What’s New Since TEX? - University Of Kentucky

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What’s new since TEX?Based onFrank MittelbachGuidelines for Future TEX Extensions — RevisitedTUGboat 34:1, 2013Raphael FinkelCS Department, UKNovember 20, 2013

What’s new since TEX?All versions of TEXRaphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20132 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Original TEX and early successorsTEX 82: 7-bit fonts, English-based hyphenationRaphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20133 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Original TEX and early successorsTEX 82: 7-bit fonts, English-based hyphenationTEX/LATEX 3.0 (1989): 8-bit fonts, minimal adjustments. Currently atversion 3.1415926.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20133 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Original TEX and early successorsTEX 82: 7-bit fonts, English-based hyphenationTEX/LATEX 3.0 (1989): 8-bit fonts, minimal adjustments. Currently atversion 3.1415926.pTEX: Japanese (Kanji: 16-bit fonts) and vertical typesettingRaphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20133 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Original TEX and early successorsTEX 82: 7-bit fonts, English-based hyphenationTEX/LATEX 3.0 (1989): 8-bit fonts, minimal adjustments. Currently atversion 3.1415926.pTEX: Japanese (Kanji: 16-bit fonts) and vertical typesettingML-TEX: \charsubdef lets characters with diacritics to be treated asa single character, solving bad hyphenation. No longer needed givennewer fonts containing most accented characters.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20133 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Original TEX and early successorsTEX 82: 7-bit fonts, English-based hyphenationTEX/LATEX 3.0 (1989): 8-bit fonts, minimal adjustments. Currently atversion 3.1415926.pTEX: Japanese (Kanji: 16-bit fonts) and vertical typesettingML-TEX: \charsubdef lets characters with diacritics to be treated asa single character, solving bad hyphenation. No longer needed givennewer fonts containing most accented characters.NT S (2000): re-implementation of TEX in Java. But not as modularor extensible as hoped.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20133 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Original TEX and early successorsTEX 82: 7-bit fonts, English-based hyphenationTEX/LATEX 3.0 (1989): 8-bit fonts, minimal adjustments. Currently atversion 3.1415926.pTEX: Japanese (Kanji: 16-bit fonts) and vertical typesettingML-TEX: \charsubdef lets characters with diacritics to be treated asa single character, solving bad hyphenation. No longer needed givennewer fonts containing most accented characters.NT S (2000): re-implementation of TEX in Java. But not as modularor extensible as hoped. -TEX (1994): extensions now supported by all other engines: tracingfacilities, mixed-direction typesetting, more registers, generalized\orphanpenalty, spacing of last line in paragraph.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20133 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Original TEX and early successorsTEX 82: 7-bit fonts, English-based hyphenationTEX/LATEX 3.0 (1989): 8-bit fonts, minimal adjustments. Currently atversion 3.1415926.pTEX: Japanese (Kanji: 16-bit fonts) and vertical typesettingML-TEX: \charsubdef lets characters with diacritics to be treated asa single character, solving bad hyphenation. No longer needed givennewer fonts containing most accented characters.NT S (2000): re-implementation of TEX in Java. But not as modularor extensible as hoped. -TEX (1994): extensions now supported by all other engines: tracingfacilities, mixed-direction typesetting, more registers, generalized\orphanpenalty, spacing of last line in paragraph.Ω/Λ: Unicode input instead of 8-bit input.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20133 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Newer engines, still in usepdfTEX/pdfLATEX: embedded Type-1 fonts, virtual fonts, hyper-links,compression, micro-typography. Dominant in practical use.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20134 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Newer engines, still in usepdfTEX/pdfLATEX: embedded Type-1 fonts, virtual fonts, hyper-links,compression, micro-typography. Dominant in practical use.XETEX/XELATEX (2012): more font technologies (OpenType, Graphite,Apple) without configuring TEX font metrics. Unicode (UTF-8) inputand font-glyph references. Supports the bidirectional (bidi) algorithm.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20134 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Newer engines, still in usepdfTEX/pdfLATEX: embedded Type-1 fonts, virtual fonts, hyper-links,compression, micro-typography. Dominant in practical use.XETEX/XELATEX (2012): more font technologies (OpenType, Graphite,Apple) without configuring TEX font metrics. Unicode (UTF-8) inputand font-glyph references. Supports the bidirectional (bidi) algorithm.LuaTEX/LuaLATEX (2007): pdfTEX with embedded Lua scripting engine.Provides callbacks to hook into or replace underlying TEX typesettingengines.