Physical Hydrology - GBV

2y ago
18 Views
3 Downloads
281.17 KB
7 Pages
Last View : 2m ago
Last Download : 2m ago
Upload by : Axel Lin
Transcription

Physical HydrologySecond EditionS. Lawrence DingmanUniversity of New HampshirePrenticeHallPRENTICE HALLUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

ContentsPreface12.9.4 The Modeling Process 272.9.5 The BROOK90 Model 322.9.6 Final Words of Caution 33IXIntroduction to Hydrologic Science1.11.21.3Climate, the Hydrologic Cycle, Soils, andVegetation: A Global Overview36Definition and Scope of Hydrology 1Development of Scientific Hydrology 1Approach and Scope of This Book 53.13.1.1 The Energy Budget of the Earth 363.1.2 Latitudinal Energy Transfer 393.1.3 TheGeneral Circulation andthe Distribution of Pressureand Temperature 413.1.4 Teleconnections: El Nino andthe Southern Oscillation 44Basic Hydrologic Concepts2.12.22.32.4Physical Quantities and Laws 7Hydrologic Systems 7The Conservation Equations 8The Watershed (Drainage Basin) 102.4.12.4.2Basic Aspects of Global Climate 363.2 The Global Hydrologic Cycle 483.2.1Definition 10Delineation 103.2.23.2.33.2.43.2.53.2.63.2.73.2.82.5 The Regional Water Balance 112.5.1 The Water-Balance Equation 122.5.2 Estimation of RegionalEvapotranspiration 132.6 Spatial Variability 172.7 Temporal Variability 183.2.92.7.1 Time Series 182.7.2 Duration Curves 203.32.8 Storage, Storage Effects,and Residence Time 222.8.1 Storage 222.8.2 Storage Effects 232.8.3 Residence Time 24Stocks and Fluxes in the GlobalCycle 48Distribution of Precipitation 49Distribution of Evapotranspiration 55Distribution of Runoff 61Continental Water Balances 64Major Rivers and Lakes 64Material Transport by Rivers 64Your Role in the GlobalHydrologic Cycle 72Climate Change andthe Hydrologic Cycle 73Climate, Soils, and Vegetation 833.3.1 Climate and Soils 833.3.2 Climate and Vegetation 89Precipitation2.9 Hydrologic Modeling 254.12.9.1 What is a Model? 252.9.2 Purposes of Models 262.9.3 Types of Models 27Meteorology of Precipitation 944.1.1 Uplift Due to Convergence 954.1.2 Uplift Due to Convection 98III94

