Water Supply And Sanitation In Vietnam
Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedService Delivery AssessmentDecember 2014100896Water Supplyand Sanitationin VietnamTurning Finance intoServices for the Future
This report is the product of extensive collaboration and information sharing between many government agencies at nationaland provincial level, and development partners in Vietnam. A core team drawn from the Ministry of Construction and Ministryof Agriculture and Rural Development has been lead partners with the Water and Sanitation Program in this assessmentsector. The authors acknowledge their valuable contribution as well as the information sharing and contributions duringworkshops by other sector stakeholders, including development partners.The Task Team Leader for the Service Delivery Assessment (SDA) in East Asia and the Pacific is Susanna Smets. The following World Bank staff and consultants have provided valuable contributions to the service delivery assessment processand report: Jeremy Colin, U-Prime Rodriguez, Vinh Quang Nguyen, Iain Menzies, Hang Diem Nguyen, Almud Weitz, SandraGiltner, Nguyen Trong Duong and Nguyen Danh Soan. The report was peer reviewed by the following World Bank staff andsector colleagues: Parameswaran Iyer, Lead Water and Sanitation Specialist, Lilian Pena Pereira Weiss, Sr. Water and Sanitation Specialist, Sing Cho, Urban Specialist and Lalit Patra, Chief WASH section, UNICEF Vietnam.The SDA was carried out under the guidance of the World Bank’s Wa ter and Sanitation Program and local partners. This regional work, implemented through a country-led process, draws on the experience of water and sanitation SDAs conduct ed inmore than 40 countries in Africa, Latin America, and South Asia.An SDA analysis has three main components: a review of past water and sanitation access, a costing model to as sess the adequacy of future investments, and a scorecard that allows diagnosis of bottlenecks along the service de livery pathways. SDA’scontribution is to answer not only whether past trends and future finance are sufficient to meet sector targets for infrastructureand hardware but also what specific issues need to be addressed to ensure that fi nance is effectively turned into acceleratedand sustainable water supply and sanitation service delivery.The Water and Sanitation Program is a multi-donor partnership, part of the World Bank Group’s Water Global Practice, supporting poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services. WSP’s donorsinclude Australia, Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and the World Bank.WSP reports are published to communicate the results of WSP’s work to the development community. Some sources citedmay be informal documents that are not readily available.The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are entirely those of the author and should not be attributedto the World Bank or its affiliated organizations, or to members of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or thegovernments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the partof the World Bank Group concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to worldbankwater@worldbank.org. WSP encourages the dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. Formore information, please visit www.wsp.org. 2014 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank
Water Supply and Sanitationin VietnamTurning Finance into Services for the Future
Strategic OverviewSubsector2020 TargetUrban water supply (access to public pipednetwork)85%Rural water supply (access to ‘clean’ watermeeting Ministry of Health (MOH) standards)75%Urban sanitation (proportion of wastewater treated)45%Rural sanitation (use of ‘hygienic’ latrines meetingMOH standards)85%In the last two decades the Government of Vietnam has madeconsiderable progress in improving water supply and sanitation in both urban and rural areas and rates of access toimproved services are now significantly higher than those inneighboring countries. Both the water supply and sanitationMillennium Development Goal (MDG) targets have been met,according to Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) reports.1These achievements are impressive. The reliability of thedata on which JMP figures are based is, however, disputedand many stakeholders consider the access rates to beoverestimated. Weak monitoring systems and a multiplicity of official data sources underlie widespread uncertaintyover actual service coverage and functionality. A furthercomplication is that the Government of Vietnam has adopted targets and technical standards which are more ambitious than those adopted by the JMP. The targets are summarized below; meeting them will be difficult.There are major disparities in water supply access betweenregions and between big cities, smaller urban centers and12ivperi-urban areas. Outside of the major cities, the quality andreliability of supply is a challenge while in rural areas, informal management arrangements rarely result in effectiveoperation and maintenance in the long term. There are alsosignificant inequalities in access between richer and poorersegments of the population. For example, while 95% of therichest urban quintile has a piped water connection in theyard, only 35% of the poorest have this level of service.In rural areas, just 3% of the poorest quintile has a houseconnection while for the richest quintile the figure is 43%.2Progress in sanitation and hygiene is lagging behind watersupply, and in urban areas the general absence of wastewater treatment and fecal sludge management is a significantgap given the population density and the volume of wastewater produced. In rural areas, the sector does not yet havea coherent implementation strategy for taking sanitationand hygiene promotion to scale, though it benefits from anational target program funded with multi-donor support.Although decentralization is quite advanced in Vietnam,there are instances where central control still inhibits thedevelopment of locally appropriate solutions, while gaps inthe financial and human capacity of local service providers are barriers to service improvement and expansion. Inrecent years, government has promoted the adoption of acommercial orientation in urban service provision, and someprogress has been made in relation to water supply servicesbut not for sanitation due to the limited scope for revenuegeneration. Provincial government still exercises significantcontrol over utilities and, despite some promising policyinitiatives, conditions are not yet attractive for large-scaleJMP (2013)JMP-UNICEF special tabulation per wealth quintile, using MICS 2010/11 dataWater Supply and Sanitation in Vietnam