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20134 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Remaining problemsResearchers have identified various problems that require resolution; the restof this talk covers some of them.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20135 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Line breakingLast line of paragraph uses normal spacing, even if the previous line isloose or tight. Workaround ( -TEX and successors): \lastlinefitRaphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20136 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Line breakingLast line of paragraph uses normal spacing, even if the previous line isloose or tight. Workaround ( -TEX and successors): \lastlinefitTallest object in a line determines line height or depth, spreading lineseven if they would fit. Theoretical workaround: LuaTEX.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20136 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Line breakingLast line of paragraph uses normal spacing, even if the previous line isloose or tight. Workaround ( -TEX and successors): \lastlinefitTallest object in a line determines line height or depth, spreading lineseven if they would fit. Theoretical workaround: LuaTEX.Cannot adjust paragraph shape based on position on the page, becauseof the order in which TEX processes text. Theoretical workaround:multi-pass formatting.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20136 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Line breakingLast line of paragraph uses normal spacing, even if the previous line isloose or tight. Workaround ( -TEX and successors): \lastlinefitTallest object in a line determines line height or depth, spreading lineseven if they would fit. Theoretical workaround: LuaTEX.Cannot adjust paragraph shape based on position on the page, becauseof the order in which TEX processes text. Theoretical workaround:multi-pass formatting.Consecutive hyphenated lines: can discourage two, but not 3 or more.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20136 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Line breakingLast line of paragraph uses normal spacing, even if the previous line isloose or tight. Workaround ( -TEX and successors): \lastlinefitTallest object in a line determines line height or depth, spreading lineseven if they would fit. Theoretical workaround: LuaTEX.Cannot adjust paragraph shape based on position on the page, becauseof the order in which TEX processes text. Theoretical workaround:multi-pass formatting.Consecutive hyphenated lines: can discourage two, but not 3 or more.Line quality is tight, decent, loose, or very loose, and TEX tries not tochange much from line to line. But only 4 categories are insufficient.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20136 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Line breakingLast line of paragraph uses normal spacing, even if the previous line isloose or tight. Workaround ( -TEX and successors): \lastlinefitTallest object in a line determines line height or depth, spreading lineseven if they would fit. Theoretical workaround: LuaTEX.Cannot adjust paragraph shape based on position on the page, becauseof the order in which TEX processes text. Theoretical workaround:multi-pass formatting.Consecutive hyphenated lines: can discourage two, but not 3 or more.Line quality is tight, decent, loose, or very loose, and TEX tries not tochange much from line to line. But only 4 categories are insufficient.Rivers of white, identical word repeated in same place on successivelines.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20136 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Micro-typographyCharacters bounding white space should affect inter-word spacing.Unresolved.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20137 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Micro-typographyCharacters bounding white space should affect inter-word spacing.Unresolved.Tracking: increasing/decreasing inter-letter spaces within a word. (inpdfTEX)Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20137 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Micro-typographyCharacters bounding white space should affect inter-word spacing.Unresolved.Tracking: increasing/decreasing inter-letter spaces within a word. (inpdfTEX)Expansion: changing the width of glyphs. (in pdfTEX)Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20137 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Micro-typographyCharacters bounding white space should affect inter-word spacing.Unresolved.Tracking: increasing/decreasing inter-letter spaces within a word. (inpdfTEX)Expansion: changing the width of glyphs. (in pdfTEX)Hanging punctuation: punctuation at the end of a line should protrudeslightly. (in pdfTEX and luaTEX)Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20137 / 13