ivContents4.1.34.1.44.1.54.24.2.34.2.4Types of Precipitation Gages 105Factors Affecting MeasurementAccuracy 108Estimating Missing Data 115Checking the Consistencyof Point Measurements 117Precipitation and Rainfall Climatology 1406.24.4.24.4.34.4.44.4.5Long-Term Average PrecipitationRates 140Seasonal Variabilityof Precipitation 140Storm Climatology 145Extreme Rainfall Amounts 146Anthropogenic Effects onPrecipitation Climatology ation 169Snowfall 173Snowpack 173Snowmelt, Ablation,and Water Output 1786.5Water Input 179Distribution of Snow 179Snowmelt Processes 1855.4.1Phases of Snowmelt 185Soil-Water Status 235 Soil Profiles 238Infiltration: Measurementand Qualitative Description 2436.5.16.5.26.5.36.5.46.6Darcy's Law 227Soil-Water Pressure 228Pressure-Water-ContentRelations 230Hydraulic Conductivity 231Hydraulic-ConductivityWater-Content Relations 231Analytic Approximations of if/ 6andKh—8 Relations 232Hydraulic Diffusivity 234Sorptivity 235Water Conditions in Natural Soils 2356.4.16.4.2Hydrologic Importanceand Distribution of Snow 1795.3.15.3.25.46.3.6Measurement of Snow and Snowmelt 168Volumetric Water Content 224Degree of Saturation 226Total Soil-Water Storage 227Soil-Water Flow 2276.3.16.3.26.3.3166Distribution of Poresand Particle Sizes 221Particle Density 222Bulk Density 222Porosity 222-Soil-Water Storage 2246.2.16.2.26.2.36.3220Material Properties of Soil 2216.3.46.3.5Snow Properties 166Snowpack Metamorphism 167Snowmelt at a Point 207Watershed Snowmelt Modeling 214Water-Quality Aspects 2156.1.26.1 .36.1 .4Material Characteristics of Snow 1665.1.15.1.2Snowmelt Modeling 2076.1 .1Precipitation Quality 162Snow and SnowmeltThe Energy Balance 190Movement of Waterthrough Snow 204Water in Soils: Infiltrationand Redistribution6.14.4.15.15.6Direct Weighted Averages 119Surface-Fitting Methods 121Comparison of Methodsand Summary 127Precipitation-Gage Networks 130Radar and Satellite Observation 1354.3.44.3.54.55.55.5.15.5.2Areal Estimation 1184.3.14.3.24.3.34.45.4.25.4.3Measurement at a Point 1054.2.14.2.24.3Uplift Due to Orography 98Critical Temperature for Rain-SnowTransition 103Moisture Sources and PrecipitationRecycling 104Definitions 243Measurement 243Basic Characteristics of theInfiltration Process 245Factors Affecting Infiltration Rate 246Quantitative Modelingof Infiltration at a Point 2486.6.1The Richards Equation 249

Contents6.6.26.6.36.6.46.6.56.77.8.4Physics of Evaporation and TurbulentEnergy Exchange 2737.1.6Classification of EvapotranspirationProcesses 2757.3Free-Water, Lake, and WetlandEvaporation 2757.3.1 J/Vater-Balance Approach 2767.3.2 "Mass-Transfer Approach 2777.3.3 Eddy-Correlation Approach 2807.3.4 Energy-Balance Approach 2817.3.5 Penman or CombinationApproach 2857.3.6 Pan-Evaporation Approach 2887.4Bare-Soil Evaporation 2917.5Transpiration 2947.5.17.5.288.18.1.38.1.48.1.58.1.68.28.3.3The Transpiration Process 294Modeling Transpiration 2957.6.5Definitions 302Measurement 302Modeling 303Hydrologic Importanceof Interception Loss 306Water-Quality Aspects 308Potential Evapotranspiration 3087.7.1Conceptual Definition 308Ground Water and Streams 342Ground Water and Lakesand Wetlands 347Ground Water and the Ocean 350Ground Water in the RegionalWater Balance 3548.4.18.4.28.4.38.5General Features 337Effects of Topography 337Effects of Geology 338Ground-Water—Surface-Water Relations 3428.3.18.3.28.4Darcy's Law 326Classification of Ground-WaterFlows 327Storage Properties of PorousMedia 328Transmission Properties v of Porous Media 331Response Characteristicsof Porous Media 332General Ground-Water FlowEquation 333Regional Ground-Water Flow 3358.2.18.2.28.2.38.3325Basic Principles of Ground-Water Flow 3268.1.18.1.2Interception and Interception Loss nApproaches 311Water-Balance Approaches 318Turbulent-Transfer/EnergyBalance Methods 321Methods Based on Water-QualityAnalyses 322Ground Water in theHydrologic CycleEvaporation 273Vapor-Pressure Relations 273Latent-Heat Exchange 274Sensible-Heat Exchange 274The Bowen Ratio, the PsychrometricConstant, and the EvaporativeFraction 274The Energy Balance 2747.27.77.8.27.8.3272Operational Definitions 310Comparison of PETEstimation Methods 311Actual Evapotranspiration 3117.8.1Summary 2697.1.17.1.27.1.37.1.47.1.57.67.8Completely Wetted Profiles 266Partially Wetted Profiles 267Modeling 268Evapotranspiration7.17.7.27.7.3Redistribution 2656.7.16.7.26.7.36.8The Green-and-Ampt Model 251Green-and-Ampt Approachfor Shallow Soils 258Application of the Philip Equation 261Infiltration over Areas 261Basic Water-Balance Relations 354Ground-Water Residence Time 354The Dupuit Approximationfor Modeling Flow inUnconfined Aquifers 356Evaluation of Ground-Water-BalanceComponents 3588.5.18.5.28.5.3Recharge from Infiltration 358Recharge from Surface Water 370Ground-Water Contributionsto Streamflow 371

