The Muscular System Skeletal Muscle Tissue And Organization

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Chapter9The MuscularSystem—SkeletalMuscle Tissueand OrganizationPowerPoint Lecture Slidesprepared by Jason LaPresNorth Harris CollegeHouston, TexasCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Introduction Humans rely on muscles for many of ourphysiological processes, and virtually all ourdynamic interactions with the environmentinvolve muscle tissue.Muscles and LifeCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Introduction There are three types of muscle tissue: Skeletal muscle—Skeletal muscle tissue movesthe body by pulling on bones of the skeleton. Cardiac muscle—Cardiac muscle tissue pushesblood through the arteries and veins of thecirculatory system. Smooth muscle—Smooth muscle tissues pushfluids and solids along the digestive tract andperform varied functions in other systems.Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Introduction Muscle tissues share four basic properties: Excitability: the ability to respond to stimulation Skeletal muscles normally respond to stimulation by the nervoussystem. Cardiac and smooth muscles respond to the nervous system andcirculating hormones. Contractility: the ability to shorten actively and exert apull or tension that can be harnessed by connective tissues Extensibility: the ability to continue to contract over arange of resting lengths Elasticity: the ability of a muscle to rebound toward itsoriginal length after a contractionCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Functions of Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscles are contractile organs directly orindirectly attached to bones of the skeleton. Skeletal muscles perform the following functions: Produce skeletal movement Maintain posture and body position Support soft tissues Regulate entering and exiting of material Maintain body temperatureCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy of Skeletal MusclesFigure 9.1Structural Organization of Skeletal MuscleCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy of Skeletal MusclesFigure 9.2Skeletal Muscle InnervationCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy of Skeletal MusclesFigure 9.3The Formation and Structure of a Skeletal Muscle FiberCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy of Skeletal MusclesFigure 9.4Sarcomere StructureCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Sarcomereof Skeletal MusclesAnatomy Sarcomere Organization Thick and thin filaments within a myofibril areorganized in the sarcomeres. All of the myofibrils are arranged parallel to thelong axis of the cell, with their sarcomeres lyingside by side.Sarcomere StructureCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy of Skeletal MusclesFigure 9.5Levels of Functional Organization in a Skeletal Muscle FiberCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Layers of ofAnatomya MuscleSkeletal Muscles Layers of a Muscle Breakdown skeletal muscle from large to smallAnatomy of Muscle ReviewCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

MAnatomyof Skeletal Muscles Thin and Thick Filaments Each thin filament consists of a twisted strand of severalinteracting proteins 5–6 nm in diameter and 1 μm in length. Troponin holds the tropomyosin strand in place. Thick filaments are 10–12 nm in diameter and 1.6 μm inlength, making them much larger than thin filaments.Thin FilamentTroponinThick FilamentCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy of Skeletal MusclesFigure 9.6Thin and Thick FilamentsCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Muscle Contraction Contracting muscle fibers exert a pull, ortension, and shorten in length. Caused by interactions between thick andthin filaments in each sarcomere Triggered by presence of calcium ions Contraction itself requires the presence ofATP.Muscle ContractionCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Muscle Contraction The Sliding Filament Theory Explains the following changes that occur betweenthick and thin filaments during contraction: The H band and I band get smaller. The zone of overlap gets larger. The Z lines move closer together. The width of the A band remains constant throughoutthe contraction.Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Muscle ContractionFigure 9.7Changes in the Appearance of a Sarcomere duringContraction of a Skeletal Muscle FiberCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Muscle ContractionFigure 9.8The Effect of Sarcomere Length on TensionCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