private sector participation. A more enabling environmentis needed including, amongst other things, the establishment of a regulator and the introduction of commerciallyviable tariff levels and performance contracts. Recently, thegovernment has also introduced a socialization policy andassociated decisions to increase private sector participation in the sector, both for urban and rural.3 This initiativeis in its early stages and, while it could potentially deliversignificant benefits to the sector, there are obstacles to beovercome in terms of commitment to policy implementation, comprehensive legal framework, as well as public andprivate sector capacity for contracting.In order to meet the government’s ambitious targets, some3.7 million people per year will need to gain access to watersupply sources that meet government standards, of whicharound half in rural and half in urban areas. In the case ofsanitation, about 1.6 million people per year will need access to wastewater treatment (in urban areas) and about2.0 million to latrines that meet national standards (in ruralareas).Average annual investments in the water supply and sanitation sector of the government and donors from 2009-2011were equivalent to roughly 0.2% of 2011 GDP. While expected to rise to about 0.4% of GDP in 2012 to 2014, anticipated investments are insufficient to put the sector ontrack to meet government targets for 2020. Meeting thesewould require capital expenditures of US 1.562 billion peryear for water supply and US 1.142 billion per year for3sanitation (a total of estimated amount of 2.5% of GDP).A large proportion of the investment requirements are forurban areas (around 87%). Furthermore, in the case of water supply roughly 60% of the funding required is for thereplacement of existing assets. The anticipated public (domestic and external) finance for 2012-2014 demonstratesthe same direction towards high urban investments, witharound 90% directed to urban areas for sanitation andaround 70% to urban areas for water supply. This highlightsan urgent need not only to increase overall sector fundingbut also to use public funding more effectively, by improvingthe implementation of cost recovery policies and management—and hence sustainability—of existing infrastructureand services. Crowding in private sector financing will be animportant element to reduce the financing gap, and actionsto improve the investment climate as mentioned above deserve priority.In summary, the sector faces the daunting task of expanding service provision to reach the poorer un-served population segments; keeping pace with growth; and at the sametime putting measures in place to strengthen the effectiveness and sustainability of service provision, both technicallyand financially.This Service Delivery Assessment has been conducted as amulti-stakeholder process under leadership of the Government of Vietnam. Agreed priority actions to tackle Vietnam’swater supply and sanitation challenges have been identifiedto ensure finance is effectively turned into services:Ministry of Construction Summary report on encouragement of private sector participation in water and urban environmental sanitation sector, Oct 2013;and Vietnam Development Partner Forum – Working Group report on private sector participation in rural water supply and sanitation, Nov 2013Service Delivery Assessmentv
Sector-wide Increase public funding for water supply and sanitation, especially for urban service provision outside of the majorcities and for remote, underserved rural areas Improve the management – especially cost recovery – for existing infrastructure and services provision, to reducethe financing gap for investment needed in infrastructure replacement Conduct a public expenditure review for the water and sanitation sector, to identify critical obstacles to efficientresource utilization Prioritize the needs of the poor in sector investments and operational strategies, such as by expanding resultsbased financing instruments and incentivize sustainable service delivery to poor and vulnerable communities Streamline urban and rural access targets and monitoring frameworks, with greater attention to service functionality and use, and agree on common points of reference for all institutional stakeholders in the sector Improve the policy and enabling environment, such as with respect to tariff reform and regulation, for private sectorparticipation and develop capacities for private sector participation in both urban and rural services (on both publicand private side)Rural Water Supply Develop a capacity building strategy and implementation plan for National Target Programme for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation phase 3 (NTP3), including developing a comprehensive technical support system to improve thefunctionality of schemes Carry out a comprehensive review of the effectiveness of existing and alternative scheme management (and ownership) models Develop and implement review recommendations to professionalize management and leverage private sector capabilities Develop provincial level plans for managing water quality at scheme levelUrban Water Supply Allow tariffs to reach commercially viable levels whereby utilities can achieve full cost recovery, through independent economic regulation Increase autonomy for utilities, allowing them to increase operation and maintenance budgets to levels that enableadequate maintenance to be provided and sustained Introduce incentives and obligations for utilities to improve the quality and reliability of service provision, by establishing an independent regulator Enhance access to commercial finance for utilities by providing government guarantees for utilitiesviWater Supply and Sanitation in Vietnam