viContents8.5.4 Capillary Rise 3768.5.5 Deep Seepage 3778.69.6.2 SCS Curve-Number Method 4459.6.3 The Unit Hydrograph 450Impacts of Ground-Water Developmenton Basin Hydrology 379108.6.1Hydraulics of Ground-WaterDevelopment 3798.6.2 Effects of Ground-WaterExtraction 3828.6.3 "Safe Yield" 387Stream Response to Water-InputEvents3899.1 Basic Aspects of Stream Response 3899.1.1 The Phenomenon of StreamResponse. 3899.1.2 Hydrograph Separation 3939.1.3 Event-Flow Volume 3969.1.4 Quantitative Description ofResponse Hydrographs 3969.1.5 Effects of Input and BasinCharacteristics on theHydrograph 4029.29.3Mechanisms Producing Event Response 4079.2.1 Channel Precipitation 4079.2.2 Overland Flow 4089.2.3 Subsurface Event Flow 4129.2.4 Overview of Event-ResponseMechanisms 424Open-Channel Flow and StreamflowRouting 4249.3.1 Basic Relations of Open-ChannelFlow 4259.3.2 The Convex Routing Method 427Hydrology and Water-ResourceManagement10.1 Water-Resource Management 45710.1.1 Water-Resource ManagementGoals and Objectives 45710.1.2 The Geographical Unit for WaterResources Management 46010.1.3 The Management Process 46110.1.4 The Role of HydrologicAnalysis 46310.2 Hydrologic Analysis: Water Supplyand Demand 46410.2.1 Classification of Water Uses 46410.2.2 Water Use, Demand,and Shortage 46410.2.3 Water Supply and "Safe Yield":Basic Concepts 46510.2.4 Water Supply and "Safe Yield":Ground Water 46610.2.5 Water Supply and "Safe Yield":Surface Water 47210.3 Hydrologic Analysis: Water Quality 48810.3.1 Definitions and BasicConcepts 48810.3.2 Overview of Major WaterQuality Issues 49210.3.3 Examples of HydrologicAnalysis 49410.49.4.29.4.39.5Rainfall-Runoff Modeling 4359.5.19.5.29.6Quantitative Descriptionof Stream Networks 432Drainage Density 433Relations between NetworkCharacteristics and StreamResponse 433Basic Approach: The SystemsView 436Fundamental Considerations 438Rainfall-Runoff Models 4439.6.1 The Rational Method 443Hydrologic Analysis: Floods 50010.4.1Definitions and BasicConcepts 50010.4.2 Overview of Major FloodIssues 50110.4.3 Framework for Analysisof Floodplain-ManagementAlternatives 50110.4.4 Flood-Frequency Analysis 5069.4 The Stream Network 4329.4.145710.5Hydrologic Analysis: Low Streamflowsand Droughts 50810.5.1 Definitions and BasicConcepts 50810.5.2 Overview of Major Low-Flowand Drought Issues 51010.5.3 Low-Flow Frequency Analysis 51110.5.4 Drought Analysis 51210.5.5 Concluding Comment 519

