: combine and haul grainOat: rake, bale, and haul strawAlfalfa: mower-conditioner,rake, bale, and haul hayTotal harvest costTotal fixed and variable costsTotal cost per acreYourEstimateVariable 11.38 40.58 76.95 51.15 2.00 4 hours 61.003 hours 45.75 125.00 125.00 10.48 5.5211.528.4217.6012.97 36.10 27.17 39.60 26.90 36.10 27.17 236.29 145.58 218.23 118.90 381.87 337.13 Assumes 80 bushels oat yield, one ton straw yield, and one ton per acre alfalfa yield from one cutting.Assumes two and a half tons per acre from two alfalfa cuttings with herbicide-assisted seeding.3/Omit oats from August seedings. Higher priced seed varieties or different seed mixtures could vary these costs by 1.2 to 2.0 times.1/2/
Estimated Costs of Crop Production in Iowa – 2021Page 10Annual Production Costs for Established Alfalfa orAlfalfa-Grass HayHay Production Level4 tons per acre 1/6 tons per acreYourEstimateFixedVariableFixedVariable 10.68 39.73 11.38 40.58 1.80 83.38 3.60 125.77 56.80 One-third of establishment costsMachinery, seed, lime, labor,and herbicide 2/Annual fertilizer 3/0-13-50 pounds per ton removedplus spreading and insuranceHarvesting Costs: Large Round Bales 4/Mower-conditioner, rake,baling, and hauling 54.60Labor costs: 1.33 hours per 41.37 74.00cutting @ 15.25 per hour 61.00 81.33 Land: Cash rent equivalent 125.00 164.00 Total fixed and variable costusing large round bales per acre 247.98 166.70 334.32 223.15 62.00 41.68 55.72 37.19 Fixed, variable cost per tonTotal cost per acre 414.68 557.47 Total cost per ton 103.67 92.91 Harvesting Costs: Small Square Bales 4/Mower-conditioner, rake,baling, haul and stackLabor costs: 2 hours per 52.09 39.26 70.74 54.09 cutting @ 15.25 per hour 91.50 122.00 Land: Cash rent equivalent 125.00 164.00 Total fixed and variable costusing small square bales per acre 281.08 162.37 371.72 220.45 70.27 40.59 61.95 36.74 Fixed, variable cost per tonTotal cost per acre 443.44 592.17 Total cost per ton 110.86 98.69 For harvest as silage, use machine cost estimates from the Estimated Machinery Costs table.Assumes alfalfa-grass seeded with oat companion crop. If alfalfa seeded with preplant herbicide, then use other costs (see previous page).3/For 6-ton yield goal, a split application of fertilizer is assumed.4/Harvest cost estimates assume 3 cuttings for 4 tons and 4 cuttings for 6 tons.1/2/
Estimated Costs of Crop Production in Iowa – 2021Page 11Maintaining Grass Pastures - Annual Cost per AcreImproved Grass 2/FixedVariableImproved Grass-Legume 3/FixedYourEstimateVariableMachinery CostsSpreading fertilizer 1.80 1.40 1.80 1.40Spraying herbicide2.101.90Clipping weeds6.203.806.203.80 10.10 7.10 8.00 5.20Nitrogen @ 0.34 per pound80 pounds 27.20Phosphate @ 0.39 per pound30 pounds11.70Total machinery cost Fertilizer and Herbicide 1/Potash @ 0.30 per poundHerbicide 30 pounds 11.7040 pounds12.002.90Total fertilizer and herbicide 41.80 23.70 LaborGrowing practices.5 hours @ 15.25 7.63 7.63Fence maintenance1 hours @ 15.2515.2515.25 22.88 22.88 56.00 77.00 Total labor LandCash rent equivalentTotal annual costTotal annual cost per acre 88.98 48.90 137.88 107.88 28.90 136.78 These are average rates and may vary with soil test and the level of management on a particular field. Different herbicide alternativescould vary this cost.2/Improved grass pastures assume a dominance of cool season grasses such as smooth bromegrass, orchardgrass, tall fescue,or reed canarygrass.3/Improved grass-legume pasture assumed one-third of the forage is made up of red clover, birdsfoot trefoil, or alfalfa.1/
Estimated Costs of Crop Production in Iowa – 2021Page 12Estimated Machinery CostsThe following cost estimates are for on-farm use, excluding labor. Depreciation is based on current replacementcost; interest is based on average market rates. Fixed costs will be greater for newer machinery. If annualmachine use is greater than that assumed, fixed costs per acre will be lower, and vice versa. Hauling costs arebased on a round trip of one mile. Remember these are estimates and they should not take the place of accuraterecord-keeping. Diesel fuel is estimated to cost 2.02 per gallon, delivered to the farm in bulk.OperationSubsoiling (V-ripper)Moldboard plowChisel plowChop stalksTandem diskOffset diskPeg tooth harrowSprayer/diskField cultivatorDisk/Field cultivatorStrip tillerBulk fertilizer spreaderNH3 applicatorChisel plow, NH3 applicatorGrain drillBroadcast seederPlanterNo-till planterNo-till drillRotary hoeCultivatorSprayerCombine cornCombine soybeansCombine small grainHaul grain (on farm)Grain cartStore grain (auger)Silage harvesterHaul silageSto
Starting in 2019, reference yields for corn and soybeans budgets reflect 30-year trend yields and are updated annually. Corn yields reflect rotation effects. Fertilizer rates have been adjusted to reflect current data on removal and application rates. Starting in 2021, nitrogen rates on corn budgets reflect recommendations from the Corn Nitrogen
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as monthly crop water requirement at different growing stages of maize crop. The crop water requirement and irrigation requirement for maize crop 238.6 mm and 212.6 mm. Considering the above findings it was suggested to use the Cropwat 8.0 model to predict the crop water requirements for different crops.
Abstract: The determination of crop coefficients and reference crop evapotranspiration are important for estimating irrigation water requirements of any crop in order to have better irrigation scheduling and water management. The purpose of this study is to determine the crop water requirement of cauliflower, using single and dual crop coefficient
improving methods for measuring crop area, production and yield Handbook on crop statistics: improving methods for measuring crop area, production and yield . 2.3.Main challenges 9 ChAPTer 3 sAmPlIng And esTImATIon meThods for CroP sTATITICs s 11 3.1.Establishing the objective of the survey, target population, data items to be collected .
Only one of the model components, crop growth, is described here. Since soil productivity is expressed in terms of crop yield, crop growth is one of the most important processes simulated by EPIC. To evaluate the effect of erosion on crop yield, the model must be sensitive to crop characteristics, weather, soil fertility, and other soil properties.
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Crop Production Historical Track Records (April 2018) 9 USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service Field Crops Records for Acreage, Yield, Production, and Ending Stocks (continued) Crop Series began Yield per acre Production Ending stocks 8 Crop