Rural Sanitation and Hygiene Identify effective operational strategies for sanitation and hygiene promotion that can be taken to scale underNTP3, including demand-led approaches for community socialization Increase “software” spending, including staffing and operational budgets for provincial and local health line implementation agencies Facilitate increased private sector involvement in making desirable, low-cost toilets available for poor and underserved communities Set up a systematic national capacity building program for sanitation and hygiene for health sector staff and otherparticipating organizations including the Vietnam Women’s UnionUrban Sanitation and HygieneExpedite the adoption of the Draft Unified Sanitation Sector Strategy and Investment Pan (U3SAP). As part of this initiative: Adopt a subsector investment plan and develop an urban sanitation financing strategy Support the implementation of existing policy directives on the autonomy and commercial orientation of serviceproviders (including combined water and wastewater utilities) Develop the capacity of service providers so that existing policy provisions – particularly on financial sustainability– can be implemented and services improved For new wastewater treatment plants, revise technical standards to adopt cost-effective technology and introduceincentives to maximize direct household connections to networkService Delivery Assessmentvii
ContentsAcknowledgment .iiStrategic Overview .ivContents . viiiAbbreviations and Acronyms.ix1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.Introduction. 1Sector Overview: Coverage and Trends. 3Reform Context. 10Institutional Framework. 13Financing and its Implementation. 17Sector Monitoring and Evaluation. 20Subsector: Rural Water Supply. 22Subsector: Urban Water Supply. 25Subsector: Rural Sanitation and Hygiene. 28Subsector: Urban Sanitation and Hygiene. 32Conclusion. 36Annex 1: Scorecard and Explanation . 39Annex 2: Assumptions and Inputs for Costing Model . 65viiiWater Supply and Sanitation in Vietnam
Abbreviations and VIHEMAVBSPWSPAsian Development BankAustralian AidCapital ExpenditureCommunity-led Total SanitationDanish International Development AgencyDepartment for International Development (UK Aid)The International Benchmarking Network for Water and SanitationUNICEF-WHO Joint Monitoring ProgrammeMinistry of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentMillennium Development GoalsMinistry of ConstructionMinistry of HealthNational Centre for Rural Water Supply and SanitationNational Clean Rural Water Supply and SanitationNon-Governmental OrganizationNational Target ProgramProvincial Centre for Rural Water Supply and SanitationProvincial Centre for Preventive MedicineProvincial People’s CommitteeService Delivery AssessmentUnified Sanitation Sector Strategy and Action PlanVietnam Health Environment Management AgencyVietnam Bank for Social PolicyWorld Bank’s Water and Sanitation ProgramService Delivery Assessmentix
1. IntroductionWater and sanitation Service Delivery Assessments (SDAs)are taking place in seven countries in the East Asia and thePacific region under the guidance of the World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) and local partners. Thisregional work, implemented through a country-led process,draws on experience of water and sanitation SDAs conducted in more than 40 countries in Africa, Latin Americaand South Asia.The SDA analysis has three main components: a reviewof past water and sanitation coverage, a costing model toassess the adequacy of future investments, and a scorecard that allows diagnosis of bottlenecks along the servicedelivery pathway. SDA’s contribution is to answer not onlywhether past trends and future finance are sufficient to meetsector targets for infrastructure and hardware but also whatspecific issues need to be addressed to ensure that financeis effectively turned into accelerated and sustainable water supply and sanitation service delivery. Bottlenecks canin fact occur throughout the service delivery pathway—allthe institutions, processes, and actors that translate sector funding into sustainable services. Where the pathwayis well developed, sector funding should turn into servicesat the estimated unit costs. Where the pathway is not welldeveloped, investment requirements may be gross underestimates because additional investment may be needed to“unblock” the bottlenecks in the pathway.Service Delivery AssessmentThe scorecard looks at nine building blocks of the servicedelivery pathway, which correspond to
and sustainable water supply and sanitation service delivery. The Water and Sanitation Program is a multi-donor partnership, part of the World Bank Group’s Water Global Practice, sup - porting poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.
Equitable management of water and sanitation in Pacific Island Countries/Leonie Crennan & Ilana Burness.- Suva : SOPAC, 2005. 35 p. : ill.; 30 cm ISSN : 1605-4377 1. Water & sanitation - management 2. Water & sanitation - Pacific Islands 3. Water & sanitation equitable management I. Burness, Ilana II.
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Framework for Provision and Regulation 2010 The National Water Policy 2000 Statutory Instrument No. 63 2014 . Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management Policy2 is expected to continue the shifting focus and moment for sanitation in Zambia. 2. National institutional arrangements for sanitation in Zambia
Water supply and sanitation are among two of the most important sectors of development (Bendahmane 1993). Development of community water supplies and sanitation results in improved social and economic conditions and improved health (Davis et al. 1993). The benefits of improved water supply and sanitation are many, including prevention of
for Water Supply and Sanitation Service Delivery, and forms part of the Water Supply and Sanitation Global Solutions Group (WSS GSG) agenda. This work was financed by the World Bank's Global Water Security and Sanitation Partnership and the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO). This discussion paper was prepared by a team led by
and sustainable water supply and sanitation service delivery. The Water and Sanitation Program is a multi-donor partnership, part of the World Bank Group’s Water Global Practice, sup - porting poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.
accelerated and sustainable water supply and sanitation service delivery. The Water and Sanitation Program is a multi-donor partnership, part of the World Bank Group’s Water Global Practice, supporting poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.
Box 1.5: Water supply and sanitation technologies considered to be “improved” and those considered to be “not improved” Box 3.1: Community participation in problem-solving: the Participatory Hygiene And Sanitation Transformation (PHAST) approach Box 3.2: Support provided for the water supply and sanitation sector in developing countries
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