Contents10.6Current and Projected Water Use 51910.6.110.6.210.6.3Basic Concepts 519Current and Projected Use:United-States 520Current and Projected Use:Global 523Hydrologic QuantitiesA.1C.3A.4Equations: Dimensional Propertiesand Conversion 533Exceedence Probability and ReturnC.4Covariance and Correlation 561C.5Data Analysis: Identifying an AppropriateProbability Distribution 563C.5.1C.5.2Absolute Precision 530Relative Precision 531Unit Conversion 531C.5.3C.6Dimensional Properties 533Equation Conversion 534C.6.1C.6.2Structure of Water 536B.1.1B.1.2B.1.3B.1.4B.1.5B.2Molecular and Inter-MolecularStructure 536Freezing and Melting 537Evaporation and Condensation 537Dissociation 538Isotopes 539B.2.4B.2.5B.2.6C.7.1C.7.2C.8Normal pdf and cdf 567Log-Normal Distribution 570Sampling Error 570C.8.1C.8.2C.8.3C.9Density 541Surface Tension 542Boundary-Layer Flow, Viscosity,and Turbulence 544Thermal Capacity 547Latent Heats 547Solvent Power 548Standard Errors 571Sampling Distributions 572Confidence Intervals 573Persistence and Autocorrelation 576C.9.1C.9.2C.9.3C.9.4Flow Equations 548B.3.1B.3.2Ground-Water Flows 548Open-Channel Flows 548Statistical Concepts Usefulin HydrologyC.1The Normal Distribution 567Properties of Water 540B.2.1B.2.2B.2.3B.3Method of Moments 566Method of MaximumLikelihood 566Method of L-Moments 566536C.7B.1Sample Quantiles 563The Probability-Plot CorrelationCoefficient Approach 563L-Moment Approach 565Data Analysis: Estimating Parametersof Probability Distributions 566C.6.3Water as a SubstanceDiscrete Random Variables 553Continuous Random Variables 553Expectation 554Quantiles 554Product Moments 557Probability-Weighted Momentsand L-Moments 558Period 560Dimensions 529Units 530A.3A.4.1A.4.2B529Precision and Significant Figures 530A.2.1A.2.2Probability Distributions 553C.2.1C.2.2C.2.3C.2.4C.2.5C.2.6Dimensions and Units 529A.1.1A.1.2A.2C.2viiProbability and Random Variables 552C.10Statistical Criteria for ModelCalibration and Validation 580C.10.1C.10.2552Definition and Estimation 576Causes and Significance 576Effects of Persistenceon Uncertainty of Time-Series Statistics 578Effects of Persistenceon Uncertainty ofCorrelation Estimates 579C.10.3Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient 580Coefficient of Gain from DailyMeans 580Evaluation Measures Usedin BROOK90 581