MMuscleContraction The Start of a Contraction Triggered by calcium ions in the sarcoplasm Electrical events at the sarcolemmal surface Trigger the release of calcium ions from the terminalcisternae The calcium ions diffuse into the zone of overlap andbind to troponin. Troponin changes shape, alters the position of thetropomyosin strand, and exposes the active sites on theactin molecules.Calcium and Troponin InteractionCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Muscle ContractionFigure 9.9The Orientation of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, TTubules, and Individual SarcomeresCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Muscle Contraction The End of a Contraction When electrical stimulation ends: The SR will recapture the Ca2 ions. The troponin–tropomyosin complex will cover theactive sites. And, the contraction will end.Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Muscle ContractionFigure 9.10The Neuromuscular SynapseCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Muscle ContractionFigure 9.11The Events in Muscle ContractionCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Motor Units and Muscle ControlFigure 9.12The Arrangement of Motor Units in a SkeletalMuscleCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Motor Units and Muscle Control Muscle Tone Some of the motor units of muscles are alwayscontracting, producing a resting tension in askeletal muscle that is called muscle tone. Resting muscle tone stabilizes the position ofbones and joints.Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Motor Units and Muscle Control Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy Exercise causes increases in Number of mitochondria Concentration of glycolytic enzymes Glycogen reserves Myofibrils Each myofibril contains a larger number of thick and thinfilaments. The net effect is an enlargement, or hypertrophy, of thestimulated muscle. Disuse of a muscle results in the opposite, calledatrophy.Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Types of Skeletal Muscle FibersCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers The features of fast fibers, or white fibers, are: Large in diameter—due to many densely packedmyofibrils Large glycogen reserves Relatively few mitochondria Their mitochondria are unable to meet the demand. Fatigue easily Can contract in 0.01 seconds or less followingstimulationCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers Slow fibers, or red fibers, features are Only about half the diameter of fast fibers Take three times as long to contract afterstimulation Contain abundant mitochondria Use aerobic metabolism Have a more extensive network of capillaries thando muscles dominated by fast muscle fibers. Red color because they contain the red pigmentmyoglobinCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers Intermediate fibers have propertiesintermediate between those of fast fibers andslow fibers. Intermediate fibers contract faster than slow fibersbut slower than fast fibers. Intermediate fibers are similar to fast fibers except They have more mitochondria. They have a slightly increased capillary supply. They have a greater resistance to fatigue.Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Types of Skeletal Muscle FibersFigure 9.14Skeletal Muscle Fiber Organization (Parallel Muscle)Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Types of Skeletal Muscle FibersFigure 9.14Skeletal Muscle Fiber Organization (Convergent Muscle)Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Types of Skeletal Muscle FibersFigure 9.14Skeletal Muscle Fiber Organization (Unipennate Muscle)Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Types of Skeletal Muscle FibersFigure 9.14Skeletal Muscle Fiber Organization (Bipennate Muscle)Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Types of Skeletal Muscle FibersFigure 9.14Skeletal Muscle Fiber Organization (Multipennate Muscle)Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Types of Skeletal Muscle FibersFigure 9.14Skeletal Muscle Fiber Organization (Circular Muscle)Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Muscle Terminology Origin remains stationary Insertion moves Commonly the origin is proximal to the insertion. If the muscle extends from a broad aponeurosis to anarrow tendon: Aponeurosis origin Tendon insertion If there are several tendons at one end and just one atthe other: Multiple origins Single insertionCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Muscle Terminology Muscle Actions There are two methods of describing actions. The first references the bone region affected. For example, the biceps brachii muscle is said to perform―flexion of the forearm.‖ The second method specifies the joint involved. For example, the action of the biceps brachii muscle isdescribed as ―flexion of the elbow.‖Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Muscle Terminology Muscles can be grouped according to theirprimary actions into three types: Prime movers (agonists): are muscles chieflyresponsible for producing a particular movement Synergists: assist the prime mover in performingthat action If a synergist stabilizes the origin of the agonist, it iscalled a fixator. Antagonists: are muscles whose actions opposethat of the agonist If the agonist produces flexion, the antagonist willproduce extension.Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Muscle Terminology Muscles are named for: Specific body regions Brachialis Shape of the muscle Trapezius Orientation of musclefibers Rectus, transverse,obliqueCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Specific or unusualfeatures Biceps (two origins) Identification oforigin and insertion Sternocleidomastoid Primary functions Flexor carpi radialis References to actions Buccinator

Levers and Pulleys: A Systems Design for Movement First-class levers Second-class levers Characteristics of second-class levers are: The force is magnified. The resistance moves more slowly and covers a shorter distance. Third-class levers The characteristics of the third-class lever are: Speed and distance traveled are increased. The force produced must be great.Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Levers and Pulleys: A Systems Design for Movement Although every muscle does not operate aspart of a lever system, the presence of leversprovides speed and versatility far in excess ofwhat we would predict on the basis of musclephysiology alone.LeversCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Levers and Pulleys: A Systems Design for MovementCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Levers and Pulleys: A Systems Design for MovementCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Levers and Pulleys: A Systems Design for MovementCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Levers and Pulleys: A Systems Design for MovementFigure 9.16Anatomical PulleysCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Aging and the Muscular System Skeletal muscle fibers become smaller in diameter. Skeletal muscles become smaller in diameter and lesselastic. Tolerance for exercise decreases. The ability to recover from muscular injuriesdecreases.Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Aging and the Muscular SystemFigure 9.17The Life Cycle of Trichinella spiralisCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

There are three types of muscle tissue: Skeletal muscle—Skeletal muscle tissue moves the body by pulling on bones of the skeleton. Cardiac muscle—Cardiac muscle tissue pushes blood through the arteries and veins of the circulatory system. Smooth muscle—Smooth muscle tis

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