What’s new since TEX?MicrotypographyFeatures of package microtypeRaphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20138 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Page layoutNo support for complex float management, such as floats acrosscolumns or formatting depending on environment. Not wellunderstood.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20139 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Page layoutNo support for complex float management, such as floats acrosscolumns or formatting depending on environment. Not wellunderstood.No support for baseline-to-baseline spacing, because TEX uses instead aconcept of “interline glue”.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20139 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Page layoutNo support for complex float management, such as floats acrosscolumns or formatting depending on environment. Not wellunderstood.No support for baseline-to-baseline spacing, because TEX uses instead aconcept of “interline glue”.No support for grid-based design, which would require that baselinepositions be predictable.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20139 / 13

What’s new since TEX?Page layoutNo support for complex float management, such as floats acrosscolumns or formatting depending on environment. Not wellunderstood.No support for baseline-to-baseline spacing, because TEX uses instead aconcept of “interline glue”.No support for grid-based design, which would require that baselinepositions be predictable.Consecutive penalties treated as min, so adding an explicit penalty toprevent a break doesn’t work if there is an implicit small penalty (forinstance, to discourage an orphan).Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 20139 / 13

What’s new since TEX?FontsOriginally, TEX fonts provide few characteristics. Type-1 fonts doprovide more information, and OpenType fonts do, too; thesecharacteristics are used by XETEX and luaTEX.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 201310 / 13

What’s new since TEX?FontsOriginally, TEX fonts provide few characteristics. Type-1 fonts doprovide more information, and OpenType fonts do, too; thesecharacteristics are used by XETEX and luaTEX.Encoding standardization: TEX requires that every font place the sameglyph at each code point. OK for 7 bits. For 8 bits, LATEX has internalcharacter encoding. Now one should use Unicode (Ω, LuaTEX, XETEX).Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 201310 / 13

What’s new since TEX?FontsOriginally, TEX fonts provide few characteristics. Type-1 fonts doprovide more information, and OpenType fonts do, too; thesecharacteristics are used by XETEX and luaTEX.Encoding standardization: TEX requires that every font place the sameglyph at each code point. OK for 7 bits. For 8 bits, LATEX has internalcharacter encoding. Now one should use Unicode (Ω, LuaTEX, XETEX).Ligatures and kerning tables should be language-specific, not justfont-specific. Example: ffl may not be ligated in German. Workaround(pdfTEX): suppress all ligatures starting with a given character.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 201310 / 13

What’s new since TEX?MathematicsNo double accents, under-accents, control over placement of equationnumbers. Workaround: AMS macros.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 201311 / 13

What’s new since TEX?MathematicsNo double accents, under-accents, control over placement of equationnumbers. Workaround: AMS macros.No way to adjust spacing rules. Solution: LuaTEX.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 201311 / 13

What’s new since TEX?MathematicsNo double accents, under-accents, control over placement of equationnumbers. Workaround: AMS macros.No way to adjust spacing rules. Solution: LuaTEX.Sub-formulas are typeset (boxed) in natural width even if contained ina stretchable formula, and they cannot cross lines.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 201311 / 13

What’s new since TEX?MathematicsNo double accents, under-accents, control over placement of equationnumbers. Workaround: AMS macros.No way to adjust spacing rules. Solution: LuaTEX.Sub-formulas are typeset (boxed) in natural width even if contained ina stretchable formula, and they cannot cross lines.No control over line-breaking in formulas. Solution: breqn package forLATEX.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 201311 / 13

What’s new since TEX?TEX as a programming languageTEX has limited programming constructs and it works by expansion (it’sa “macro” language), making it very difficult to program. Solution:the expl3 package provides a comfortable programming environment.It’s impossible to access and manipulate internal data structures.Solution: LuaTEX.The “mouth” leads to the “stomach”, not the reverse.Mouth: token parsing and manipulationStomach: box generation and manipulationOnce tokens are in boxes and glue, they cannot become tokens again.It would be better to have an intermediate data structure: characterdata plus attributes, like an abstract syntax tree in a compiler.Solution: LuaTEX.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 201312 / 13

What’s new since TEX?AdviceUse the LATEX enhancements on whatever underlying TEX engine youchoose.Use pdfLATEX unless you need Unicode input.If you need Unicode input, use luaLATEX unless you need bidirectionaloutput.If you need bidirectional output, use XELATEX with the bidi package.Use the microtype package. No parameters needed.Raphael Finkel (CS Department, UK)What’s new since TEX?November 20, 201313 / 13

Original TEX and early successors TEX 82: 7-bit fonts, English-based hyphenation TEX/LATEX 3.0 (1989): 8-bit fonts, minimal adjustments. Currently at version 3.1415926. pTEX: Japanese (Kanji: 16-bit fonts) and vertical typesetting ML-TEX: ncharsubdef lets characters with diacritics to be treated as a single character, solving bad hyphenation.

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