viiiContentsDWater and Energyin the AtmosphereD.1D.2Physics of Radiant Energy 582Composition and Vertical Structureof the Atmosphere 583D.2.1 Composition 583D.2.2 Vertical Structure 584D.2.3 Pressure-TemperatureRelations 584D.3Water Vapor 586D.3.1 Vapor Pressure 586D.3.2 Absolute Humidity 586D.3.3 Specific Humidity 586D.3.4 Relative Humidity 587D.3.5 Dew Point 587D.4Physics of Evaporation 587D.4.1 Mass (Water) Transfer 587D.4.2 Latent-Heat Transfer 589D.5Physics of Precipitation 589D.5.1D.5.2D.5.3D.5.4D.6582Cooling 590Condensation 590Droplet Growth 591Importation of Water Vapor 592Physics of Turbulent Transfer Nearthe Ground 593D.6.1 Planetary Boundary Layer 593D.6.2 Turbulent Velocity Fluctuations 593D.6.3 Vertical Distribution of WindVelocity 594D.6.4 Diffusion 594D.6.5 Momentum Transfer 596D.6.6 Latent-Heat Transfer 597D.6.7 Sensible-Heat Transfer 598D.6.8 Effects of Atmospheric Stabilityon Heat and Vapor Transfer 598D.6.9 Eddy Correlation 599Estimation of Daily Clear-Sky SolarRadiation on Sloping Surfaces601E.1 Radiation Incident on a HorizontalPlane 601E.1.1 Extraterrestrial Radiation 601E.1.2 Direct (Beam) Radiationat the Surface 604E.1.3 Diffuse Radiation 605E.1.4 Global Radiation 606E.1.5 Backscattered Radiation 606E.1.6 Total Incident Radiation 606E.2 Radiation on a Sloping Plane 606E.2.1E.2.2Equivalent Slope 606Solar Noon, Sunrise,and Sunset 606E.2.3 Extraterrestrial Radiation 606E.2.4 Total Incident Radiationat the Surface 607Stream-Gaging Methodsfor Short-Term Studies608F.1 Selection of Measurement Location 608F.2 Velocity-Area Method 609F.2.1 Selection of MeasurementSection 609F.2.2 Method of Integration 610F2.3 Measurement of Velocity 611F274 Accuracy 612F.3.Dilution Gaging 613F.4 Sharp-Crested V-Notch Weirs 614F.5 Flumes 616F.6 StageF.6.1F.6.2F.6.3Measurement 617Methods of Measurement 617Measurement Location 618Stage-Discharge Relationsat Natural Controls 618F.7 Slope-Area Measurements 619F.7.1 Standard Method 619F.7.2 Simplified Method 622Hydrological WebsitesCD-RomReferences624Index640

Physical Hydrology Second Edition S. Lawrence Dingman University of New Hampshire . Introduction to Hydrologic Science 1.1 Definition and Scope of Hydrology 1 1.2 Development of Scientific Hydrology 1 1.3 Approach and Scope of This Book 5 Basic Hydrologic Concepts 2.1 Physical Q

Related Documents:

GBV. Increase public awareness of GBV by moving away from the mere 16 days of activism to a robust 365 days campaign against GBV and encourage every citizen to take specific steps to prevent GBV in both the private and public arena. In light of the recommendations made the Government UN GBV JP facilitated a one day workshop

managing a GBV program with an NGO or coordinating a GBV working group. GBV coordinators can and are recruited without GBV program management experience and sometimes move from coordination into program management positions. Many GBV Program Managers do not move

The Gender Based Violence (GBV) conference will bring together partners working in the GBV Sector; Government Department stakeholders; representatives from donors in the Development Sector, SANAC and the Global Fund. The conference will focus on: The State's Response in dealing with GBV Exploring the link between GBV & HIV

Stanford University, the University of Arizona and Wisconsin. The Hydrology Program at NM Tech now offers an on-line 15-Credit Graduate Certificate and a 30-Credit coursework only Professional Masters Degree Hydrology. The hydrology faculty who teach distance education classes are listed below in Table 1.

Chapter 7 HYDROLOGY 7.1 HYDROLOGIC DESIGN GUIDELINES Manual, hydrology will address estimating flood magnitudes as The following sections summarize ODOT practices that relate to hydrology.

with the LACDPW Hydrology Manual. The soil type used is No. 10 and the 50year, 24hour ‐‐ isohyet is 5 inches per Appendix B Sheet 1H1.7 of‐ LACDPW Hydrology Manual (2006). The isohyets for WQV and 25year storms are converted by multiplication factors per Table 5.3.1 of ‐ LACDPW Hydrology Manual.

This edition includes new sections on wetlands hydrology and snowmelt hydrology, an expanded section on arid lands hydrology, corrections of minor errors, and inclusion of dual units. 17.

2018 Accounting Higher Finalised Marking Instructions Scottish Qualifications Authority 2018 The information in this publication may be reproduced to support SQA qualifications only on a non-commercial basis. If it is reproduced, SQA should be clearly acknowledged as the source. If it is to be used for any other purpose, written permission must be obtained from permissions@sqa.org.uk. Where .